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Terms of OS

The document defines various key terms related to operating systems: 1. An operating system controls access to hardware resources and mediates interactions between processes and hardware. 2. Processes communicate through mechanisms like pipes, shared memory, and message passing. 3. The CPU switches between processes using techniques like context switching, interrupts, and scheduling algorithms like round robin.

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20 views4 pages

Terms of OS

The document defines various key terms related to operating systems: 1. An operating system controls access to hardware resources and mediates interactions between processes and hardware. 2. Processes communicate through mechanisms like pipes, shared memory, and message passing. 3. The CPU switches between processes using techniques like context switching, interrupts, and scheduling algorithms like round robin.

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gdwhhdhncdd
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Terms of OS
1- Operating System :- The OS controls/mediates access to hardware resources .

2- System call :- request to the OS to allow user to wait for input /Output completion .

3- Caching :- copying information into faster storage system; main memory can be
viewed as a cache for secondary storage .

4- Multiprogramming :- organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to
execute.

5- Timer :- is set to interrupt the computer after some time period .

6- Protection :- any mechanism for controlling access of processes or users to


resources defined by the OS.

7- Firewalls :- use firewalls to protect the computers from Internet attacks.

8- Process scheduler :- selects among available processes for next execution on CPU
core.

9- A socket :- is defined as an endpoint for communication.

10- interrupt vector :- which contains the addresses of all the service routines.

11- A process :- is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within the system .

12- Security :- defense of the system against internal and external attacks .

13- Network Operating System :- provides features between systems across network.

14- Open-Source Operating Systems :- Operating systems made available in source code
format rather than just binary closed-source and proprietary.

15- A context switch :- occurs when the CPU switches from one process to another.

16- Program counter :- location of instruction to next execute.

17- Process Control Block (PCB ) :- Information associated with each process(also called
task control block).
18- Pipes :- Acts as a conduit allowing two processes to communicate.

19- Priority Scheduling :- A priority number (integer) is associated with each process.

20- Starvation :- low priority processes may never execute.

21- Liveness :- refers to a set of properties that a system must satisfy to ensure
processes make progress.

22- Priority Inversion :- Scheduling problem when lower-priority process holds a lock
needed by higher-priority process.

23- Memory stall :- refers to situation where the CPU is unable to continue processing
because it waiting for data to be retrieved.

24- relocation register (The base register ) :- Relocation registers used to protect user
processes from each other ,and from changing operating system code and data.

25- atomic variable:- that provides atomic(uninterruptible) updates on basic data types
such as integers and Booleans .

26- Deadlock :- two or more processes are waiting indefinitely for an event that can be
caused by only one of the waiting processes.

27- memory barrier :- is an instruction that forces any change in memory to be


propagated (made visible) to all other processors.

28- Multicore System :- has multiple processing cores on single chip , each core can
execute multiple instruction in same time

29- Chip-multithreading(CMT) :- assigns each core multiple hardware threads. (Intel


refers to this as hyperthreading.)

30- process-contention scope:- concept in OS that refers to the level at which different
processes compete for resources

31- Round Robin :- Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum q ),usually
10 100 milliseconds.

32- Shared Memory:- An area of memory shared among the processes that wish to
communicate

33- Message Passing :- Processes communicate with each other without resorting to
shared variables
34- Hard affinity :- allows a process to specify a set of processors it may run on.

35- Soft affinity :- the operating system attempts to keep a thread running on the same
processor, but no guarantees.

36- Logical address space :- is the set of all logical addresses generate by a program.

37- Physical address space :- is the set of all physical addresses generated by a Program.

38- frames :- Divide physical memory into fixed-sized blocks .

39- pages :- Divide logical memory into blocks of same size .

40- Page-table length register(PTLR) :- indicates size of the page table .

41- Page-table base register(PTBR) :-points to the page table.

42- Page offset :- combined with base address to define the physical memory address
that is sent to the memory unit.

43- Counting semaphore:- integer value can range over an unrestricted domain

44- Binary semaphore :- integer value can range only between 0 and 1 .

45- Interrupt latency :- time from arrival of interrupt to start of routine that services
interrupt.

46- Dispatch latency :- time for schedule to take current process off CPU and switch to
another .

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