Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace

-Science and Engineering- July 30, 2023

30th July 2023. Vol.67 No.2
© 2012 ISOMAse, All rights reserved

Sensitivity of Mass Distribution with Respect

to Pitch Motions of High-Speed Craft

Sumardiono a * and I Putu Arta Wibawa a

a) Shipbuilding Engineering, Shipbuilding Institute of Polytechnic Surabaya, Indonesia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Paper History Inertial moment

Received: 27-March-2023 Damping moment
Received in revised form: 04-June-2023
Accepted: 30-July-2023
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The ship's response in the form of excessive motion can

ABSTRACT interfere with the performance of the ship's crew in carrying out
their duties [1]. And also affects the success of the ship in
Beside of environmental conditions, ship characteristics also carrying out its functions, including loss of stability, loss of
greatly affect in ship behavior when operating at sea, called steering, shipping water, slamming, cargo damage and
seakeeping ability. The shape of the hull, appendages, decreased propulsion efficiency [2]. Some recommendations
damping, and the weight distribution of ship are some of the were proposed for decreasing wet deck slamming in multi-hull
factors that determine how the ship motion response occurred. ship to increase safety issue for the inner bottom hull structure
This paper examines how much the pitch motion is influenced [3].
in high-speed craft due to the changing of the gyration radius. From the literature it is clear that the motion exposures
By using the strip theory method, and by taking the irregular experienced by the occupants are potentially dangerous and
head sea condition and a wave height of 4 meters, then the ship detrimental to successful and safe operations. This is especially
speed and the wave period are varied to determine the pitch of concern for military or rescue operations [4] and means to
motion amplitude at 3 values of gyration radius: 0.2, 0.25 and reduce or mitigate against motion exposures are required to
0.3 of the ship's length. The results of the study show that at protect the occupants. For the benchmark in seakeeping
higher ship speeds, the gyration radii greatly influence the pitch analysis, computational study has been conducted for 6750-
amplitude. As for changes in the wave period, the influence is TEU containership [5], also for Patrol Vessel at the various
significant at value of 5 second. From these two results, it is center of gravity and heading of wave [6] and MOB-based
clear that the ship's gyration radii must be determined precisely analysis for Perambuan ship-type by using wireless optical
to be able to predict an accurate pitch motion response on a tracking system [7]. Particularly for high-speed craft, which are
high-speed craft. typically have length between 6 meter through 24 meter, and
capable of speeds in excess of 25 knots, experience an
uncomfortable motion that can lead to fatigue both of physical
KEYWORDS: Seakeeping, High-speed craft, Gyration and mental [8]. For future ship motions behavior, the accurate
radius, Pitch amplitude. prediction is great significance to improve the safety and
efficiency of ship navigation [9].
Related to ship motions at the sea, there are six degrees of
NOMENCLATURE freedom direction: (1) translational motions: surging, yawing,
 Volume Displacement heaving and (2) rotational motions: swaying, pitching, rolling.
kyy Gyration radius of pitch motion Each motions type influenced by internal and external factors.
xi Longitudinal origin distance to center of gravity Ship loading conditions is one of internal factors that affected
yi Transverse distance origin to center of gravity in is motion magnitude. The influence of it was investigated to
zi Vertical distance from origin to center of gravity an Indonesian ro-ro ferry [10]. Furthermore, the importance of
wi Mass of each element (section) accurately estimating radius of gyration was presented to
Fn Froude number predicts reliably ship roll motion with taking into account the
Hs Characteristic wave height fluid inertia in tanks [11]. In this paper, using 2D linear strip

55 JOMAse | Received: 27-March-2023 | Accepted: 30-July-2023 | [(67) 2: 55-57]

Published by International Society of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Scientists and Engineers, www.isomase.org., ISSN: 2354-7065 & e-ISSN: 2527-6085
 Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace
-Science and Engineering- July 30, 2023
30th July 2023. Vol.67 No.2
© 2012 ISOMAse, All rights reserved

theory by Jacobs [12], a detailed background describing high each, as shown in Figure 1. No damping factor values were
speed marine craft motion effects with respect to determination used. The pitch gyration radius is taken varied. Roll gyration
of mass distribution is presented, especially for pitch motion radius and yaw gyration radius is taken constant, namely 40%
due to changing of its radius of gyration. and 25% of the width and length of the ship.

2.0 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

A high-speed craft is defined as a craft capable of a maximum

speed V in m/s equal to or exceeding:

(1)

where volume displacement (m3) corresponding to the design

waterline.

Ship motion prediction require a ship’s radius of gyration

Figure 1: Strip hull along waterline
around the longitudinal, transverse, and vertical axes passing
through its center of gravity. The gyration radius basically
There are several variables used in this analysis: variations
relates the moment of inertia about the particular axis to the
in ship speed, variations in pitch gyration radius, wave height,
area of rotation. It is defined as the square root of the ratio of
wave period and wave direction. All variables value is
total rotational inertia to mass for each axis. Gyration radius for
presented in the Table 2.
pitch motion is formulated below:
Table 2: Variable of analysis
(2) Variable Value
Fn 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
The pitch equation of motion of a ship without anti- kyy/Lwl 0.2 0.25 0.3
pitching fin is given by
Hs [m] 4
Wave Cond. Head Sea
(3)

The various components of the pitch equation of motions 4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
are inertial moment, damping moment and restoring moment,
where “a” is the virtual mass moment of inertia, “b” is the
The first result obtained from the numerical calculations that
damping moment coefficient and c” is the restoring moment have been carried out is regarding the effect of radius gyration
coefficient. θ is the angular displacement in pitching. on pitch amplitude. This is done at several variations of the
ship's speed which are represented as froude number. The
overall results regarding this are displayed in graphical form as
3.0 METHOD in Figure 2. From the figure can be seen that at value of
kyy=0.2 with increasing speed, the pitch amplitude increases
The analysis was carried out by taking a monohull ship with a until it reaches a maximum value of 18.1 deg. at a speed of 22
chined-hull type. Ship particular data is presented in the Table knots. After that, decreasing in amplitude is happen. Different
1. With these characteristics, this ship has a Block Coefficient things happened to the kyy values of 0.25 and 0.3. For both of
(Cb) value of 0.410, Wetted Surface Area (WSA) of 88 m2 and value, the amplitude decreases while ship speed is increase.
Displacement of 42.96 Tons.

Table 1: Ship characteristic

Component Value Unit
Length of Waterline (Lwl) 20.25 m
Breadth (B) 4.6 m
Depth (H) 3.8 m
Draught (T) 1.1 m
Max. Speed (V) 25 knots
Volume Displacement () 41.91 m3

The Strip Theory method approach is used in the

calculation of wave loads. In applied the theory, ship hull is Figure 2: Pitch amplitude at various gyration radius and ship
divided into 61 sections with a maximum mapping of 3 for speed

56 JOMAse | Received: 27-March-2023 | Accepted: 30-July-2023 | [(67) 2: 55-57]

Published by International Society of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Scientists and Engineers, www.isomase.org., ISSN: 2354-7065 & e-ISSN: 2527-6085
 Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace
-Science and Engineering- July 30, 2023
30th July 2023. Vol.67 No.2
© 2012 ISOMAse, All rights reserved

At ship speed of 19.2 knots (Fn=0.7), the pitch amplitude The comparison between varied values of pitch gyration
decreased as the value of kyy increased from 0.2 to 0.25 radius for high-speed craft is shown in figures. The obtained
(Condition 1) and from kyy/Lpp 0.25 to 0.3 (Condition 2), results ensure practical predictions of longitudinal gyration
respectively 2.1% and 6.7 %. In Condition 1, the biggest radius’s parameter contribution to pitch motions with a high
difference occurred at Fn = 0.95, which was 8.38%. The same level of accuracy that would be useful during the concept
thing happened for Condition 2 of 11.83%. The overall pitch design stage. As a future work, the other motions indices of
amplitude differences for the two conditions at all speed high-speed craft will be investigated in terms of amplitude and
variations are shown in Figure 3. its acceleration.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to convey a great appreciation to

Shipbuilding Institute of Polytechnic Surabaya for supporting
this research.

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57 JOMAse | Received: 27-March-2023 | Accepted: 30-July-2023 | [(67) 2: 55-57]

Published by International Society of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace Scientists and Engineers, www.isomase.org., ISSN: 2354-7065 & e-ISSN: 2527-6085