Environmental Entomology, XX(XX), 2023, 1–7

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Research

Insect-Microbial Interaction

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Interactions of beet leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae),
vector of beet curly top virus, and hemp in New Mexico
Rebecca Creamer1,*, , Annabel Simpson1, Hanah T. Rheay2, , Catherine E. Brewer2,
1
Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA,
2
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA *Corresponding
author, mail: [email protected]

Subject Editor: Punya Nachappa

Received on 27 February 2023; revised on 15 June 2023; accepted on 11 July 2023

The beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker 1896), is the sole vector of beet curly top virus (BCTV). Both the
virus and the vector have very wide host ranges, including many crops and weeds. Industrial hemp (Cannabis
sativa L.) has been reported as a host for both the virus and leafhopper in the past few years with the legal culti-
vation of the crop in the United States. This research assessed the interactions of the beet leafhopper and hemp
in New Mexico by determining the natural infection of hemp with BCTV in 3 field plots in 2021 and 2022 and
monitoring the numbers of leafhoppers using yellow sticky traps. The relative preference of beet leafhopper
for hemp types and varieties of hemp was assessed using cafeteria-style choice tests. Higher numbers of beet
leafhoppers were trapped in and around hemp fields in 2022 than in 2021 in all 3 locations. BCTV was found
to infect all 3 types of hemp (cannabidiol or CBD, fiber, and grain) in 2022 in 1 location and only a single CBD
variety of hemp in the other 2 locations. Two BCTV strains were identified in CBD hemp, while an additional
BCTV strain was found infecting chile pepper grown at the same location.

Key words: beet leafhopper, curly top virus, hemp

The beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (or Neoaliturus tenellus) Leafhoppers collected from different locations can have differing
(Baker 1896), is a generalist feeder, prefers semiarid and arid regions, feeding preferences. Hudson et al. (2010) showed that in cafeteria-
and is endemic throughout the western and southwestern United style plant choice tests of beet leafhoppers collected from California
States (Cook 1967). The leafhopper vector feeds and breeds on an and New Mexico, 88% of California leafhoppers selected sugar
extensive range of plant families that vary by location and season beets, while 47% of the New Mexico leafhoppers chose kochia.
(Douglass and Cook 1954). The beet leafhopper often overwinters Neither population of leafhopper preferred chile or tomato, with the
on different winter annual weeds (Carter 1930, Hills 1937). In New Mexico leafhoppers choosing chile at 1.5% and tomato at 4%
southern New Mexico, the beet leafhopper has been found to over- for the same tests.
winter on annual mustards such as London rocket (Sisymbrium irio The beet leafhopper is the sole vector of beet curly top virus
L.) (Ray et al. 2005), moving onto summer annual weeds such as ko- (BCTV) in North America. BCTVs (Curtovirus) are generally
chia (Kochia scoparia) in the late spring (Davis 2010, Dobey 2017, phloem limited in their host and are transmitted in a persistent cir-
Creamer 2020). culative manner by the beet leafhopper (Soto and Gilbertson 2003).
The beet leafhopper has been shown to feed on crop plants that it Circulifer tenellus transmits curtoviruses very efficiently after feeding
does not prefer and on which it cannot complete its life cycle. Hudson on infected plants for 2 days; feeding shorter times (2–20 min) still
et al. (2010) found that while leafhoppers will feed on chile peppers and produces low levels of virus transmission (Bennett 1971). The virus
tomato plants, the leafhopper does not lay many eggs on the plants and requires a 4-h latent period in the insect before it can be transmitted.
the eggs that are laid do not hatch. Adult leafhoppers caged onto chile The virus does not replicate in the leafhopper and is not transmitted
pepper plants for 24 h showed greater than 90% mortality. Munyaneza transovarially (Soto and Gilbertson 2003). Leafhoppers can inocu-
and Upton (2005) found that leafhopper mortality was very high when late the virus into healthy plants by feeding for as little as 15 min.
caged on bean (95%) and tomato (65%) for less than a week. Leafhoppers retain the ability to transmit virus for days to weeks.

© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: 1
[email protected].
2 Environmental Entomology, 2023, Vol. XX, No. XX

Generally, young plants are most susceptible to curtovirus infection BCTV-CO (a BCTV-Wor-like recombinant originally identified from
and transmission efficiency increases with number of leafhoppers Colorado sugar beets) and BCTV-LH71 (a recombinant originally
that feed on the plants (Wang et al. 1999). identified from leafhoppers from California) predominated (Chen
Analyses of beet leafhopper feeding using electrical penetration and Gilbertson 2016). A 2012–2015 survey of sugar beets showed
graph waveforms demonstrated that salivation while feeding on the a large number infected with BCTV-CO (Strausbaugh et al. 2017).
phloem is correlated with inoculation of BCTV to 3- to 5-wk-old The same isolate was identified in 2018 in southern New Mexico
sugar beets (Stafford et al. 2009). Unlike many other phloem-feeding infecting sugar beets but was not found on chile grown nearby
insects, beet leafhoppers do not need to salivate into phloem before (Creamer 2020). BCTV was characterized from leafhoppers col-
ingesting phloem sap, they ingest phloem sap very slowly, and they lected in northern Oregon in 2007–2009 (Rondon et al. 2016).

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ingest from xylem for longer periods (Stafford and Walker 2009). The great majority of the insects carried BCTV-Wor or a BCTV-
Curtoviruses have very large host ranges of weeds and crops, Wor recombinant. BCTV strains identified infecting hemp include
causing disease to irrigated agriculture throughout the western BCTV-CO from Colorado, Arizona, California, and Washington,
United States (California, Idaho, Arizona, Washington, Oregon, and BCTV-Wor from California, Arizona, and Washington (Giladi
New Mexico, Texas) and Mexico. Losses due to curtoviruses are et al. 2020, Chinginsky et al. 2021, Hu et al. 2021, Melgarejo et al.
routinely found in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.), tomatoes (Solanum 2022, Jarugula et al. 2023).
lycopersicum L.), dry beans (Phaseolis spp.), peppers (Capsicum We have monitored beet leafhopper presence in southern New
spp.), melons, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) (Bennett 1971, Creamer Mexico using yellow sticky traps since 2001 (Creamer et al. 2003,
et al. 2003, Strausbaugh et al. 2008, Chen et al. 2010, Chen and Lehnhoff and Creamer 2020). The traps are placed at the margins of
Gilbertson 2016), and hemp (Giladi et al 2020). Curtovirus infec- chile fields and are changed every 2 wk. Traps provide information
tion has been identified in weed species in New Mexico including on localized movement of adult beet leafhoppers, since only adults
Russian thistle (Salsola tragus L.), prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus fly, and are known to fly in low wind conditions. Leafhopper trap
blitoides S. Wats.), spurred anoda (Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.), ko- counts have generally correlated with curly top incidence in that large
chia (K. scoparia (L.) Schrad.), Chenopodium sp., morningglory sp. numbers of leafhoppers have been collected in years with high curly
(Ipomea sp.), Datura sp., and London rocket (Sisymbrium irio L.) top levels. Trap counts show that adult leafhoppers initially move
(Creamer et al. 2003, Lam et al. 2009). Of these, London rocket and from mid-April to early May every year (Lehnhoff and Creamer
kochia were most frequently infected. Unlike crop plants, none of 2020). This time corresponds with the dry down of London rocket
the infected weeds showed symptoms of the disease. and other winter annual weeds. Leafhopper trap count numbers de-
Since beet leafhoppers feed on plant species upon which they crease in late October to early November, which corresponds to the
cannot complete their life cycles, they can also transmit BCTV to such end of dry down of summer annual weeds such as kochia. Years with
plants. In New Mexico, curly top symptoms have been identified in heavy monsoon rains (July–mid-September) corresponded to lower
chile pepper, tomato, bean, spinach, and cucurbits (Creamer 2020). leafhopper numbers midseason, which would be expected since the
When curtoviruses infect chile pepper, the plant ceases to grow in leafhopper prefers arid to semiarid conditions (Creamer 2020).
height, causing severe stunting. Infected plants have stiff stems and Hemp is a relatively new crop for New Mexico, with the first
chlorotic, brittle leaves (Creamer 2023). Symptoms of curly top in permits for growth issued in 2019. In the United States, hemp is
tomatoes include stunted plants with thin, curled leaves and se- grown for grain, fiber, or cannabidiol (CBD) production. In New
verely decreased fruit production (Bennett 1971, Creamer 2020). Mexico, the crop is grown almost exclusively for CBD production.
Curly top has been identified in chile pepper in west Texas, eastern While hemp grown for CBD has been shown to be a host for BCTV,
Arizona, and central Mexico (Creamer and Valle Vasquez 2015) and the impact of the disease on other types of hemp has not been tested.
in tomatoes in California, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and cen- In addition, although curly top can cause economic losses in New
tral Mexico (Bennett 1971, Chen et al. 2010, Creamer 2020). Curly Mexico, the impact of the beet leafhopper and curly top in hemp has
top has been reported infecting hemp in Arizona (Hu et al. 2021), not been determined.
Colorado (Giladi et al. 2020, Chinginsky et al. 2021), California
(Melgarejo et al. 2022), Nevada (McGue et al. 2021), Oregon (Frost Materials and Methods
and Ocamb 2023), and Washington (Jarugula et al. 2023). Symptoms
of BCTV on hemp are varied, but include stunted plants with thin Hemp Plantings
curled leaves, chlorosis, mottling, and thickened bushy plants with The primary hemp plots used in this study were grown at Leyendecker
symptoms differing among plants and locations (Giladi et al. 2020, Plant Science Research Center, Las Cruces, NM (lat. 32.196920°N,
Chinginsky et al. 2021, Hu et al. 2021, Melgarejo et al. 2022). long. 106.743960°W, elevation 1,173 m), abbreviated hereafter as
Curtoviruses, family Geminiviridae, are considered variants of Leyendecker. Table 1 shows plant and harvest dates. In 2021, clones
BCTV (Varsani et al. 2014). Many of the strains are recombinants. of CBD-type hemp, var. Sweetened and var. The Wife were provided
A recent survey of BCTV in sugar beets in the western United States by Rich Global and transplanted into randomized six 30-ft (9-m)
identified 11 strains of curtoviruses (Strausbaugh et al. 2017). rows. Grain-type hemp, var. Anka and var. Altair (from Horizon
Curtoviruses previously identified in New Mexico are now desig- Hemp Seeds) and var. Earlina (from Marguerite Bolt at Purdue
nated as BCTV-SvrPep, BCTV-Wor, BCTV-PeYD, and BCTV-PeCT University) were sown into 6 alternating 30-ft (9-m) rows (one
(Creamer et al. 2005, Lam et al. 2009, Peinado et al. 2018). Some row each). Fiber-type hemp, var. MS-77 (from EcoFibre and Bish
of the strains appear to be host specific. BCTV-PeCT replicates to Enterprises) was sown into three 30-ft (9-m) rows between the grain
higher levels in peppers than in sugarbeets, while BCTV-Svr replicates varieties.
to higher levels in sugarbeets and causes very mild symptoms in In 2022, clones of CBD-type hemp, var. Sweetened and var. The
peppers (Peinado et al. 2018). Wife (provided by Rich Global) were transplanted into 6 alternating
The BCTV strains present in a particular location change over 15-ft (4.5-m) rows in 2 blocks (3 rows each per block). Seeds of grain
time and are often found as mixtures of strains. After a large epidemic hemp, var. Orion 33 and var. Felina 32 (KonopiUS) were sown into
of curly top in tomatoes in 2013 in California, new strains including 6 alternating 15-ft (4.5-m) rows in 2 blocks (3 rows each per block).
Environmental Entomology, 2023, Vol. XX, No. XX 3

Table 1. Planting and harvest dates for hemp trials at 3 New Mexico locations in 2021 and 2022

Location Year Planting date Harvest date Days in season

Leyendecker 2021 26 May 14 September 111

2022 18 April 13 September 148
Los Lunas 2021 24 June 23 September 91
2022 4 May 21 September 140
Alcalde 2021 16 July 29 September 75
2022 13 May 28 September 138

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Seeds of fiber hemp, var. Future 83 (KonopiUS) were sown into three were reared on sugar beet plants maintained at 28 °C day/26 °C
20-ft (6-m) rows. Plants were harvested on 13 September. In both night with a 16-h photoperiod in a Percival Model E54B growth
years, all CBD-type plants were planted with 3 ft (1-m) spacing; all chamber. Seeds of sugarbeet, breeding line KDH4-9 were provided
grain and fiber-type plants were sown at a rate of 40 lb./acre (45 by Kelly Richardson, USDA, Salinas, CA. The leafhoppers were in-
kg/ha). In both years, the entire hemp planting was surrounded by fectious with BCTV-Svr.
sorghum sudan (Sorghum × drummondii): 2 rows on either side
of 2 fallow rows and 7-ft (2-m) plantings on the ends of the rows.
Beet Leafhopper Choice Tests
Sorghum sudan was topped around 2 months after planting and was
Hemp plants were placed into an insect cage that was 55 cm long,
not allowed to go to seed.
46 cm wide, and 46 cm high. Plants were cuttings from plants from
Plots were equipped with drip irrigation. One block was
the Leyendecker field plots described above. Cuttings were ap-
subjected to water-stress conditions as a result of receiving 50%
proximately 15–18 cm in length and included leaves, but not buds.
fewer irrigations than the control plot. Fertigation with MiracleGro
Cuttings were inserted into water in a flask. Parafilm was wrapped
all-purpose liquid fertilizer (12-4-8) was applied approximately
around the stem to prevent drowning. Leafhoppers were released
every 2 wk. No herbicides or pesticides were used; all weed control
in the middle of the cages and were given free choice to move to
was done by hand.
any plant for 12 h. After 12 h, each plant was carefully removed
Hemp plots were grown at the Agricultural Science Center at
and the number of leafhoppers on each plant (or the cage walls)
Los Lunas, Los Lunas, NM (lat. 34.768073°N, long. 106.760900°W,
was counted. The experiment compared preference for cuttings from
elevation 1,475 m), hereafter abbreviated as Los Lunas, and the
the 2021 plots, hemp vars. Sweetened, Anka, and MS-77 and chile
Alcalde Sustainable Agricultural Science Center, Alcalde, NM (lat.
pepper var. NM-64. The experiment was repeated 3 times with 7
36.091697°N, long. 106.055709°W, elevation 1,738 m), abbrevi-
leafhoppers, with new plant materials and leafhoppers in each
ated as Alcalde. Table 1 shows the plant and harvest dates. These
trial. A 1-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the effect of lo-
sites featured the same hemp varieties as Leyendecker (except Futura
cation (each plant type or cage) on leafhopper choice (numbers of
83) and followed the same physical plot designs, including duplicate
leafhoppers). Tukey’s HSD was used to compare the location means.
blocks. Blocks at each location followed the same management as the
control Leyendecker plot. At Alcalde, the treatment of interest was
organic management. The duplicate plot received an OMRI-certified BCTV Detection and Identification
organic fertilizer in place of the Miracle Gro with the fertilizer appli- BCTV presence was detected in hemp plants from all locations by
cation rate adjusted to provide the same amount of nitrogen to each the New Mexico State University Plant Diagnostic Laboratory using
plot. At Los Lunas, both blocks received the same treatment as the an AmpliFire isothermal fluorometer (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). Detection
control plot at other sites. of BCTV from hemp and chile collected from Leyendecker was also
accomplished using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA was
extracted from plants using a modified Dellaporta method (Creamer
Leafhopper Trapping et al. 2003). Amplification of viral DNA was done using a PCR master
Four yellow sticky traps (20 × 25 cm) (Hummert International, mix, with Taq polymerase (Omega Biotech) and primers for BCTV
Earth City, MO) were placed approximately 60 cm from the ground 2RepF1: 5ʹ-ATAGTC CAGGACTTAAGGGCTTC-3ʹ, 2RepR1,
at the margins of the plots. For the hemp plots, the traps were 5ʹ-CAA CTTCCAGGGAGCAAAATC-3ʹ with an annealing temper-
near the edges of the plantings, interior to or nearby the sorghum ature of 57 °C (Lam et al. 2009), or primers for BCTV-PeCT-CP gene
sudan. Control traps were placed at the margins of chile fields at PeCTVcp F: 5ʹ-ATGTCGAGATTTACAAAAGGTA-3ʹ, PeCTVcp
Leyendecker, approximately 0.5 mile (800 m) away. Set of traps were R: 5ʹ-CAATCTTCAATCTCG-3ʹ with an annealing temperature
separated by a row of buildings, trees, and several roads. Both hemp of 60 °C (Nusayr 2020). PCR-positive amplicons were sequenced
and control plots were bordered by the same levee road and pecans by Molecular Cloning Laboratories (MCLab, San Francisco, CA).
on the west side. Traps were changed weekly April–June 2021, every Sequences from both primers were aligned and compared to known
2 wk July–September 2021, and weekly April–August 2022. Traps BCTV strains using the Nucleotide Blast function of NCBI.
were counted, and leafhoppers were identified.

Beet Leafhopper Maintenance Results

The beet leafhoppers tested in this study were gifts from Carl Beet leafhoppers were found in yellow sticky traps collected in
Strausbaugh, US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kimberly, ID. both 2021 and 2022 at all 3 locations. There were substantially
The leafhoppers were collected from different locations in Idaho and more leafhoppers collected in 2022 than in 2021 (Table 2). At
reared for mass release. A 50 leafhopper subset of that collection was the Leyendecker location, there were more beet leafhoppers col-
used to establish a colony in New Mexico. Those beet leafhoppers lected from yellow sticky cards surrounding chile pepper than
4 Environmental Entomology, 2023, Vol. XX, No. XX

surrounding hemp on 4 June, 11 June, and 23 July 2021. There BCTV symptoms on hemp were not noted in 2021 from any lo-
were slightly more leafhoppers collected from cards surrounding cation. In 2022, symptoms of BCTV were noted on CBD hemp from
hemp on 14 May and 16 September 2021 (Fig. 1). There were more all 3 locations, as well as on fiber hemp from Leyendecker. CBD
total leafhoppers collected from cards surrounding chile than hemp hemp plants, var. The Wife, from all 3 locations were verified using
in 2021 (Table 2). In 2022, more leafhoppers were collected sur- AmpliFire system as containing BCTV (Table 3). All hemp varieties
rounding hemp than chile at all dates except 20 May and 3 June grown at Leyendecker were verified as containing BCTV using the
(Fig. 2). An overall higher total numbers of leafhoppers were col- same system.
lected from cards surrounding hemp than from those surrounding PCR for BCTV was carried out on symptomatic hemp plants
chile (Table 2). grown at Leyendecker (Table 3). Hemp plants without symptoms of

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BCTV, or with symptoms of root rot, were negative for BCTV. PCR
amplicons from BCTV-positive plants from Leyendecker showed
Table 2. Beet leafhopper numbers identified from yellow sticky
traps at 3 New Mexico locations in 2021 and 2022 BCTV-Wor and BCTV-PeYD in both CBD varieties, while BCTV-
Wor was identified from a single symptomatic fiber hemp plant
Total number of (Table 3). Chile plants grown nearby were infected with the same
leafhoppers trapped 2 strains, BCTV-Wor and BCTV-PeYD, and an additional strain,
BCTV-PeCT, not detected in the hemp.
Location Plant type 2021 2022
From the leafhopper choice test, a 1-way ANOVA gave a statisti-
Leyendecker Hemp 474 2,855 cally significant difference in leafhopper numbers between at least 2
Chile 705 1,485 groups (F (4, 10) = [7.25], P = 0.005). Tukey’s HSD test for multiple
Los Lunas Hemp 52 443 comparisons found that the mean values for beet leafhopper num-
Alcalde Hemp 4 52 bers were statistically different (P = 0.05) for those found on CBD
or fiber hemp varieties or cage than on chile pepper or grain hemp
Yellow sticky traps were monitored during hemp growing season. (Table 4).

Fig. 1. Beet leafhoppers collected from yellow sticky traps in 2021 from around chile pepper plots and hemp plots at Leyendecker Plant Science Center, Las
Cruces, NM.

Fig. 2. Beet leafhoppers collected from yellow sticky traps in 2022 from around chile pepper plots and hemp plots at Leyendecker Plant Science Center, Las
Cruces, NM.
Environmental Entomology, 2023, Vol. XX, No. XX 5

Discussion found in chile than in hemp in 2021 and the reverse in 2022. The
timing of peaks in leafhopper trap catches did not correlate between
The beet leafhopper fed on and was associated with hemp in New
the 2 yr. The higher number of leafhoppers found in chile in June
Mexico. This was demonstrated through the trapping of beet
2021 compared to hemp is likely due to the very late planting date
leafhoppers in and around hemp fields in several locations and the
(26 May) for hemp in 2021. The hemp plants were very small in June
transmission of BCTV to those hemp plants. The numbers of beet
2021 compared to moderate-sized chile transplanted a month earlier.
leafhoppers trapped in hemp varied by location and year. More
The large numbers of leafhoppers trapped early in 2022 correlated
leafhoppers were trapped in 2022 than in 2021. While the trapping
with a high number of BCTV-infected plants. Young plants have been
season was longer in 2022 than 2021, the differential in leafhopper
shown to be more susceptible than older plants to beet leafhopper

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numbers between the years was noted in chile as well as hemp at the
feeding and to curly top infection and damage (Creamer 2020).
Leyendecker location. The higher numbers of leafhoppers in 2022
The leafhopper choice test results confirmed previous results that
also correlated with a higher level of BCTV-infected plants found
chile pepper is not a preferred host (Hudson et al. 2010). The choice
in 2022.
test results (Table 4) suggest that the beet leafhoppers preferred CBD
Comparing leafhopper trap counts from a particular location
hemp and fiber hemp over grain hemp. Those results correlated
is essential. For example, leafhopper trap counts from chile pepper
somewhat with the BCTV detection in CBD hemp from all 3 field
grown at Leyendecker in 2020 with those from a hemp field at a
locations. The results found in the choice tests showed that the beet
different Las Cruces site were significantly different. There were
leafhopper did not strongly favor hemp and chose the cage wall over
more leafhoppers collected (973) from the first collection date (5
a hemp plant.
June 2020) from traps near the chile field than there were for the
Two strains of BCTV were detected in hemp from Leyendecker,
entire season (June–September 2020) from the hemp field (287).
BCTV-Wor and BCTV-PeYDV. Both strains were identified from
Our results here confirm that the beet leafhopper population pres-
chile pepper grown at the same location; however, an additional
sure is consistently higher at the Leyendecker location than at other
strain BCTV-PeCT was found in chile. This suggests that there is
locations, which has been noted for the 14 yr of trapping at that
strain specificity within curly top strains and confirms that BCTV-
location (Lehnhoff and Creamer 2020). The higher number of
PeCT is somewhat host specific to pepper (Peinado et al. 2018).
leafhoppers at Leyendecker also correlated with the results that all
This is the first report of PeYD-infecting hemp. BCTV-Wor has
varieties of hemp grown in 2022 at Leyendecker were infected with
been found infecting hemp in most locations (Giladi et al. 2020,
BCTV.
Chinginsky et al. 2021, Hu et al. 2021, Melgarejo et al. 2022,
The number of leafhoppers trapped in chile peppers and hemp
Jarugula et al. 2023).
varied between 2021 and 2022. There were more beet leafhoppers

Table 3. BCTV status of plants in 2022

BCTVa BCTV strainb

Location Plant type +/− BCTV-Wor BCTV-PeYD BCTV-PeCT

Leyendecker CBD, var. Sweetened + + (1/2) + (1/2)

CBD, var The Wife + + (3/4) + (1/4)
Fiber, var. Future 83 + + (1/1)
Grain, var. Orion 33 +
Grain, var. Felina 32 +
Chile pepper + (9/15) + (4/15) + (8/15)
Los Lunas CBD, var. The Wife +
Fiber
Grain
Alcalde CBD, var. The Wife +
Fiber
Grain

a
Detection (+/−) using Amplifire system. Two plants were tested from each location of each type of hemp.
b
Virus strain assessment from symptomatic plants with nucleic acid sequencing of PCR amplicons.

Table 4. Beet leafhopper choice test among hemp types with chile pepper

Number of leafhoppers found

Location after 12 h Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Means

CBD hemp ‘Sweetened’ 3 2 2 2.3 a

Fiber hemp ‘Anka’ 2 2 2 2.0 a
Grain hemp ‘MS-77 0 0 1 0.3 b
Chile pepper ‘NM-64 1 0 0 0.3 b
Cage 1 3 2 2.0 a

Choice tests began with 7 leafhoppers for each trial. One-way ANOVA between at least 2 groups (F (4, 10) = [7.25], P = 0.005). Means followed by different
letters are significantly different (Tukey, P = 0.05).
6 Environmental Entomology, 2023, Vol. XX, No. XX

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Equal, Investigation-Equal, Supervision-Equal, Writing – review &
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editing-Equal), Catherine Brewer (Conceptualization-Equal, Funding Lam N, Creamer R, Rascon J, Belfon R. Characterization of a new curtovirus,
acquisition-Equal, Project administration-Equal, Supervision-Equal, pepper yellow dwarf virus, from chile pepper and distribution in weed
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