Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation

So what is CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION ? ~ It is an art deals with the IDENTITY and LOCATION of
the offender and PROVIDES EVIDENCE . (Himay himayin natin)
Tanong bakit nga ba tinawag na ART ang CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION? ANO BA ANG ART
MUNA
ART - Is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination.
= So kaya tinawag na ART ang CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION base sa definition ng ART na
"application of human creative skill and imagination" Kasi diba once na nag iimbestiga ka you
already make a scenario on your own mind it means na nag conclude ka. Kung ano ba ang
nanyare diba ? Sa crime scene, Diyan papasok ang SIX CARDINAL POINTS OF
INVESTIGATION ayun ang :
1) What ( Nature of crime ) Ano bang nanyare at anong crime
2) Where (Place or Location) Saan nanyare ung crime
3) When (Time and Date) Kailan ba nanyare yung crime
4) Who (Person Involved) Sino yung suspect at sino yung victim
5) Why (Reason or Motive of Committing the crime) Bakit nanyare yung crime anong rason
6) How (Method , Manner or Modus Operandi) Paano nanayre ung crime.
Three Fold Aim of CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION.
1) Identify the offender (SINO UNG OFFENDER)
2) Locate the offender (NASAN UNG OFFENDER)
3) Provide evidence of his guilt (MAG PROVIDE NG EBIDENSYA)
Yan tatlo nayan ang dapat magawa ng isang CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
= Ang CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION ay also a APPLIED SCIENCE not totally a SCIENCE. Bakit
sinabing APPLIED SCIENCE ? kasi diba ginagamitan natin ung mga evidence na nacollect natin
ng tinatawag na CRIMINALISTICS / FORENSIC SCIENCE jan papasok ang : DACTYLOSCOPY ,
PHOTOGRAPHY , BALLISTIC , FORENSIC CHEM , POLYGRAPHY , LEGAL MED , QUESTION
DOCUMENT.
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THREE TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION OR THE THREE I's OF INVESTIGATION:
1) INFORMATION - It is the KNOWLEDGE OR DATA. As a CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR you
must gather data or information para malaman mo ung mga gusto mong malaman under 6
CARDINAL POINTS . Paano kaba makakakuha ng information ? So may mga classes ng
information na pupwede mo pag kunan ito ang :
•Regular Sources ~ Records, Files from Government and Non Government, News items ,
Document.
Example nyan: Birth Certificate , News Paper, Log Book etc.
•Cultivated Sources ~ Ito ung mga information na gather mo sa mga Informer or
Informants ano ba pinagkaiba nila
INFORMER ~ GIVE INFORMATION EXCHANGE OF MONEY OR REWARD.
INFORMANT ~ GIVES INFORMATION VOLUNTARILY WITHOUT ASKING OF MONEY.

•Grapevine Sources ~ Information came from the UNDERWORLD such as PRISONER OR EX-
CONVICT
Ito naman ung mga source galing sa mga nakakulong o mga galing kulungan kasi diba it
means marami silang alam in terms of Criminal Activities kasi galing nga sila ng kulungan.
2) INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION
Ano ba pinagkaiba ng Interview sa Interrogation?
•INTERVIEW ~ SIMPLE QUESTIONING (Simpleng Pagtatanong lang) (WITNESS ANG
TINATANONG DITO KAYA SIMPLE QUESTIONING DAHIL COOPERATIVE NAMAN ANG
TATANUNGIN)

•INTERROGATION ~ SKILLFULL QUESTIONING (Ginagamitan na nga mga method sa

Pagtatanong para umamin)
( DITO ANG TINATANONG ANG SUSPECT DAHIL IBANG SUSPECT AY UNCOOPERATIVE O HINDI
NAGSASABI NG TOTOO AGAD)

*Pagdating sa INTERVIEW dapat gumana o magawa ung IRONIC FORMAT* ANO BA ANG
IRONIC FORMAT ?
I - (Identity) ung INVESTIGATOR dapat i-identify nya ung sarili nya sa witness ung name, rank
at agency
(Example . Ako po si Police Master Sergeant Juan Delacruz ng PNP. )
R - (Rapport) dapat yung investigator at yung subject dapat feeling positive ung feeling
friendly atmosphere ung nararamdaman ng subject o witness sa investigator para masabi nya
lahat ng alam nya.
O - (Opening Statement) Investigator must have to indicate why the subject is being
contracted . Dapat ung Investigator sabihin panimula kung bakit o anong gagawin ng subject
kung bakit sya naimbitahan para sagutin ung mga katanungan na kanyang nalalaman.
N - (Narration) Witness should be allowed to tell all he knows. Daoat ung witness bigyan ng
time para makapag kwento lahat ng nalalaman nya.
I - (Inquiry) Investigator ask a question to clarify him about the cae under investigation. Pag
katapos mag kwento ng witness or subject ung Investigator magtatanong para malaman ung
mga hindi pa malinaw sa kwento nung witness.
C - (Conclusion) Other term ng conclusion sa tagalog is Wakas. Pag tapos ng interview ung
Investigator dapat proper nya iclose ung interview at magpasalamat sa witness sa
cooperation nya.

*Punta naman tayo sa INTERROGATION , madaming klase ng interrogation o skillfull

questioning ito ang mga sumusunod:
•Mutt and Jeff ~ also known as Evil and Good Method Or Demon and Angel.
Si Mutt sya yung masama sya yung nambubugbug ng suspect para umamin while si Jeff
naman sya yung mabait na papatigilin si Mutt na kunyare kakampi sya ng suspect para
mapaamin (Kadalasan makikita to tulad sa mga PILIPINO ACTION MOVIES)

•Kindness ~ The simplest technique is to assume that the suspect confess if he treated kind
and friendly manner .
Ito naman ung nag interrogate mabait sya sa suspect para kunyare tropa sila para mapaamin
ung suspect.

•Bluff on a Split Pair ~ Applicable when there is more than one suspect. Gagawin dito for
example 4 ung suspect ang gagawin ihihiwalay yung isa doon sa tatlo tapos kunyare umamin
na ung tatlo para mapaamin din ung isa edi ayun umamin na hahaha.

•Jolting ~ Applied to calm and nervous subject or suspect. Dahil nga kalmado at kinakabahan
ung suspect ang gagawin ng Investigator tatanungin nya ng pasigaw ung suspect para
mapaamin dahil nga kabado syempre aamin un. Sigawan mo ba naman eh.

3) INSTRUMENTATION ~ Application of instruments and methods of physical science to

the detection of crimes. In cases where there are no significant of physical evidence to be
found, Then the use of instrumentation is relatively unimportant.
So ANG INSTRUMENTATION ITO YUNG TINATAWAG NA CRIMINALISTICS OR FORENSIC
SCIENCE NA TINATAWAG OK ? DITO INAAPLY YUNG VARIOUS SCIENCE PARA SA PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE NA NARECOVER MO SA CRIME SCENE. KUNG WALANG PHYSICAL EVIDENCE NA
NARECOVER WALA KANG PAG GAGAMITAN NG INSTRUMENTATION.
TAKE NOTE : SA BOARD EXAM POSIBLE LUMABAS LAHAT NG MAGKAKAPREHO NA
TERMINOLOGY BASTA ANG PIPILIIN MO NAKA ALINE SA AREA NA SINASAGUTAN MO TULAD
NYAN INSTRUMENTATION TERM SYA SA AREA NG CDI WHILE FORENSIC SCIENCE /POLICE
SCIENCE NAMAN TERM SYA SA CRIMINALISTICS . GETS ? KAYA WAG KAYO MALITO PAG
NAINCOUNTER NYO UNG GANYAN LAHAT PAREHO PILIIN NYO YUNG TERM NA PASOK SA
AREA KUNG ANO SINASAGUTAN NYO .

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*CONFESSION VS ADMISSION
ANO BA PINAGKAIBA NILA?

•CONFESSION ~ Direct Acknowledgement of GUILT.

Example : Ikaw ba ang pumatay kay juan? OPO AKO PO ANG PUMATAY KAY JUAN.
*TYPES OF CONFESSION
A) EXTRA - JUDICIAL CONFESSION - Made outside open court or made during custodial
investigation (Umamin ung suspect sa labas ng korte umamin sya sa mga pulis)

B) JUDICIAL CONFESSION - Made in an open court (Sa korte sya umamin)

•ADMISSION ~ Indirect Acknowledgement of GUILT or Acknowledgement of FACT

Example : Ikaw ba ang pumatay kay juan ? OPO NAPATAY KO PO SYA PERO UN AY DAHIL SA
MAY BALAK DIN SYANG PATAYIN AKO.

*RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN TAKING CONFESSION OR ADMISSION*

1) MUST BE TAKEN IN WRITING AND UNDER OATH
2) WRITTEN IN LANGUAGE KNOWN
3) FREELY AND VOLUNTARILY
4) MUST BE PRESENCE OF COMPETENT AND INDEPENDENT COUNSEL CHOSEN BY ACCUSED
/Kailangan ng abugado na pinili ng akusado .

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*PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO IDENTIFY CRIMINALS
•Corpus Delicti ~ Body of the Crime
For example :
Corpus Delicti for the Crime of murder =Dead Body or Corpse
Corpus Delicti for the Crime of roberry = Stolen Property
Corpus Delicti for the Crime of carnaping = Stolen Vehicle
•Associative Evidence ~ Pieces of Evidence that may link the suspect to the crime scene.
Ito ung mga Evidence na mag bibigay ng clue kung sino ung suspect
Example: Weapon , Footprints , Handprints , Fingerprints, Garment trinelas kunyare ng
suspect, Blood stain na marecover sa crime scene kung anong blood type para malaman ung
DNA kung sino ung suspect.

•Tracing Evidence ~ Evidence that assist the Investigator in locating the suspect .
Example: Hair Fiber nakita mo sa may labas ng bintana posible dun dumaan ung suspect.
Or may nakita kang patak ng dugo mula crime scene hanggang sa kapitbahay na locate mo
kung sino agad ung possible suspect.
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*TYPES OF INFORMANTS*

A) Anonymous Informants - Do not wish to be identified / Bibigay ng information pero

tinatago nya yung Identity nya.
B) Rival Elimination Informants - To eliminate competition/ Bibigay ng information dahil
kalaban nya yung sinumbong nya
For example : si juan sinumbong nya si pedro sa pagbebenta ng Shabu para lahat ng drug
addict kay juan na bibili dahil wala na si pedro.
C) False Informants - Reveals information of no consequence or value / bibigay ng
information ng wala naman kwenta .
D) Frightened Informants - Motivated by anxiety/ nagbibigay ng Information dahil
natatakot sya.
E) Mercenary Informants - Gives information for price/ Bibigay ng information pero may
kapalit na price o reward.
Sir, tanong pinagkaiba ng Mercenary Informants sa Informer?
•Mercenary Informants - Magbibigay ng Information tapos may kapalit na money or reward
once lang isang beses nya lang gagawin un wala nang kasunod.
•Informer - Magbibigay ng Information at may kapalit na reward o money at masusundan pa
yun. Kumbaga ginawa nyang business ang mag bigay ng Information.
F) Women Informants - Babae nag bibigay ng information (Most dangerous informants)

Godbless future RCRIM