Introduction to Internet

Technology

By DR D B NTALASHA
Internet
 The Internet is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that use the
Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices
worldwide.
 It is a network of networks that consists of
private, public, academic, business, and
government networks of local to global scope,
linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless,
and optical networking technologies.
Internet cont..
 The Internet carries an extensive range of
information resources and services, such as
the inter-linked hypertext documents and
applications of the World Wide Web
(WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file
sharing.
.
Why is the internet useful?
 The Internet is useful for facilitating
communication, distributing information,
and sharing knowledge.
 Some of the ways this can be achieved
through the use of the Internet is by fostering
conversation or debates with other kinds of
people, providing geographical information,
and general knowledge sharing.
What is the purpose of the
Internet?
 The main purpose of the Internet is offering
effective information sharing and
communication globally using computers.
 Notably, the Internet is the biggest player in the
realization of the concept of globalization today.
 With the Internet, the world has become a global
village.
 A person can now communicate comfortably with
anyone in corner of the world
Why is the Internet good?
 The Internet is good because it provides
access to information on a 24-hour basis,
allows for communication between people
all across the world and allows for the
information provided to be updated
quickly.
How does the Internet function?
 The Internet is a network of autonomous
computers linked together by wireless,
cable or fiber links; devices exchange
information over the network through data
packets.
 It is governed by a set of protocols called
TCP/IP.
What is Internet technology?
 Internet technology is the ability of the
Internet to transmit information and data
through different servers and systems.
 Internet technology is important in many
different industries because it allows people to
communicate with each other through means
that were not necessarily available
IT cont..
 The Internet is essentially a large database
where all different types of information can be
passed and transmitted.
 It can be passively passed along in the form of
non interactive websites and blogs; it can also
be actively passed along in the form of file
sharing and document loading.
 Internet technology has lead to a wealth of
information available to anyone who is able to
access the Internet.
 IT Cont..
 It has allowed people who were accustomed to textbooks
and libraries to learn anything they could want from the
comfort of a computer.
 Internet technology is constantly improving and is able to
speed up the information highway that it has created.
 With the technologies powering the Internet, speeds are
faster, more information is available and different
processes are done that were not possible in the past.
Internet technology has changed, and will continue to
change, the way that the world does business and how
people interact in daily life.
Internet history
 1957 - the US creates the Advanced Research Projects
Agency
 1958 - the integrated circuit is invented
 1959 - computers using transistors rather than vacuum tubes
are smaller, faster, and less expensive
 1962*- Paul Baran of RAND suggests a packet switching
network
 1965 - Ted Nelson coins the term "hypertext“
 1967 - IBM builds the first floppy disk
 1968 - Intel is founded
 1969*- ARPANET is formed
Internet history
 1969 - Number of hosts: 4
 1971 - Number of hosts: 23
 1971*- Ray Tomlinson invents an email program
 1974 - Number of hosts: 62
 1984 - Number of hosts: 1024
 1986 - NSFNET (high-speed backbone) is created
 1988 - Number of hosts: 56,000
 1990 - ARPANET pulls the plug
World Wide Web
 1992*- CERN and Tim Berners-Lee
demonstrate the World Wide Web (WWW)
 1993*- Mosaic hits the net
 1994 - the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
allows TCP/IP over phone lines
 1995 - Microsoft jumps into the Internet
market and thus begin the "browser wars"
Internet protocols
 The way that someone who wants to use a
service talks with that service
 Internet protocols consist of a suite of
communication protocols
◼ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
◼ Internet Protocol (IP)
 Also specifies common applications such as
electronic mail, terminal emulation, and file
transfer
TCP/IP
 First developed in the mid-1970s, by Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
◼ establishing a packet-switched network that would
facilitate communication between dissimilar computer
systems at research institutions
 The foundation on which the Internet and the World
Wide Web (WWW) are based.
Internet Protocol (IP)
 The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network-layer (Layer 3)
protocol that contains addressing information and some
control information that enables packets to be routed
 IP represents the heart of the Internet protocols.
 IP has two primary responsibilities:
◼ providing connectionless, best-effort delivery of datagrams through
an internetwork
◼ providing fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams to support data
links with different maximum-transmission unit (MTU) sizes
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Provides reliable transmission of data in an IP
environment.
 Services TCP provides
◼ Stream data transfer
 TCP delivers an unstructured stream of bytes identified by
sequence numbers
 TCP groups bytes into segments and passes them to IP for
delivery.
◼ Reliability
 Providing connection-oriented, end-to-end reliable packet
delivery
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
◼ Efficient flow control
 When sending acknowledgments back to the source, the
receiving TCP process indicates the highest sequence number it
can receive without overflowing its internal buffers
◼ Full-duplex operation
 TCP processes can both send and receive at the same time
◼ Multiplexing
 Simultaneous upper-layer conversations can be multiplexed over
a single connection
Internet Protocols Application-Layer
Protocols
 The Internet protocol suite includes many application-layer
protocols that represent a wide variety of applications,
including the following:
◼ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)-Moves files between devices
◼ Simple Network-Management Protocol (SNMP)-Primarily
reports anomalous network conditions and sets network
threshold values
◼ Telnet-Serves as a terminal emulation protocol
◼ X Windows-Serves as a distributed windowing and graphics
system used for communication between X terminals and
UNIX workstations
How TCP/IP Works
101010101001
❑ Transfer Control 101010101001
101010011010
101010011010
011010210101
011010210101
Protocol (TCP) breaks 010101011010
010101011010
111101010111
111101010111
011101110110
011101110110
data into small pieces 110000101110
110000101110
110101010101
110101010101
001110101001
001110101001
of no bigger than 1500 010111101000
010111101000

characters each. These

“pieces” are called
packets.
How TCP/IP Works
 Each packet is inserted
into different Internet
Protocol (IP)
“envelopes.” Each
contains the address of
the intended recipient
and has the exact same
header as all other
envelopes.
How TCP/IP Works
 A router receives the
packets and then
determines the most
efficient way to send
the packets to the
recipient.
 After traveling along a
series of routers, the
packets arrive at their
destination.
How TCP/IP Works
 Upon arrival at their
destination, TCP
checks the data for
corruption against the
header included in each
packet. If TCP finds a
bad packet, it sends a
request that the packet
be re-transmitted.
Internet Protocols Application-Layer
Protocols
◼ Network File System (NFS), External Data
Representation (XDR), and Remote Procedure Call
(RPC)-Work together to enable transparent access to
remote network resources
◼ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)-Provides
electronic mail services
◼ Domain Name System (DNS)-Translates the names
of network nodes into network addresses
Internet addresses
 IP numbers
◼ An IP number has four 'digits', with each digit represented by a
number from 0 to 255
 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
◼ Like a zip code to help a packet of information find its way to the
proper destination
 Domain Names
◼ Verbal equivalents to IP numbers
◼ Paired with the IP numbers in a large database that is distributed
throughout the Internet
◼ Computers you access through a web browser have a domain name
◼ Only need to know about IP numbers when you encounter a computer
which does not have a name assigned.
Internet addresses
 DNS system is organized in a tree - like structure
based loosely on the organization of the ARPANet
 All the computers in the Internet are thought of as
belonging to a specific wide domain
◼ .com .net .org .biz .us .tv .ws
.name .cc .de .jp .be .at .uk .nz .cn .tw .jobs .eu
.fm .ms .nu .tc .tk .vg .mobi
 Each domain might have a number of subdomains
◼ .iu .iupui .cs
IP Addresses
 Example of an IP Address:
http://134.68.140.1/

The IP Address of the Computer Science Department’s Web

Server
Anatomy of a URL
– Uniform Resource Locator

http://www.cs.iupui.edu/index.html

protocol sub-sub domain

domain name
machine sub file name
name domain
References
 How Stuff Works
◼ How web servers work
◼ http://computer.howstuffworks.com/web-server.htm
 An Atlas of Cyberspace
◼ Historical maps of computer networks
◼ http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html
 ARPANET Maps
◼ http://som.csudh.edu/cis/lpress/history/arpamaps/
References (cont’d)
 Explore the Internet
◼ Birth of the Internet
◼ http://smithsonian.yahoo.com/birthoftheinternet.html
 History of the Internet, Internet for Historians(and just
about everyone else)
◼ By Richard T. Griffiths,
Leiden University
P.O. Box 9500
2300 RA Leiden
The Netherlands
www.visitors.leidenuniv.nl
◼ http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/ivh/frame_theorie.html
References (cont’d)
 Cisco Systems
◼ http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/ip.htm
 Wikipedia
◼ Generic top-level domain
◼ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTLD