Unit V

1. Do the case study on Smart agriculture in crop fields using

IoT system.

Introduction:
 The growth of the global population coupled with a decline in
natural resources, farmland, and the increase in unpredictable
environmental conditions leads to food security is becoming a
major concern for all nations worldwide.
 These problems are motivators that are driving the
agricultural industry to transition to smart agriculture with the
application of the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data
solutions to improve operational efficiency and productivity.
 The IoT integrates a series of existing state-of-the-art solutions
and technologies, such as wireless sensor networks, cognitive
radio ad hoc networks, cloud computing, big data, and end-
user applications.
 This case study presents a survey of IoT solutions and
demonstrates how IoT can be integrated into the smart
agriculture sector. To achieve this objective, we discuss the
vision of IoT-enabled smart agriculture ecosystems by
evaluating their architecture (IoT devices, communication
technologies, big data storage, and processing), their
applications, and research timeline.
 In addition, the trends and opportunities of IoT applications
for smart agriculture and also indicate the open issues and
challenges of IoT application in smart agriculture.
 We hope that the findings of this study will constitute
important guidelines in promotion of IoT solutions aiming to
improve the productivity and quality of the agriculture sector
as well as facilitating the transition towards a future
sustainable environment with an agroecological approach.
 Figure 1: An illustration of IoT applications for smart agriculture

IoT Ecosystem Architecture for Smart Agriculture

A common framework of an IoT ecosystem for smart agriculture

based on three main components, including

(1) IoT devices,

(2) communication technologies,

(3) data process and storage solutions.

Figure 2: An illustration of the IoT ecosystem for smart agriculture

Communication Technology

 The survey of communication technologies for IoT

indicated that to integrate IoT into the smart agriculture
sector, communication technologies must progressively
improve the evolution of IoT devices.
 They play an important role in the development of IoT
systems. The existing communication solutions can be
classified as: protocol, spectrum, and topology.
 Protocols: many wireless communication protocols have
been proposed for the smart agriculture sector.
 Based on these protocols, devices in a smart agricultural
system can interact, exchange information, and make
decisions to monitor and control farming conditions and
improve yields and production efficiency.
 The typical, low-power communication protocol numbers
commonly used in smart agriculture can be divided into
short-range and long-range categories based on the
communication range. - Short-range: NFMI (near-field
magnetic induction) , Bluetooth, ZigBee, terahertz (Z-
Wave) , and RFID - Long-range: LoRa, and NB-IoT
(Narrowband IoT).

Challenges and future road map

 The existing solutions have incorporated IoT based
smarter applications for solving a number of challenges in
the agricultural and farming domain.
 Cost-effectiveness
 Standardization
 Heterogeneity
 Context awareness
 Middleware
 Energy management
 Fault tolerance
 Need of real-time solution
  Cost
 User control panel
 Energy
 Interoperability
 Artificial Intelligence
 Maintenance
 System Portability:
 Robustness
 Climate, soil, and water
 Segmented land structure
 Low maintenance
 Portability

2. Do the case study on designing principle for the set-up of

identifying the vacant spaces using ultrasonic pulses and
back reflections from cars to the transceiver at the
coordinator.
Introduction
 Modern society faces serious problems with
transportation systems, including but not limited to traffic
congestion, safety, and pollution. Information
communication technologies have gained increasing
attention and importance in modern transportation
systems.
 Automotive manufacturers are developing in-vehicle
sensors and their applications in different areas including
safety, traffic management, and infotainment.
 sensor technology can be integrated with the
transportation infrastructure to achieve a sustainable
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and how safety,
traffic control and infotainment applications can benefit
from multiple sensors deployed in different elements of an
ITS.
  some of the challenges that need to be addressed to enable
a fully operational and cooperative ITS environment.
 Transportation systems have become a fundamental base
for the economic growth of all nations.
 Nevertheless, many cities around the world are facing an
uncontrolled growth in traffic volume, causing serious
problems such as delays, traffic jams, higher fuel prices,
increase of CO2 emissions, accidents, emergencies, and the
degradation of quality of life in modern society.
 Advances in Information and Communication
Technologies (ICT) in areas such as hardware, software,
and communications have created new opportunities for
developing a sustainable, intelligent transportation
system.
In-Vehicle Sensors

Figure 3: Different types of in-vehicle sensors.

Applications for In-Vehicle Sensors

 Tire-pressure monitoring is an application that is
required for the National Highway Traffic
Administration of the U.S. to alert drivers using
acoustic, light or vibration warning if the tire air
pressure is low.
 Proximity, ultrasonic and electromagnetic sensors are
used in parking assistance and reverse warning
applications. Proximity sensors can detect when a
vehicle gets close to an object. Ultrasonic sensors use a
type of sonar to identify how far the vehicle is from an
object, alerting the driver when the vehicle gets closer
than a set threshold. Electromagnetic sensors alert the
driver when an object enters an electromagnetic field
created around the front and back bumpers. Proximity
sensors have been used to develop a system based on a
rectangular capacitive proximity-sensing array for
occupant head position quantification to meet the
guidelines of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
(IIHS). However, these types of sensors are frequently
affected by temperature and humidity, reducing their
accuracy.
 RAdio Detection And Ranging (RADAR) and laser
sensors constantly scan the road for frontal, side and
rear collisions and allow safety applications to adjust
throttle and activate brakes to prevent potential
collisions or risk situations by using radio waves to
determine the distance between obstacles and the
sensor. The application notifies the driver if something
close to the vehicle is detected and automatically
activates the brakes to avoid a collision.
 The gyroscope and accelerometer sensors are used in
Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) to determine the
vehicle’s parameters such as vehicle position,
orientation, and velocity. INS are used in conjunction
with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) to improve
accuracy.
 Radar and speed sensors are used in applications that
warn the driver of potential danger if changing lanes or
wandering out of the lane is detected. The driver is
usually warned through vibration in the seat or steering
wheel or acoustically using an alarm.
 Cameras are used to: (1) monitor the driver’s body
posture, head position and eye activity to detect
abnormal conditions such as signs of fatigue or the
 vehicle behaving erratically (driving out of a straight
line on the road or pedestrians crossing suddenly in
front of the vehicle) and (2) execute night vision
assistance applications to help drivers see farther down
the road and detect objects such as animals, people or
trees in the path that can cause a potential risky situation
or an accident.
 LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) has become in a
key component for the evolution of autonomous
vehicles. LIDAR enables a self-driving car (or any robot)
to observe the world with a few special characteristics
such as continuous 360-degree visibility and highly
accurate depth information. LIDAR sensors continually
fire off beams of laser light, and then measure how long
it takes for the light to return to the sensor.
 Although more sensors are in each vehicle, their
integration with other components and the lack of
widely accepted standards among different brands is a
huge drawback in their adoption. In contrast, current
automated systems are limited in their capacities. For
example, Volvo’s city safety speed limit is 50 km/h or
less to avoid collisions with other vehicles or hitting
motorcycles or cyclists. A city safety system is based on
a laser unit, so in darkness conditions, the it can only
detect a vehicle if its headlights and taillights are on and
are clearly visible.
. In Road Sensors
 Strategic investment in transportation infrastructures is
vital for a country’s growth and is the central core of a
modern economy. Each year, governments worldwide
spend a huge amount of money in the transportation
sector. In the United States, the yearly investment is
around 1.6 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
 Sensors can be classified into two categories based on
their location: intrusive and non-intrusive. Intrusive
sensors are installed on pavement surfaces. They have
high accuracy, but they also have high installation and
maintenance costs. Basically, intrusive sensors can be
classified into three groups: (1) passive magnetic sensors
 which are installed on roads and are connected either
wired or wirelessly to processing units (2) pneumatic
tube sensors placed across the road which transmit data
to processing units through wired/wireless media, (3)
inductive loops that are wire coils buried into roads and
send data to processing units. This group of sensors is
the most used in traffic control systems [25].

Figure 4. Intrusive sensor groups, (a) Embedded

magnetometers, (b) Pneumatic tube sensors and (c) Inductive
loops.

The main advantage of road sensors is their technology

maturity. They have been widely implemented and have high
accuracy in detecting vehicles. However, the main
disadvantages of road sensors are: high installation costs,
traffic disruption during installation, maintenance, and repairs.
One solution that has been implemented to address the
aforementioned drawback is the introduction of wireless
battery-powered sensor nodes which replace the intrusive
sensors and are installed over the pavement. This technology
represents a change in the transportation sensors which are
expected to improve the quality, quantity, accuracy, and
trustworthiness of the data collected from roads and avenues
at a lower cost than current solutions.

Figure 5. Non-intrusive sensor groups, (a) roadside mast-

mounted, (b) bridge mounted and (c) across roadside.
 Non-intrusive sensors provide many of the intrusive
sensors’ functions with fewer difficulties. However, they
are highly affected by climate conditions such as: snow,
rain, and fog, among others. Accurate traffic data is of
 utmost importance to make informed decisions to
improve traffic conditions. Non-intrusive sensors are
more easily spotted by drivers, resulting in different and
faster reactions such as: slowing down, and using the
correct drive lane, among others after detecting those
devices. The challenge is not just the installation of these
sensors, but also reducing the drivers’ reactions times
based on the collected data and provide them with a
more precise view of the context and the reality of the
road or avenue.
 Magnetic sensors are used to detect vehicles when a
change in the earth’s magnetic field is produced.
Magnetic sensors are used to collect flow, occupancy,
vehicle length and speed and are suitable for
deployment on bridges.
 Piezoelectric sensors detect vehicles passing over (at
high speed ranges around 112 km/h) a sensor though a
change in the sensor’s voltage and can monitor up to
four lanes. Piezoelectric systems are commonly formed
by piezoelectric sensors and ILDs sensors.
 A Video Image Processor (VIP) system includes several
video cameras, a computer for processing the images
and a sophisticated algorithm-based software for
interpreting the images and translating them into traffic
data. Video cameras placed at the roadside collect and
analyze video images from a traffic scene to determine
the changes among successive frames using traffic
parameters such as flow volume and occupancy. The
main disadvantage of VIP systems is that they are
susceptible to reduced performance caused by bad
weather conditions.
 Ultrasonic sensors calculate the distance between two
objects based on the elapsed time between a sound wave
transmitted at frequencies between 25 and 50 KHz and
reflected to the sensor by an object. The received energy
is converted into electrical energy which is sent to the
processing unit. Ultrasonic sensors are used to collect
data about vehicle flow and the vehicle’s speed. The
 main disadvantage of this kind of sensors is its high
sensitivity to environmental effects.

Taxonomy of ITS Applications

Figure 6: A taxonomy for ITS applications.

Conclusions:
Sensors will play a vital role for ITS in the future. Their
usage enables the development of a wide variety of
applications for traffic safety, traffic control entertainment and
driver assistance. Sensors provide the mechanism to data
acquisition related to the vehicular context (such as road
conditions, traffic conditions, vehicle conditions) that can be
integrated with the current transportation systems to mitigate
some of the problems that past and current transportation
 systems have been facing. The use of analytical and statistical
techniques demonstrates the real potential of integrating
sensors with ITS. This integration is a promising research area
that will broaden the development of a wide range of next-
generation smart applications aimed at improving the safety
and traffic control of existing and future transportation
systems.
3. Explain the customer tracking and customer database of
behavior’s, preferences, locations, usage patterns and product
health for the innovative applications and services.
Introduction:
In recent times the concept of smart cities has gained
grate popularity. Thanks to the evolution of Internet of things
the idea of smart city now seems to be achievable. Consistent
efforts are being made in the field of IoT in order to maximize
the productivity and reliability of urban infrastructure.
Problems such as, traffic congestion, limited car parking
facilities and road safety are being addressed by IoT. The
proposed Smart Parking system consists of an on-site
deployment of an IoT module that is used to monitor and
signalize the state of availability of each single parking space.
A mobile application is also provided that allows an end user
to check the availability of parking space and book a parking
slot accordingly.
The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) started with
things with identity communication devices. The devices could
be tracked, controlled or monitored using remote computers
connected through Internet. IoT extends the use of Internet
providing the communication, and thus inter-network of the
devices and physical objects, or ‘Things’. The two prominent
words in IoT are “internet” and “things”. Internet means a vast
global network of connected servers, computers, tablets and
mobiles using the internationally used protocols and
connecting systems. Internet enables sending, receiving, or
communicating of information. Thing in English has number of
uses and meanings. Dictionary meaning of ‘Thing’ is a term
used to reference to a physical object, an action or idea,
situation or activity, in case when we do not wish to be precise.
IoT, in general consists of inter-network of the devices and
physical objects, number of objects can gather the data at
remote locations and communicate to units managing,
acquiring, organizing and analysing the data in the processes
and services. It provides a vision where things (wearable,
watch, alarm clock, home devices, surrounding objects with)
become smart and behave alive through sensing, computing
and communicating by embedded small devices which interact
with remote objects or persons through connectivity. The
scalable and robust nature of Cloud computing is allowing
developers to create and host their applications on it. Cloud
acts as a perfect partner for IoT as it acts as a platform where all
the sensor data can be stored and accessed from remote
locations. These factors gave rise to the amalgamation of both
technologies thus leading to the formation of a new technology
called Cloud of Things (CoT). In CoT the things(nodes) could
be accessed, monitored and controlled from any remote
location through the cloud. Due to high scalability in cloud any
number of nodes could be added or removed from the IoT
system on a real time basis. In simple terms IoT can be
explained in form of an equation stating: Physical Object +
Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of Things
The ideal of creating a Smart City is now becoming possible
with the emergence of the Internet of Things. One of the key
issues that smart cities relate to are car parking facilities and
traffic management systems. In present day cities finding an
available parking spot is always difficult for drivers, and it
tends to become harder with ever increasing number of private
car users. This situation can be seen as an opportunity for smart
cities to undertake actions in order enhance the efficiency their
parking resources thus leading to reduction in searching times,
traffic congestion and road accidents. Problems pertaining to
parking and traffic congestion can be solved if the drivers can
be informed in advance about the availability of parking spaces
at and around their intended destination. Recent advances in
creating low-cost, low-power embedded systems are helping
developers to build new applications for Internet of Things.
Followed by the developments in sensor technology, many
modern cities have opted for deploying various IoT based
systems in and around the cities for the purpose of monitoring.
A recent survey performed by the International Parking
Institute reflects an increase in number of innovative ideas
related to parking systems. At present there are certain parking
systems that claim to citizens of delivering real time
information about available parking spaces. Such systems
require efficient sensors to be deployed in the parking areas for
monitoring the occupancy as well as quick data processing
units in order to gain practical insights from data collected over
various sources. The smart parking system that we propose is
implemented using a mobile application that is connected to
the cloud. The system helps a user know the availability of
parking spaces on a real time basis. The rest of the paper is
organized as follows: Section II talks about the factors
responsible of Cloud-IoT 2016 International Conference on
Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA)
Need for IoT-Cloud Integration:
Cloud computing and IoT have witnessed large evolution.
Both the technologies have their advantages; however, several
mutual advantages can be foreseen from their integration. On
one hand, IoT can address its technological constraints such as
storage, processing and energy by leveraging the unlimited
capabilities and resources of Cloud. On the other hand, Cloud
can also extend its reach to deal with real world entities in a
more distributed and dynamic fashion by the use of IoT.
Basically, the Cloud acts as an intermediate between things and
applications, in order to hide all the complexities and
functionalities necessary for running the application. Below are
some of the factors that led to the amalgamation of Cloud and
IoT. x Storage capacity: IoT comprises of a large number of
information sources (things), which produce huge amounts of
non-structured or semi-structured data. As a result, IoT
requires collecting, accessing, processing, visualizing and
sharing large amounts of data. Cloud provides unlimited, low-
cost, and on-demand storage capacity, thus making it the best
and most cost-effective solution to deal with data generated by
IoT. The data stored on the Cloud can be accessed and
visualized from anywhere through standard APIs.
Computation power: The devices being used under IoT have
limited processing capabilities.
Availability: Any time anywhere availability of resources
becomes very easy with cloud integration. Many of the cloud
providers assure 5 nine availabilities.
System Architecture:

Figure 7: Smart Parking System

Implementation & Working:

Figure 8: Flow Chart of the System

Step 1: Install the smart parking application on your mobile
device.
Step 2: With the help of the mobile app search for a parking
area on and around your destination.
Step 3: Select a particular parking area.
 Step 4: Browse through the various parking slots available in
that parking area.
Step 5: Select a particular parking slot.
Step 6: Select the amount of time (in hours) for which you
would like to park your car for.
Step 7: Pay the parking charges either with your e wallet or
your credit card. Step 8: Once you have successfully parked
your car in the selected parking slot, confirm your occupancy
using the mobile application.
The above-mentioned procedure for booking a slot and parking
a car in that very slot is explained with the help of the following
screenshots.
Conclusion:
The concept of Smart Cities has always been a dream
for humanity. Since the past couple of years large
advancements have been made in making smart cities a reality.
The growth of Internet of Things and Cloud technologies have
given rise to new possibilities in terms of smart cities. Smart
parking facilities and traffic management systems have always
been at the core of constructing smart cities. It provides real
time information regarding availability of parking slots in a
parking area to enhance the quality of life of its people.

4. How the pandemic accelerated the need for IoT solutions?

Introduction:
In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has gained convincing
research ground as a new research topic in a wide variety of
academic and industrial disciplines, especially in healthcare. The IoT
revolution is reshaping modern healthcare systems by incorporating
technological, economic, and social prospects. It is evolving health-
care systems from conventional to more personalized healthcare
systems through which patients can be diagnosed, treated, and
monitored more easily. The current global challenge of the
pandemic caused by the novel severe respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 presents the greatest global public health crisis since
the pandemic influenza outbreak of 1918. At the time this paper was
written, the number of diagnosed COVID-19 cases around the world
had reached more than 31 million. Since the pandemic started, there
has been a rapid effort in different research communities to exploit
a wide variety of technologies to combat this worldwide threat, and
IoT technology is one of the pioneers in this area. In the context of
COVID-19, IoT-enabled/linked devices/applications are utilized to
lower the possible spread of COVID-19 to others by early diagnosis,
monitoring patients, and practicing defined protocols after patient
recovery. This paper surveys the role of IoT-based technologies in
COVID-19 and reviews the state-of-the-art architectures, platforms,
applications, and industrial IoT-based solutions combating
COVID-19 in three main phases, including early diagnosis,
quarantine time, and after recovery.

Important Role of IoT in COVID-19

Since early 2020, the world has been struggling with the pandemic
caused by the novel severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by
striving to control the unprecedented spread of the virus and
develop a vaccine. As most efforts to find a treatment or control the
spread of the COVID-19 have not shown acceptable results so far,
there is a high demand for global monitoring of patients with
symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 infection.
In recent years, IoT technology has received significant attention
in the healthcare domain where it plays an important role in
different phases of various infectious diseases. In the current
pandemic, as the contingency of COVID-19 is high, there is an
essential need for patients to be connected with and monitored by
their physicians proactively in different phases of COVID-19. In this
study, we investigate the role of IoT technology in response to
COVID-19 in three main phases including early diagnosis, quarantine
time, and after recovery.
During the first phase of COVID-19, which is early diagnosis,
there is an essential need for faster diagnosis due to the high rate of
contagiousness of COVID- 19 where even an asymptomatic patient
can easily spread the virus to others. The sooner the patient is
diagnosed, the better the spread of the virus can be controlled, and
the patient can receive appropriate treatment. In fact, IoT devices
can speed up the detection process by capturing information from
patients. This can be implemented by capturing body temperatures
using different devices, taking samples from suspicious cases, and so
on.
The second phase, called quarantine time, is an important period
of this dis- ease after the patient has been diagnosed with COVID-
19, and he or she should be isolated for the course of treatment. IoT
devices in this phase can monitor patients remotely with respect to
their treatments and stay at home orders by the authorities. They
can also clean areas without human interactions. Examples of these
types are the implementation of tracking wearable bands,
disinfecting devices, etc.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), most people with mild symptoms can recover while staying
at home without getting treatments, but there is no guarantee those
people will not be reinfected after recovery. Reinfection might
happen with different symptoms of COVID-19. Concerning these
possible reinfections in the after-recovery phase, the chances of
returning symptoms and potential infectivity can be high. To
prevent that happening, social distancing should be implemented
by deploying IoT devices, including bands and crowd monitoring
devices, to track people to ensure the appropriate distance is
maintained. In short, IoT technology during the COVID-19
pandemic has proven its usefulness in assisting patients, healthcare
providers, and authorities. In this section, we briefly explain the
various IoT devices and applications including wearables, drones,
robots, IoT buttons, and smartphone applications that are mainly
utilized in the forefront of combating COVID-19.

Wearables

Wearable technologies can be defined as the combination of

electronics with any- thing that is able to be worn. The definition
presented by Juniper Research describes them as app-enabled
computing technologies that receive and process input while they are
either worn or stick to the body such as bands, glasses, and watches.
These smart wearables were designed for different purposes in
various domains such as healthcare, fitness, lifestyle, and so o.
 Although the privacy of data is still a significant issue for expanding
these devices, it is predicted that healthcare providers will spend $20
billion annually until 2023 on wearable IoT devices to monitor more
patients. IoT wearable devices cover a wide range of different smart
wearable tools such as Smart Thermometers, Smart Helmets, Smart
Glasses, IoT-Q-Band, Easy Band, and Proximity Trace.

1.1 IoT Buttons

This type of IoT device is a small, programmable button connected

to the cloud through wireless communication. Based on its written
code on the cloud, this device can perform different repetitive tasks
by pressing only one button. For example, one type of IoT button
enables patients to complain if any hospital restrooms need cleaning
by pressing a button only.

1.2 Smartphone Applications

Smartphone applications are application software designed to do

limited tasks within a mobile device such as a smartphone Since
there are 3.5 billion active smartphones in 2020, these IoT-based
smartphone applications could be very efficient in various domains
such as healthcare, retail, and agriculture. Many smartphone
applications have been developed for the healthcare domain, and
some of them have been used in response to COVID-19.

Figure 7: IoT-Q-Band workplace classification

5. Explain how the healthcare industry is rapidly adopting IoT technologies to improve
accuracy, promote efficiency and enhance health and safety.

We live in complex times in the health, social, political, and energy spheres, and we must be
aware of and implement new trends in intelligent social health systems powered by the Internet
of Things (IoT). Sustainable development, energy efficiency, and public health are interrelated
parameters that can transform a system or an environment for the benefit of people and the planet.
The integration of sensors and smart devices should promote energy efficiency and ensure that
sustainable development goals are met. This work is carried out according to a mixed approach,
with a literature review and an analysis of the impact of the Sustainable Development Goals on
the applications of the Internet of Things and smart systems. In the analysis of results, the
following questions are answered about these systems and applications: (a) Are IoT applications
key to the improvement of people’s health and the environment? (b) Are there research and case
studies implemented in cities or territories that demonstrate the effectiveness of IoT applications
and their benefits to public health? (c) What sustainable development indicators and objectives can
be assessed in the applications and projects analyzed?

Today, technological advances must be accompanied by their applications and imple - mentation
in human-inhabited environments, in which public health and energy efficiency play an important
role.

Smart grids and smart cities should facilitate people’s access to environments, facilitate healthcare
services, and promote the safety and happiness in our society. Technologies such as the IoT, the
Internet of Energy, artificial intelligence, and the installation of sensors in human environments
are used to optimize infrastructures, services, and the strategic planning of communities.

We must design and implement advanced facilities, equipped with sensors and devices that
promote the safety and health of people while maintaining a balance between energy use and
efficiency. We must train professionals in the technological and engineering sectors, in universities,
to keep humans and sustainability at the heart of their designs and projects. It is essential that the
incorporation of intelligent systems is efficient from a technical, safety, and economic point of
view. Sensor devices, the Internet of Everything, together with reliable and safe electrical
installations and comfortable human environments.

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 F igure 8: Architectures and components in smart cities

IoT applications and systems aim to make the Internet even more immersive and integrated into
our environment in a natural way. It must be easy to access and interact with any of the devices
around us—for example, traffic lights, security cameras, telephones, computers, tablets, vehicles,
signs, stores, sensors, health centers, etc.

The analysis and location of intelligent systems within urban, rural, and generally human spaces
is complex. Sensors, actuators, and devices are located and move with people; they can be fixed
but are increasingly mobile—for example, in cell phones or vehicles. However, there are organized
architectures and levels of design around how intelligent systems should or can be arranged in
human environments, e.g., in cities, communities, or in any other environment Figure 8shows one
of these architectures and its design.

The different existing technologies and systems can be listed, also providing an update and preview of
those to come in the future:

Technological systems in the smart human home: environmental systems, personal systems, data
management systems and interfaces, actuators electrical systems and protections, energy efficiency
controllers, software, automation systems, augmented reality, etc.
Applications to people’s health: smart healthcare, monitoring of activities of daily living,
monitoring for medical management, robotic personal assistance devices, fall monitoring and
control devices, telecare for social interaction and leisure, automation for human–machine interaction,
implantable medical devices, sensors, microsensors and general-purpose devices, intelligent
materials, etc.
Innovative projects based on the realization of patents, prototypes, and technological applications
using IoT, sensors, and intelligent systems can come from research.

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There is no doubt that the systems that will make technological change and progress in sustainable
development possible will be the IoT, sensors, communications networks, and all the electrical,
electronic, computer, and intelligent material devices that will be flexibly integrated into cities and
territories. These advances will also bring major energy savings, which are fundamental to the SDG
indicators and criteria and essential for energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.

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