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Terms of OS
1- Operating System :- The OS controls/mediates access to hardware resources .

2- System call :- request to the OS to allow user to wait for input /Output completion .

3- Caching :- copying information into faster storage system; main memory can be
viewed as a cache for secondary storage .

4- Multiprogramming :- organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to
execute.

5- Timer :- is set to interrupt the computer after some time period .

6- Protection :- any mechanism for controlling access of processes or users to

7- Firewalls :- use firewalls to protect the computers from Internet attacks.

8- Process scheduler :- selects among available processes for next execution on CPU
core.

9- A socket :- is defined as an endpoint for communication.

10- interrupt vector :- which contains the addresses of all the service routines.

11- A process :- is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within the system .

12- Security :- defense of the system against internal and external attacks .

13- Network Operating System :- provides features between systems across network.

14- Open-Source Operating Systems :- Operating systems made available in source code
format rather than just binary closed-source and proprietary.

15- A context switch :- occurs when the CPU switches from one process to another.

16- Program counter :- location of instruction to next execute.

17- Process Control Block (PCB ) :- Information associated with each process(also called
task control block).
18- Pipes :- Acts as a conduit allowing two processes to communicate.

19- Priority Scheduling :- A priority number (integer) is associated with each process.

20- Starvation :- low priority processes may never execute.

21- Liveness :- refers to a set of properties that a system must satisfy to ensure
processes make progress.

22- Priority Inversion :- Scheduling problem when lower-priority process holds a lock
needed by higher-priority process.

23- Memory stall :- refers to situation where the CPU is unable to continue processing
because it waiting for data to be retrieved.

24- relocation register (The base register ) :- Relocation registers used to protect user
processes from each other ,and from changing operating system code and data.

25- atomic variable:- that provides atomic(uninterruptible) updates on basic data types
such as integers and Booleans .

26- Deadlock :- two or more processes are waiting indefinitely for an event that can be
caused by only one of the waiting processes.

27- memory barrier :- is an instruction that forces any change in memory to be

28- Multicore System :- has multiple processing cores on single chip , each core can
execute multiple instruction in same time

29- Chip-multithreading(CMT) :- assigns each core multiple hardware threads. (Intel

30- process-contention scope:- concept in OS that refers to the level at which different
processes compete for resources

31- Round Robin :- Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum q ),usually
10 100 milliseconds.

32- Shared Memory:- An area of memory shared among the processes that wish to
communicate

33- Message Passing :- Processes communicate with each other without resorting to
shared variables
34- Hard affinity :- allows a process to specify a set of processors it may run on.

35- Soft affinity :- the operating system attempts to keep a thread running on the same
processor, but no guarantees.

36- Logical address space :- is the set of all logical addresses generate by a program.

37- Physical address space :- is the set of all physical addresses generated by a Program.

38- frames :- Divide physical memory into fixed-sized blocks .

39- pages :- Divide logical memory into blocks of same size .

40- Page-table length register(PTLR) :- indicates size of the page table .

41- Page-table base register(PTBR) :-points to the page table.

42- Page offset :- combined with base address to define the physical memory address
that is sent to the memory unit.

43- Counting semaphore:- integer value can range over an unrestricted domain

44- Binary semaphore :- integer value can range only between 0 and 1 .

45- Interrupt latency :- time from arrival of interrupt to start of routine that services
interrupt.

46- Dispatch latency :- time for schedule to take current process off CPU and switch to
another .