SGM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL PHYSICS PROJECT FILE NAME - Ayush Kovind CLASS - XII[C] ROLL NO. - SUBMITTED TO - Mr. Mayank Kumar TOPIC - MOVING COIL GALVANOMETERACKNOWLEDGEMENT |, Ayush Kovind, of standard of X!![C], am glad to present my Physics project on the topic, Moving Coil Galvanometer. | would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Physics Teacher, Mr. Mayank Kumar, for his able guidance and support in completing this project. | would also like to extend my gratitude to our Principal sir, Mr. Sandeep Pathak, for providing me with all the required facilities. | am also grateful to my parents, friends and classmates for their assistance, instructions and suggestions in completing this project.CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this Physics Project File has been successfully completed by Ayush Kovind of class XII[C] under the guidance of Mr. Mayank Kumar, Physics Teacher during the academic year 223 - 2()24 according to the guidelines issued by the Central Board of Secondary Education[ 4S]. (INTERNAL'S SIGNATURE) [EXTERNAL'S SIGNATURE] [PRINCIPAL'S SIGNATURE]INDEX S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE | INTRODUCTION | 2. PRINCIPLE 2 3. CONTRUCTION a-4 4. | WORKING 5-8 5. SENSITIVITY 9-10 6. ACCURACY 12 1. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES |18INTRODUCTION A Galyanometer is an electromechanical instrument used for detecting and indicating electric current. lt works as an actual actuator, by producing a rotatory deflection (of a “pointer’)., in response to an electric current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field. Galvanometers were the first instruments used to detect and measure small amounts of electric currents. Andre'-Marie Ampére gave the mathematical expression to [ersted's discovery and named the instrument after the Italian electricity researcher, Luigi Galvani, who in (971 discovered the principle of the frog galvanoscope - that electric current would make the legs of a dead frog jerk.PRINCIPLE Galvanometers developed form the observation that the needle of a magnetic compass is deflected near a wire that has an electric current flowing through it, first described by Hans Dersted in 1820. “When a current carrying coil is suspended in a uniform and constant magnetic field, it is acted upon by a torque(force). " Under the action of this tarque, the coil rotates and the deflection in the coil in a moving coil galvanometer is directly proportional to the magnitude of current flowing through the coil. (deflection) @ oi (current)CONSTRUCTION The moving coil galvanometer is made up of a rectangular coil that has many turns, and it is usually made of thinly insulated copper wire that is wounded on a metallic frame. The coil is free to rotate about a fixed axis. A phosphor-bronze strip that is connected to a movable torsion head is used to suspend the coil in a uniform radial magnetic field. Essential properties of the material used for the suspension of the coil are conductivity and a low torsional constant.A cylindrical soft iron core is symmetrically positioned inside the coil to improve the strength ot the magnetic field and to make the field radial. Radial magnetic field lines The lower part of the coil is attached to a phosphor- bronze spring having a small number of turns. The other end of the spring is connected to binding SCreWws.WORKING Consider a rectangular coil PURS of single turn having length ‘|’ and breadth ‘b’ suspended in a unifarm magnetic field of induction B such that the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field. Let ‘|’ be the current flowing through the coil. P s A e Top View The sides FS and U1 being parallel to the magnetic field do not experience any force, but the sides PU and [tS being perpendicular to the magnetic fieldexperience force. The force experienced by each side is given by, F=B.LL By Flemming's left hand rule, these forces are opposite in direction. As these two forces are equal and opposite, they form what is called a ‘couple’ and due to this a torque acts on the coil which tries to deflect the coil. The deflection of the torque is given by, Torque = Force x Perpendicular distance between the forces. t=Fxb ~T=(BLU xb But, | 7 b = A, area of the coil “BIAIf the coil has ‘n’ turns, then the deflecting torque is given by, -T=(n) BIA Under the action of the toque, the plane of the coil rotates through an angle 9 before coming to rest. Due to the radial magnetic field, the plane of the coil is always parallel to the direction of the magnetic field. Thus, at any position, the deflecting torque has constant magnitude, The rotation of the coil produces a twist in the fibre which produces a restoring torque which is directly proportional to the angle of deflection 0. TAO i — kao where k is the torque per unit twist (torsional constant) of the suspension fibre.When the coil comes to rest ie., when it attains equilibrium, the restoring force will balance the deflecting torque. So, in equilibrium position of the coil, Deflecting torque = Restoring Torque nBlA=k@ -1= (6 The quantities in bracket are constant so, ~1ae Thus, in a moving coil galvanometer current in the coil is directly proportional to the angle of deflection of the coil.SENSITIVITY The sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is defined as the ratio of the change in the deflection of the galvanometer to the change in current. Sensitivity = d 0 /di A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if it gives larger deflections for a small current. I= (“oe nBA nBA -6= C245] Differentiating both sides w.r.t i, d6 ,nBA aon)Thus, the sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer can be increased by: Z 4. 4. Increasing the turns (n) of the coil Increasing the area (A) of the cail Increasing the magnetic induction (8) Decreasing the couple per unit twist (/) of the suspension fibre. LIMITATIONS IN NCREASING SENSITIVITY : If the turns of the coil are increased, the length and resistance of the wire also increases. Increasing the area of the coil beyond limit makes the instrument bulky. Increase in turns and area of coil increases the load on the suspension fibre. Increasing the magnitude of magnetic field results in increase in apparatus's weight. 101 PagAGCURALY The relative error in the measurement of current is given by di/I. For moving coil galvanometer, the current through it is given by, P= (0 een (1) Differentiating both sides aes dI= (75) de = (2) Dividing (2) by (1) di _ a0 1[ PagThus, the error in the measurement of current depends only on the measurement of the deflection in the galvanometer (d @). For greater accuracy of the galvanometer, the ratio af (di/I) should be small. It is small when the deflection is large. Thus, for greater accuracy, the deflection in the galvanometer should be large for small current in it. As the expression of accuracy does not contain the termsn, A, Band k, the accuracy is independent of the turns of coil, the area of the coil, the magnetic induction and constant of the spring. 12[Pag13|Pag ADVANTAGES They aren't affected by strong magnetic field. They have high torque to weight ratio. They are very accurate and reliable. Their scales are uniform. DISADVANTAGES Change in temperature causes change in restoring torque. Restoring torque can't be easily changed. Severe stresses can damage the phosphor- bronze fibre or helical restoring spring. Such instruments can only be used for direct current quantities and not for alternating current quantities.THANK YOU