DC generator & Motor

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DC generator:
• DC generator are rotating electrical machine used to convert
mechanical energy into output electrical energy in DC form after
internal commutation.
• It consist of various part such as yoke ,
1. Yoke
2. Field winding
3. Armature
4. Pole
5. Carbon brushes
6. Commutator

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 Construction of DC machine(generator/motor):

1.Yoke:
It is the outermost frame of machine made of cast iron or
cast steel.
It serves two purpose,
1. carried magnetic flux produced by the field poles.
2.Provides mechanical support & protection to the machine.

2.Field poles-
Field poles are the iron core projected from the yoke.
Its geometry is made up of laminated steel sheet .
It has
1. Pole core- upper part of pole connected to yoke & has
winding.
2. Pole shoe- Lower & wider part and helps to spread flux.
Function-
1. Spreads out magnetic flux in the air.
2. Supports field winding..

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3. Field winding-
• It is a enamel insulated copper wire wound on the field pole. When DC
current is passed through these coils ,they will magnetize the pole core
and produce magnetic field in the central space of the machine.
4.Armature
• It is the rotating part of the DC machine . The armature is placed
between the field poles and is rotated about the central axis. It is made
up of silicon steel sheet insulated with varnish.
• The various parts of an armature are shaft , armature core ,commutator
& armature winding.

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Armature winding
It is enamel insulated copper wire wound on the slot of armature core.

Commutator
• It is a form of rotating switch placed between the armature and the external circuit and so
arranged that it will reverse the connection to the external circuit at the instant of each
reversal of current in the armature.
• Made up of copper segment known as commutator segments.
• It converts the alternating current produced in the armature conductor into direct current .
• Commutator is also rotating.

Carbon Brushes
• Made from carbon graphite block .
• Carbon brush are placed on the commutator segments and collect currents from revolving
armature and finally sends it to the stationary loads.
• Are fixed (stationary) and touching over the commutator segments.

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 Working of DC generator.
• When the coil placed in the magnetic field
is rotated by the means of a prime mover
or any handle .
• The coils cut the magnetic lines of forces
to induce an EMF. This induced emf
develops current in the armature winding.
• When the conductor has a closed path,
the induced current flows in the path. The
current in the coil changes every half
cycle which is found by fleming’s Right
hand rule. Due to this, alternating current
is developed which is detected by a
galvanometer.

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The induced emf is maximum when it is 90 degree and minimum when it is 0 degree.
As we know , E= B*L*v *sin α …………(i)
At, α = 0, E= 0
at , α = 30 , E=0.2 Emax
at , α =90, E= Emax
at , α =180 ,E=0
at , α=270,E=-Emax
at , α=360,E=0

• So,to obtain a unidirectional current ,commutator segments are attached to the

brushes .
• These segments generate unidirectional current
as the coil rotates.

• The segment rotate between the brushes as the coil is rotated but do not allows the
current to change its direction. Thus , this way DC generator is able to convert the input
mechanical; energy into a DC out put electrical energy.
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Figure for dc generation

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Important for exam>>
EMF generationof DC generator….?????
(Look at the pdf note)

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DC motor-
Introduction
• An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy .
• It works on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed
in a magnetic field it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is
given by Fleming left hand rule and magnitude is F= BiL
Where, B= flux density
L= length of conductor
I= current.

There is no basic difference between Construction of DC generator and Motor,

( So all the parts are same as that of the DC generator).

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Operating principle.
• DC supply is given to the armature
winding. Due to this current flows in
the coil placed under the magnetic
field .
• Whenever a coil that carries current is
placed in magnetic field experience a
force called Lorentz Force. The
direction of force can be found with
Flemings left hand rule.

Diagram of working mechanism of DC motor.

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• As the coil rotates it cannot develop unidirectional torque because
the force acting is not uniform. To develop a unidirectional torque the
force should be uniform which is obtained by using a commutator ,it
consists of segments attached to the brushes.
• These segments(commutator) allow the current in the coil to be
uniform /same direction. Then the force will be acting upwards at the
left & downwards at the right end continuously.
• This allows in developing a torque which is unidirectional & will
activate the motor to work continuously. In this way, electrical energy
is converted to mechanical rotation in DC motor.

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Important for exam>>
Torque production of DC motor….?????
(look at the pdf note)

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