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Protein Synthesis With Video Links

1) Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA copy of a DNA gene. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the mRNA is used to assemble a polypeptide chain based on its codon sequence. 2) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. rRNA combines with ribosomes to form the site of protein assembly. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly according to the mRNA codon sequence. 3) Transcription and translation are similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes but differ in some key aspects such as

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45 views31 pages

Protein Synthesis With Video Links

1) Protein synthesis involves two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA copy of a DNA gene. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the mRNA is used to assemble a polypeptide chain based on its codon sequence. 2) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. rRNA combines with ribosomes to form the site of protein assembly. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly according to the mRNA codon sequence. 3) Transcription and translation are similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes but differ in some key aspects such as

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Ribose
RNA

Hydrogen bonds
Uracil Adenine
Differences between DNA and RNA:
DNA RNA

Structure Double Single Stranded


Stranded
Bases- Purines Adenine (A) Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) Guanine (G)
Bases - Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C)
Pyrimidines
Thymine (T) Uracil (U)
Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose

RNA’s JOB= Make Proteins!!


Types of RNA

1) messenger RNA (mRNA)- carries


instructions from the DNA in the
nucleus to the ribosome
Types of RNA
2)ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-
combines with ribosome to
form proteins
(proteins are made in the
ribosome)
3)transfer RNA (tRNA)-
transfers each amino acid to
the ribosome as it is specified
by coded messages in mRNA
during the construction of a
protein
Protein Synthesis Overview
There are two steps to making
proteins (protein synthesis):
1) Transcription (nucleus)
DNAà RNA

2) Translation (cytoplasm)
RNA à protein
Transcription
1) Transcription begins when the
enzyme RNA polymerase binds to
DNA at a promoter region.
Promoters are signals in DNA that
indicate to the enzyme where to bind
to make RNA.
2) The enzyme separates the DNA
strands by breaking the hydrogen
bonds, and then uses one strand of
DNA as a template from which
nucleotides are assembled into a
strand of RNA.
Transcription
3) RNA polymerase pairs up free
floating RNA nucleotides with
DNA template and joins the
nucleotides together to form the
backbone of the new mRNA
strand.
4) When mRNA hits a termination
sequence, it separates from the
DNA
Transcription
5) mRNA editing occurs in the nucleus*
*RNA Editing: Before the mRNA leaves the nucleus, it is
called pre-mRNA and it gets “edited.” Parts
of the pre-mRNA that are not involved in coding for
proteins are called introns are cut out. The
remaining mRNA pieces are called exons (because they
are expressed) and are spliced back together to form the
mRNA.

6) Then the final mRNA leaves the nucleus through the


nuclear pores and enters the cytoplasm headed to the
ribosomes.
RNA Editing
Transcription
Adenine (DNA and RNA) Nucleus
Cytosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)

RNA
polymerase

DNA
RNA
Transcription vs. Replication
Ü The main difference: transcription results in the
formation of one single-stranded RNA molecule
rather than a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Practice
Ü DNA template ATTCGGAGC
Ü DNA Complement (replication) TAAGCCTCG
Ü mRNA (transcription) UAAGCCUCG
The Genetic Code
Proteins (polypeptides) are long chains of amino acids that
are joined together.
There are 20 different amino acids.
The structure and function of proteins are determined by the
order in which different amino acids are joined together to
produce them.
The four bases (letters) of mRNA
(A, U, G, and C) are read three
letters at a time (and translated) to
determine the order in which
amino acids are added to make
protein.
The Genetic Code

A codon consists of three


consecutive nucleotides
that specify a single
amino acid that is to be
added to the polypeptide
(protein).
The
Codon
Table
Ü Sixty-four
combinations are
possible when a
sequence of
three bases are
used; thus, 64
different mRNA
codons are in the
genetic code.
Ü Some codons do
not code for
amino acids; they
provide
instructions for
making the
protein.
Ü More than one
codon can code
for the same
amino acid.
Ü All organisms use the same genetic
code (A,T,C,G).
Ü This provides evidence that all
life on Earth evolved from a
common origin.
Cracking the Code
Ü This picture shows the amino
acid to which each of the 64
possible codons corresponds.

Ü To decode a codon, start at


the middle of the circle and
move outward.

Ü Ex: CGA

Ü Arginine

Ü Ex: GAU

Ü Aspartic Acid
Translation Ü The cell uses information
from messenger RNA
(mRNA) to produce
Translation takes place proteins, by decoding the
on ribosomes, in the mRNA message into a
cytoplasm. polypeptide chain
(protein).
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
1) The mRNA that was transcribed from DNA
during transcription, leaves the cell’s nucleus and
enters the cytoplasm.
Transfer RNA(tRNA)
2) The mRNA enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome at the
AUG, which is the start codon. This begins translation.
3) The transfer RNA (tRNA) bonds with the correct amino acid and
becomes “charged.” (in the cytoplasm)
4) The tRNA carries the amino acid to the ribosome.
Ü Each tRNAhas an anticodon whose bases are complementary to a
codon on the mRNA strand. (The tRNA brings the correct amino
acid to the ribosome.)

Ex: The ribosome positions the start


codon to attract its anticodon, which
is part of the tRNA that binds
methionine.
Ü The ribosome also binds the next
codon and its anticodon.
The Polypeptide “Assembly Line”

5) The ribosome moves along the mRNA and adds more amino
acids to the growing polypeptide or protein

Ü The tRNA floats away,


allowing the ribosome to bind
to another tRNA.
Ü The ribosome moves along the
mRNA, attaching new tRNA
molecules and amino acids.
Completing the Polypeptide
6)The process continues
until the ribosome
reaches one of the three
stop codons on the
mRNA, and then the
ribosome falls off the
mRNA.
7)The result is a
polypeptide chain or
protein that is ready for
use in the cell.
Practice
Ü DNA template
TAC GGT CCA AAC ACT
Ü DNA Complement (replication) ATG CCA GGT TTG TGA
Ü mRNA (transcription)
AUG/CCA/GGU/UUG/UGA
Ü tRNA UAC/GGU/CCA/AAC/ACU
Ü Amino Acid Sequence Met-Pro-Gly-Leu-Stop
Ü (translation)
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic
Transcription
1) Location
Ü In prokaryotes (bacteria), transcription
occurs in the cytoplasm.
ÜTranslation of the mRNA into proteins also
occurs in the cytoplasm
Elongation step of
Transcription
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic
Transcription

Ü In eukaryotes,
transcription occurs in
the cell's nucleus,
mRNA then moves to
the cytoplasm for
translation.
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic
Transcription
2) Genome size
Ü The genome size is much larger in
eukaryotes,
Ü Greater specificity is needed for
the transcription of eukaryotic
genes.
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic
Transcription
3) Chromatin Structure
Ü DNA in prokaryotes is much more accessible

to RNA polymerase than DNA in eukaryotes.

Ü Eukaryotic DNA is wrapped around proteins

called histones to form structures called nucleosomes

Ü Eukaryotic DNA is packed to form chromatin .

Ü While RNA polymerase interacts directly with prokaryotic


DNA, other proteins mediate the interaction between RNA
polymerase and DNA in eukaryotes
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic
Transcription
4) RNA polymerases
q There are three distinct classes of RNA polymerases in
eukaryotic cells. All are large enzymes with multiple
subunits. Each class of RNA polymerase recognizes
particular types of genes.
q RNA polymerase I- Synthesizes the precursor of the
large ribosomal RNAs (28S, 18S and 5.8S).
q RNA polymerase II - Synthesizes the precursors of
messenger RNA and small nuclear RNAs(snRNAs).
q RNA polymerase III- Synthesizes small RNA, including
tRNAs, small 5S RNA and some snRNAs.
Video links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_f-
8ISZ164

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3b9
ArupXZg
THANK YOU !!!

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