SOLUTION-ANSWER PAMPHLET THIRTY SECOND ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL MATHEMATICS EXAMINATION 1981 & 32 the ey Sponsored jointly by the MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SOCIETY OF ACTUARIES MU ALPHA THETA NATIONAL COUNCIL OF TEACHERS OF MATHEMATICS and CASUALTY ACTUARIAL SOCIETY . This key is prepared for the convenience of teachers ey . Some of the solutions may be intentionally incomple: Tucial sieps are shown. w . The solutions shown here are by no means the only ones possible, nor are they necessarily superior to all altematives. 4. Even where a “high-powered” method is used, a more elementary procedure is also shown. . This solution-answer key validates our statement that nothing beyond precalculus mathematics is needed to solve the problems posed, Chairman: Committee on High School Contests Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. 1 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. and Mathematics Department, The City College cf New York, 136th St. al Convent Ave., New York, N.Y, 10091 Executive Director: Mathematics and Statistics Department, Univ. of Nebraska 917 Oldtather Hall, Lincoln, Nebr. 68588 Olympiad Subcommittee Chairman: Hill Mathematical Center, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903. Copyright © The Mathematical Association of America, 19812 SOLUTIONS 1. (BE) x4 2=4;@¢+ 2) = 16. 2. (C) 17 + (BC)? = 2?; Area = (BC)? = 1 We wee Oe 3.(D) sie oar mee 4, (C) Let.x be the larger number. Then x — 8 is the smaller number and 3x = 4(x— 8), so that x= 32. 5, (C) ABDC, HBDC= 40°. Since DC is parallel to 4B, ADB4 = 40° Also, 4 BAD = 40° since base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal. Therefore ADB = 100°, 6.(A) (9? + 2y-2)x= 07 +2y-1)x- OF + 2-1) [G7 + 2y- 2-07 + 2y- Dx =-0* 429-1) xeyht2y— 1. OR a + Rewrite the right member of the given equality ot ay note by inspection that x = y? + 2y= 1. 7.(B) The numbers 5, 10,15,..., 100-are the only positive integers not exceeding 100 which are divisible by 5. Of these only 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 are also divisible by 4. From this last set of numbers only 60 is divisible by 3; and 60 is also divisible by 2- OR The least common multiple of 2, 3, 4 and 5 is 60. The numbers divisible by 2,3, 4 and 5 are integer multiples of 60. 8. (A) The given expression equals 1 1,1,] 1 fiebleecl a! Sea ( tpt Lae) (ae L) gol ey ee ety te “xtytz XYZ xypt ye tox XYZ “pat? ee 9. (A) Lets be the length of an edge of ° the cube, and let R and T be vertices of the cube as shown in the adjoining figure. Then apply- ing the Pythagorean theorem to APOR and APRT yields a? —s? = (PR)? = 5? +s* a =337, 20° The surface area 1s ze - 10. (E) If(p, 4) is a point on line £, then by symmetry (g, p) must be a point on K. Therefore, the points on K satisfy x=ay tb, Solving for y yields a: @ aa ye 11. (C) Let the sides of the triangle have lengths s —d, 3, s +d. Then by the Pythagorean theorem (s-dy? +57 = (sta). Squaring and rearranging the terms yields s(s— 4d) =D. Since s must be positive, s = 4d. Thus the sides have lengths 3, 4d, 5d. Since the sides must have lengths divisible by 3, 4 or 5, only choice (C) could be the length of a side. 12. (E) The following inequalities are equivalent to the inequality stated in words in the problem: Pp a (1+ 799) (1 — jo) > (1+ sh) = ap?! poe 1 OS 1+ j00 * 7_ a * 100-4 100 p_._100_ _,__@_ 100 * 100-4 100-9 poe13, (E) If A denotes the value of the unit of money at a given time, then .9A Equating the logarithm of the left and right members of the last equality denotes its value a year later and (.9)"4 denotes its value » years later. We above yields 2 2 3 r (log 2)? — (log 3)° = (log 3 — log 2) log x k i: ee seek the smallest integer # such that 7 satisfies these equivalent inequalities: — (log 2 + log 3) = log x (9)"4 S.A 1 Ley 5 one J | og = log {o"" * io } loge (2 ¥"< logis a Sak 10 (ig B00 15 | 16, (E) Grouping the base three digits of x in pairs yields xe (193 4 263!) (aT Dog) +, + (219 #2) peti as = (1:3 + 2032) + (13+ 1932) +... + (2-3 +2). 1 ii ooieee a ht Therefore. the first base nine digit of x is 1-3 + 2= 5, 17. (B) Replacing x by 4 in the given equation, f(x) + ah = 3x, yields 14. (A) Leta ond ¢ be the first term and the common ratio of successive terms in 1) ory the geometric sequence, respectively. Then Fg) + 2F 0) = y- atar= 7 Pliminating (CL) from the two equations yields a(r°- 1) =91 f@)= Then f(x) = f(x if and only if Dividing the first equation into the second yiclds ml ES & ie ; lt or x? = 2. Thusx = 4/2 are the only solutions. Pt aan 18. (C) Since = sin ( —x), the equation has an equal number of positive and ‘ negative solutions. Also x= 0 is a sulutiun. Furtheiuure, all positive solur (7 +4) (7? —3)=0, ] ‘tions are less than or equal to 100, since ix] = 100 [sin x| = 100. Thus 7? = 3 and 100 Since 15.5< ae 16, the graphs of at+ar+ar + ar =(a+ar)(1+r7) a . =7(4) = 28, joo and sin x are as shown in the adjoining figure. Thus there is one solu- 15. (B) For this solution write log for log, . The given equation is equivalent to 4 tion to the given equation between 0 and aw and two solutions in each of the (2x )PRaS (axj2e2 intervals from (2—1)n, to (2K + 1), 3 L=k=15. The total number of solutions is, therefore, BE 2 og 3 — ts2 1+2.(1+2+15) = 63. gloe 3 sn19, (B) In the adjoining figure, BN is extended past V and meets AC at &. Triangle BNA is congruent to MENA, since SBAN=4 EAN, AN = AN and %ANB = XANE, Therefore WV is the midpoint of BE and Since AM is given to be the midpoint of BC, MN joins the midpoints of two sides of ABEC and MN = FO) >. 20. (B) Let%DAR, © 0 and let 4; be the (acute) angle the light beam and the reflecting line form at the i point of reflection. Applying the theorem on exterior angles of triangles to AAR ,D, then successively to the triangles AR, | RD, 2-<16n, and finally to AR BD yields 0, =048° 6,56, +8°=0+ 16° 0, = 8, +B°=0 + 24° n—y +8" = 8 + (8n)” 90° =f, + 8° =0 + (Sn + 8), But @ must be positive, Therefore, 0<0=90—(8n + 8) 82 asg O for all x greater than the largest real root of g. Thus we seek a particular g in which the terms @.x* + a,x tay “hold down” g(x) as much as possible, so that the value of the largest real root is as large as possible. ‘This suggests that the answer to the problem is the largest root of f(x) =x? —2x? — 2x — 2, Call this root ro. Ta verify this conjecture, note that forx=0,—-2x" 7,0 < f(x) < g(x). Thatis, no # hasa ror* larger than ro, $0 fo is the r of the problem. } Asketch of f shows that it is a typical $-shaped cubic, with largest root a little less than 3. In fact, (2) =—6 and (3) = 1. To be absolutely sure the answer is (D), not (C), compute (3) to see if it is negative. Indeed, 30. (D) Since the coefficient of. x° in the polynomial function f(x Ww 29, (E) Since x is the principal square root of some quantity, x > 0. Forx> 0, the given equation is equivalent to a—vatx= x", Since the left member of this equation is a decreasing function of x and the right member is an increasing function, one easily verifies that the equation has exactly one solution. To find this solution let » = atx. Then a-y=x? a-y-y =x? ~y? a-y—(at+x)=x' -y? (xt y)=(e ty) —¥) O=(@+y)—yt 1). 2 Since a> | and x > O, it follows that y > O and x +» # 0. Therefore, x-ytl=0 xtley xtl=vatx @tip cate l4v4ae- eS WHd=3"1 js the sum. The positive solution x = is zero, the sum of the rovts of f(x) is zero and therefore, qthte _ atbte+d-d _=1 a a a’ Similarly, atet+d -1 atbtd _ -1 btctd _-l b - is ¢ ‘a cee 7 aaa Hence the equation f ( 4) = Ohas the specified solutions: bees 20 x x 1+ bx? —3x*=0 ax —bx* - 1 = 0.