Digital Logic & Logic Families

• Digital signal
• Combinational & Sequential logic Circuits
• Clock Signal
• Boolean algebra & logic gates
• TTL & CMOS Families
• Flip Flop & Resister
• Decoder & Encoder
• Multiplexer & Demultiplexer
• Application
 Digital Signal
• Analog versus digital system Analog system:
process information that varies continuously,
time varying signals that take any value across
continuous range
• Analog versus digital system Digital system: use
discrete quantities to represent information,
distinct or separated quantities
 Advantages of digital signal
• Easy of design
• Reproducibility of result
• Flexibility
• Functionality
• Programmability
• Speed
• Economy
 Logic level
• Binary logic used in digital system
• Assumes only TWO values: HIGH or LOW
• These two levels can represent two numerals 1
and 0 of the binary system
• These two logic states: TRUE and FALSE of
the logic operations
 Logic Circuit

Logic Circuit

Combinational Logic Sequential Logic

Circuit Circuit
 Combinational Logic Circuit
• In combinational logic, the output is a function of
the present inputs only. The output is independent
of the previous outputs; therefore it is sometimes,
called time independent logic.
• Combinational logic is used to perform Boolean
operation on binary input signals and binary data.
• The arithmetic and logic unit of a CPU performs
combinational operations on the data string. Half
adders, full adders, multiplexers, demultiplexers,
decoders and encoders are also built based on the
combinational logic.
Sequential Logic Circuit
• Sequential logic is the form of Boolean logic
where the output is a function of both present
inputs and past outputs. In most cases, the
output signal is fed back into the circuit as a
new input.
• Sequential logic is used to design and build
finite state machines. The fundamental
implementation of sequential logic is flip-
flops are designed to retain the state of the
system, therefore, considered as a basic
memory element.
 Difference Combinational &
Sequential Logic Circuit
Sr. No. Combinational Logic Circuit Sequential Logic Circuit
1 Combinational logic uses only sequential logic uses both present
the present inputs to determine inputs as well as previous outputs
the output to determine the current input.
2 Combinational logic is used to sequential logic is used to create
implement basic Boolean memory elements.
operations
3 combinational logic does not Sequential logic uses the feedbacks
require feedbacks. from the output to inputs

4 Half adders, full adders, flip-flops, Shift Resistor

multiplexers, demultiplexers,
decoders and encoders
 Binary Variables
• Binary Variables have either logic „0‟ state or
logic „1‟ state
• which usually represents two different voltage
or current levels
• It may be a more positive(1) or less positive
(0) value referred as positive logic system
• It may be the more positive (0) and less
positive (1) referred as negative logic system
• Example:
 A positive logic system for values 0V and +5V
• 0V = 0, +5V = 1 A
 A negative logic system for values 0V and +5V
• 0V = 1, +5V = 0
• Example:
 A positive logic system for 0V and -5V
• 0V = 1, -5V = 0
 A negative logic system for 0V and -5V
• 0V = 0, -5V = 1
 Truth table
• Lists all possible combinations of input binary
variables and the corresponding outputs of a
logic system
• Depends on the number of binary input
variables
 One will have 2 possibilities
 Two will have 4 possibilities
 Three will have 8 possibilities
 Logic Gates
• Most basic building block of any digital
system
• A piece of hardware or an electronic circuit
used to implement basic logic expression
• the three basic logic gates are
 OR gate
AND gate
NOT gate
 AND Gate
• Logic AND gate is a basic logic gate of which
the output is equal to the product of its inputs.
• This gate multiplies both of its inputs so this
gate is used to find the multiplication of inputs
in binary algebra.
• The output of an AND gate is HIGH only if
both the inputs of the gate are HIGH.
• The output for all the other cases of the inputs
is LOW.
AND Gate
 OR Gate
• The output of the logic OR gate is equal to the
sum of its inputs.
• This gate adds both of its inputs so this gate is
used to find the summation or the addition of
inputs in binary algebra.
• The output of an OR gate is HIGH if either of
the inputs are HIGH.
• The output is LOW only when all the inputs
are LOW.
OR Gate
Switch Representation of the OR
Function
 NOT Gate
• Logic NOT gate is a basic logic gate of which
the output is equal to the inverse of its input.
• This gate produces the complement of the
input.
• this gate is used to represent the complement
of variables in binary algebra.
• If the input is HIGH, the output is LOW and
• If the input is LOW, the output is HIGH.
NOT Gate
Switch Representation of the NOT
Function
 Universal logic gates
• Universal logic gates‟ are NAND gate and NOR
gates.
• The reason behind this is, NAND gate and NOR
gate can perform (or can function like) all the 3
basic gates, such as AND gate, OR gate and NOT
gate.
• We can design any basic logic gate by using
NAND gate or NOR gate.
• This is why they are called as “Universal gates”.
 NAND Gate
• NAND gate is a logical combination of AND gate
and NOT gate and this can function like AND
gate
• So we use NAND gates to implement the Boolean
function.
• The important thing to remember about NAND
gate is this is the inverse of basic AND gate.
• This means the output of the NAND gate is equal
to the complement of the output of the AND gate.
NAND Gate
Switch Representation of the NAND
Function
 NOR Gate
• NOR gate is the logic gate and is one of the
universal gates . NOR gate is used t By
combining NOT gate and OR gate, NOR gate can
be constructed.
• The output of NOR gate is reversal of OR gate.
Generally, NOR gate have 2 inputs, let‟s say X
and Y, and one output Z.
• It shows that NOR gate outputs logic high value if
both the inputs are at low logic level.
• This produces logic low value if any of its inputs
is in high logic level.
NOR Gate
Switch Representation of the NOR
Function
 Realization of Basic Gates Using
Universal NAND Gates
1. NOT (Inverter)

2. OR

3. AND
4. OR
 Realization of Basic Gates Using
Universal NOR Gates
1. NOT (Inverter)

2. AND
3. OR
Boolean Expression (Law)
Dorgan's Law
Prove that
 Logic Families
• Bipolar – diode logic (DL)
• Resistor transistor logic (RTL)
• Diode transistor logic (DTL)
• Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
• Emitter couple logic (ECL)
• Current mode logic (CML)
• Integrated injection logic (IIL or I2L)
• MOS – PMOS, NMOS, CMOS
• Bi-MOS – using both bipolar and MOS
 Basic Characteristics of ICs
• Propagation delay
• Power dissipation
• Fan in and fan out
• Noise immunity
• Power supply requirement
• Operating temperature
• Current and voltage parameters
Electrical Characteristics
 Logic Level & Voltage Range
• Typical acceptable voltage ranges for positive logic 1 and logic
0 are shown below
• A logic gate with an input at a voltage level within the
indeterminate‟ range will produce an unpredictable output
level.
 Propagation Delay Time
• Propagation delay is the time required for a digital
signal to travel from the input(s) of a logic gate to
the output.
• It is measured in microseconds (μs), nanoseconds
(ns), or picoseconds (ps).
• Propagation delay is important because it has a
direct effect on the speed at which a digital
device, such as a computer can operate. This is
true of memory chips as well as microprocessors.
Propagation Delay Time
• A measure of how long it takes for a gate to
change state. Ideally, should be as short as
possible.
• tPHL - the time it takes the output to go from a
high to a low
• tPLH - the time it takes the output to go from a
low to a high
• Average Propagation Delay
tPHL + tPLH
𝑡𝑝 =
2
 Fan-In
• The fan-in defined as the maximum number of
inputs that a logic gate can accept.
• If number of input exceeds, the output will be
undefined or incorrect.
• It is specified by manufacturer and is provided
in the data sheet.
• gates with large fan-in are
bigger and slower
 Fan Out
• The fan-out is defined as the maximum
number of inputs (load) that can be connected
to the output of a gate without degrading the
normal operation.
• gates with large fan-out
are slower
 Clock Signal
• A digital clock signal is basically a square wave

• It has only two levels, one is zero and the other one is high, which
the high level can be different according to the requirement of the
circuit.
• Digital circuits always have some input and generate digital outputs
accordingly.
• Some digital circuits are not clocked, meaning that the input applied
to the circuit flows through digital gates without any timing or
storage and generates the output.
• It only takes a time equal to the propagation delay time to reach the
output.
• A clock plays very important role as it is used to open
and close digital paths, allow or stop a process and in
general provide timing for the circuit.
• You can compare a clock with the traffic lights. They
stop and allow the traffic in a timely manner so that the
traffic can flow smoothly with the least delays.
• If you just let the traffic through there will be a big jam
and the output is unpredictable.
• Clocks are especially used for digital circuits with
feedbacks and also to avoid glitches in a circuit.
• What is a glitch? A glitch is an unpredictable output.
Say you have some input and for those you expect a
known output, but before the output settles to what you
expect, you might have one or more transitions that are
not suppose to be there. These are called glitches.
 Characteristics of TTL logic
• Power dissipation is usually 10 mW per gate.
• Propagation delays are 10 nS when driving a
15 pF/400 ohm load.
• Voltage levels range from 0 to VCc where Vcc
is typically 4.75V - 5.25V. Voltage range 0V
- 0.8V creates logic level 0.Voltage range 2V -
Vcc creates logic level 1.
 Characteristics of CMOS logic
• Dissipates low power: The power dissipation is dependent
on the power supply voltage, frequency, output load, and
input rise time. At 1 MHz and 50 pF load, the power
dissipation is typically 10 nW per gate
• Short propagation delays: Depending on the power
supply, the propagation delays are usually around 25 nS to
50 nS.
• Rise and fall times are controlled: The rise and falls are
usually ramps instead of step functions, and they are 20 -
40% longer than the propagation delays.
• Noise immunity approaches 50% or 45% of the full logic
swing. Levels of the logic signal will be essentially equal to
the power supplied since the input impedance is so high.
 Comparison Between TTL & COMS
Sr. No. Parameter CMOS logic TTL logic

1 Components more expensive less expensive

2 Size smaller Larger

3 Regulation less High
4 Power consumption Less High
5 Clock Signal Higher speeds Higher speeds
6 Transmission of digital simpler and less No simpler and l
signals expensive high expensive
7 Logic 0 0 – 1.5 V 0 - 0.8 V
8 Logic 1 3.5 – 5 V 2.5 – 5V
 Decoder
• In digital electronics, a decoder can take the form of a
multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit that converts
coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output
codes are different.
• Decoder circuit would be an AND gate because the output of
an AND gate is "High" (1) only when all its inputs are "High."
Such output is called as "active High output".
• If instead of AND gate, the NAND gate is connected the
output will be "Low" (0) only when all its inputs are "High".
Such output is called as "active low output".
2:4 Decoder
2:4 Decoder
 Application of Decoder
• Data multiplexing
• 7 segment display
• Memory address decoding
 Encoder
• It converts information from one format or
code to another.
• The purpose of encoder is standardization,
speed, security, or saving space by shrinking
size.
• Encoders are combinational logic circuits and
they are exactly opposite of decoders.
• They accept one or more inputs and generate a
multibit output code.
4:2 Priority Encoder
Digital Encoder using Logic Gates
 Application of Encoder
• Speed Synchronization of Multiple Motors in
Industries
• Robotic Vehicle with Metal Detector
• RF based Home Automation System
• Automatic Wireless Health Monitoring System in
Hospitals for Patients
• Ships navigation
• for robotic arm positioning
• microprocessor
 Multiplexer
• Multiplexer means many into one. A multiplexer is a
circuit used to select and route any one of the several
input signals to a signal output.
 4:1 Multiplexer
• The 4-to-1 multiplexer has 4 input bit, 2 control bits, and 1 output
bit.
• The four input bits are A, B, C & D . only one of this is transmitted
to the output Q.
• The output depends on the value of ab which is the control input.
• The control input determines which of the input data bit is
transmitted to the output.
• when ab = 00, the upper AND gate is enabled while all other AND
gates are disabled. Therefore, data bit A is transmitted to the output,
giving Y = A.
• If the control input is changed to ab =11, all gates are disabled
except the bottom AND gate. In this case, D is transmitted to the
output and Y = D.
 Multiplexer IC
• 4-to-1 multiplexer is IC 74153 in which the
output is same as the input.
• 4-to-1 multiplexer is IC 45352 in which the
output is the compliment of the input.
• 16-to-1 line multiplexer is IC74150.
 Application Multiplexer
• Communication system
• Telephone network
• Computer memory
• Transmission from the computer system of a
satellite
• Signal routing
• Data communications
• Data bus control
 Demultiplexer
• Demultiplexer means one to many. A demultiplexer is
a circuit with one input and many output. By applying
control signal
1:4 Demultiplexer
 Demultiplexer IC & Application
IC
• 1-to-4 demultiplexer is IC 74155
• 1-to-16 demultiplexer is IC 74154
Application
• Communication System
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• Serial to parallel converter
 Flip Flop

Flip Flop

SR JK D T
 SR Flip-Flop
• The SR flip-flop, also known as a SR Latch, can be considered as
one of the most basic sequential logic circuit possible. This simple
flip-flop is basically a one-bit memory bi-stable device that has two
inputs, one which will “SET” the device (meaning the output = “1”),
and is labelled S and one which will “RESET” the device (meaning
the output = “0”), labelled R.
• Then the SR description stands for “Set-Reset”. The reset input
resets the flip-flop back to its original state with an output Q that
will be either at a logic level “1” or logic “0” depending upon this
set/reset condition.
• SR flip-flop is to connect together a pair of cross-coupled 2-
input NAND gates
• This device consists of two inputs, one called the Set, S and the
other called the Reset, R with two corresponding outputs Q and its
inverse or complement Q (not-Q)
SR Flip-Flop
Truth Table of SR Flip Flop
Shift Register
• A simple Shift Register can be made using only
D-type flip-Flops, one flip-Flop for each data bit.
• The output from each flip-Flop is connected to
the D input of the flip-flop at its right.
• Shift registers hold the data in their memory
which is moved or “shifted” to their required
positions on each clock pulse.
• Each clock pulse shifts the contents of the register
one bit position to either the left or the right.
• The Shift Register is another type of sequential
logic circuit that can be used for the storage or the
transfer of binary data
• two binary numbers before they are added
together, or to convert the data from either a serial
to parallel or parallel to serial format.
• Shift register IC‟s are generally provided with
a clear or reset connection so that they can be
“SET” or “RESET” as required.
• Generally, shift registers operate in one of four
different modes with the basic movement of data
through a shift register
 Types of Shift Register
• Serial-in to Parallel-out (SIPO)

• Serial-in to Serial-out (SISO)

• Parallel-in to Serial-out (PISO)

• Parallel-in to Parallel-out (PIPO)

4-bit Serial-in to Parallel-out Shift
Register

SIPO IC‟s include the standard 8-bit 74LS164 or the 74LS594.

Basic Data Movement Through A Shift
Register
Waveform of Shift Register
 Application
• Shift Registers are used for data storage or for
the movement of data and are therefore
commonly used inside calculators or
computers
• One application of shift registers is in the
conversion of data between serial and parallel,
or parallel to serial.