Computer Modeling in

Engineering & Sciences

Tech Science Press

DOI: 10.32604/cmes.2023.030284

ARTICLE

Decision Making Based on Valued Fuzzy Superhypergraphs

Mohammad Hamidi1, *, Florentin Smarandache2 and Mohadeseh Taghinezhad1

1
Department of Mathematics, University of Payame Noor, Tehran, 19395-4697, Iran
2
Department of Mathematics, University of New Mexico, Gallup, 87301 NM, USA
*Corresponding Author: Mohammad Hamidi. Email: [email protected]
Received: 29 March 2023 Accepted: 14 June 2023 Published: 17 November 2023

ABSTRACT
This paper explores the defects in fuzzy (hyper) graphs (as complex (hyper) networks) and extends the fuzzy
(hyper) graphs to fuzzy (quasi) superhypergraphs as a new concept. We have modeled the fuzzy superhypergraphs
as complex superhypernetworks in order to make a relation between labeled objects in the form of details and
generalities. Indeed, the structure of fuzzy (quasi) superhypergraphs collects groups of labeled objects and analyzes
them in the form of the part to part of objects, the part of objects to the whole group of objects, and the whole to
the whole group of objects at the same time. We have investigated the properties of fuzzy (quasi) superhypergraphs
based on any positive real number as valued fuzzy (quasi) superhypergraphs, considering the complement of valued
fuzzy (quasi) superhypergraphs, the notation of isomorphism of valued fuzzy (quasi) superhypergraphs based on
the permutations, and we have presented the isomorphic conditions of (self complemented) valued fuzzy (quasi)
superhypergraphs. The concept of impact membership value of fuzzy (quasi) superhypergraphs is introduced
in this study and it is applied in designing the real problem in the real world. Finally, the problem of business
superhypernetworks is presented as an application of fuzzy valued quasi superhypergraphs in the real world.

KEYWORDS
(Quasi) superhypergraph; valued fuzzy (quasi) superhypergraph; impact membership value; complex
superhypernetwork

1 Introduction
The theory of hypergraph as a model of hypernetwork has been introduced by Berge as a
generalization of graph theory in 1960 [1]. A graph cannot connect more than two elements, which
is a defect when discussing the connection between a group of elements is considered. A hypergraph is
a generalization of a graph such that its edge can relate any number of vertices, in which a graph, and
its edge connects exactly two vertices. Indeed, a hypergraph is a useful tool to analyze the structure
of a system that connects a group of elements (more than two elements) together, and in this sense, it
can play an important role in embedding, classifying, partitioning, covering, and clustering elements
in different classes. Therefore, a hypergraph as an extension and covering of the graph has attracted
the attention of many researchers, and this theory has spread rapidly, especially since it has many
applications in real world (its uses in model gene interactions (ER-type hypergraph [2]), machine

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original work is properly cited.
1908 CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2

learning (spectral hypergraph [3]), computer networks (WIS hypergraph [4]), chemistry (molecular
hypergraph [5]), visual classification (hypergraph-induced convolutional network [6]), and social
media (soft hypergraph [7])). Because of the more important and updated hypergraphs, a hypergraph
structure as a hypernetwork has various applications, among which it can refer to updated works
such as soft hypergraph for modeling global interactions via social media networks [7], session-based
recommendation with hypergraph convolutional networks and sequential information embeddings
[8], hypergraph-based analysis and design of intelligent collaborative manufacturing space [9] and
hypergraph-based centrality metrics for maritime container service networks: a worldwide application
[10]. In classical set theory, the mathematical concepts introduce purely, and without any quality
or criteria, it is not attractive to be used in the world. Zadeh introduced the concept of fuzzy set
theory as a generalization of set theory to deal with uncertainties [11]. Furthermore, the Plithogenic
set (as a generalization of crisp, fuzzy, Intuitionistic fuzzy, and neutrosophic sets) was introduced
by Smarandache in 2017. The Plithogenic set is a set whose elements are characterized by attribute
values. Recently, Edalatpanah et al. considered new and recent developments in methodologies,
techniques, and applications of Neutrosophic and Plithogenic sets for various practical problems
and demonstrated the challenging issues as a generalization of fuzzy sets [12]. Sometimes graphs are
not able to correctly analyze many phenomena because the uncertainty of various characteristics of
systems naturally exists, so fuzzy graphs can cover this defect and this is an important motivation to
introduce fuzzy graph theory. After that, the fuzzy graph theory was proposed as a generalization of
the graph by Rosenfeld [13], which has many applications in real world (see more details in [14]). Since
a fuzzy graph as a complex graph theory gives very limited information about complex networks, so we
propose that the main motivation of complex hypergraph structures is for covering fuzzy graph defects
in applications. Lee-Kwang et al. [15], generalized and redefined the concept of fuzzy hypergraphs (as
a useful tool for the analysis and fuzzy partition of a system) whose basic idea was given by Kaufmann
[16]. Akram et al. have written a book on fuzzy hypergraph which presents the fundamental and
technical concepts of fuzzy hypergraphs and explains their extensions and applications. It discusses
applied generalized mathematical models of hypergraphs, including complex, intuitionistic, bipolar, m-
polar fuzzy, Pythagorean, complex Pythagorean, and q-rung ortho-pair hypergraphs, as well as single-
valued neutrosophic, complex neutrosophic, and bipolar neutrosophic hypergraphs. In addition, the
book also sheds light on real-world applications of these hypergraphs, making it a valuable resource
for students and researchers in the field of mathematics, as well as computer and social scientists
[17]. There is also some research about fuzzy (hyper) graphs and their applications in complex
hypernetworks, such as the implementation of single-valued neutrosophic soft hypergraphs on the
human nervous system [18], decision-making methods based on fuzzy soft competition hypergraphs
[19], hypergraph and network flow-based quality function deployment [20], global domination in
fuzzy graphs using strong arcs [21], fuzzy hypergraph modeling, analysis and prediction of crimes
[22], single-valued neutrosophic directed (hyper) graphs and applications in networks [23], achievable
single-valued neutrosophic graphs in wireless sensor networks [24], fuzzy hypergraph network for
recommending top-k profitable stocks [25], an algorithm to compute the strength of competing
interactions in the bearing sea based on Pythagorean fuzzy hypergraphs [26] and centrality measures
in fuzzy social networks [27]. Recently, Smarandache extended hypergraphs to a new concept as n-
superhypergraph and Plithogenic n-superhypergraph which have several properties and are connected
with the real-world [28]. Indeed, n-superhypergraphs are a generalization of hypergraphs, with the
advantage that they can communicate between the hyperedges. Recently, Hamidi et al. introduced
the concept of quasi superhypergraphs as a special concept of n-superhypergraphs and showed that in
hypergraph theory, any hypergraph can relate a set of elements, while without any details, it makes some
conflicts, defects, and shortcomings in hypergraph theory [29]. Thus, by introducing superhypergraph,
they try to eliminate defects of graphs (sometimes graph structures give very limited information
CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2 1909

about complex networks) structures and hypergraph structures (although the hypergraph structures
are for covering graph defects in the applications in hypergraphs, the relation between vertices can’t be
described in full details). They introduced the incidence matrix of superhypergraph and computed the
characteristic polynomial for the incidence matrix of superhypergraph, so they obtained the spectrum
of superhypergraphs. Also, by computingthe number of superedges of any given superhypergraphs
and based on superedges and partitions of an underlying set of superhypergraph, the number of all
superhypergraphs on any nonempty set is obtained.
Regarding these points, we introduce the concept of valued fuzzy superhypergraphs as a general-
ization of fuzzy hypergraphs. Valued fuzzy superhypergraphs are dependent on the concept of fuzzy
supervertices and fuzzy superedges or fuzzy links, which are defined in this study. The motivation of
valued fuzzy superhypergraphs is based on a design of real problems as complex superhypernetworks.
Indeed, we modify a real problem as a fuzzy superhypergraph, and with respect to the notation of the
impact membership value of modeled fuzzy superhypergraph, we have made the best decision. This
paper presents the fuzzy algebraic structures on valued fuzzy superhypergraphs such as strong valued
fuzzy superhypergraphs, isomorphic valued fuzzy superhypergraphs, the complement of fuzzy link,
and self-complemented valued fuzzy superhypergraphs. Also, the relation between fuzzy hypergraphs
and strongly valued fuzzy superhypergraphs has been investigated.
Motivation and advantage: Modeling based on fuzzy (hyper) graphs is a clustering or grouping
of elements based on certain properties, in which the properties of its elements are checked in each
cluster, and this check has nothing to do with the properties of other clusters. We need more complete
modeling in order to be able to analyze the effect of the elements in the entire modeling and with other
cluster elements at the same time. Our motivation in introducing valued fuzzy superhypergraphs is the
coverage of this problem in fuzzy (hyper) graphs and therefore we define it such a way that in each
cluster and group the elements are related to the elements of other clusters and groups in order to
analyze the effect of each element in the (super) hypernetwork on the whole (super) hypernetwork.
One of the motivations for valued fuzzy superhypergraphs is that we can have the best modeling of
complex (super) hypernetworks where the role of all the details that make up this complex (super)
hypernetwork is important in detail and in general. In fact, in this modeling, for each complex (super)
hypernetwork, we examine the relationship between all the components of the systems that make up
the complex (super) hypernetwork in detail and analyze the impact of these components in the entire
complex (super) hypernetwork. The highest advantage of modeling the world’s issues based on valued
fuzzy superhypergraph regarding the modeling of the fuzzy (hyper) graph is in the complex (super)
hypernetworks based on the fuzzy superhypergraph, and the relationship between the components is
checked only in the components of all clusters based on the map of clusters. This advantage leads
to obtaining, the optimal results in the complex (super) hypernetwork, based on our mathematical
methods and computations. In this method, we consider the values of components in clusters, the
values between clusters, and the weight of clusters and closely and carefully find the suitable positive
real values for optimal computations in complex (super) hypernetworks. The positive real values play
the main role in the extremum in calculus and so the optimization problem plays a significant role in
these calculations.

2 Preliminaries
In this section, we recall some definitions and results, which we need as follows:
Definition 2.1. [1] Let X be a finite set. A hypergraph on X is a pair H = (X , {Ei }i=1 ) such that for all
m

m

1 ≤ i ≤ m, ∅  = Ei ⊆ X and Ei = X . The elements x1 , x2 , . . . , xn of X are called vertices, and the sets

i=1
1910 CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2

E1 , E2 , . . . , Em are called the hyperedges of the hypergraph H. In hypergraphs, hyperedges can contain
an element (loop) two elements (edge) or more than three elements. A hypergraph H = (X , {Ei }i=1 ) is
m

called a complete hypergraph, if for any x, y ∈ X , there is 1 ≤ i ≤ m such that {x, y} ⊆ Ei . A hypergraph
H = (X , {Ei }ni=1 ) is called a joint complete hypergraph, if |X | = n for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n, |Ei | = i and Ei ⊆ Ei+1
element (loop). If for all 1 ≤ k ≤ m |Ek | = 2, the hypergraph becomes an ordinary (undirected) graph.
and n rows representing the vertices x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , where for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n and for all 1 ≤ j ≤ m, mij = 1
if xi ∈ Ej and mij = 0 if xi  ∈ Ej .
Definition 2.2. [30] Let m ∈ N and V = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vm } be a set of vertices, that contain
single vertices (the classical ones), indeterminant vertices (unclear, vague, unknown) and null vertices
(unknown, empty). Consider P(V ) as the power set of V , P2 (V ) = P(P(V )) . . . , and Pn+1 (V ) =
P(Pn (V )) be the n-power set of the set V . Then the n-superhypergraph (n-SHG) is an ordered pair
n-SHG = (Gn , En ), where for any n ∈ N, Gn ⊆ Pn (V ), is the set of vertices and En ⊆ Pn (V ) is the
set of edges. The set Gn contains some type of vertices, such as single vertices (the classical ones),
indeterminate vertices (unclear, vague, partially unknown), null vertices (totally unknown, empty),
supervertices (or subset vertex), i.e., two or more (single, indeterminate, or null) vertices that together
from a group (organization). An n-supervertex is a collection of many vertices such that at least one is
a (n − 1)-supervertex and all other supervertices in the collection have the order r ≤ n − 1. The set of
edges En contains some edges such as single edges (the classical ones), indeterminant (unclear, vague,
partially unknown), null-edge (empty, totally unknown), hyperedge (containing three or more single
vertices), superedge (containing two vertices, at least one of them being a supervertex), n-superedge
(containing two vertices, at least one being an n-supervertex and the other of order r-supervertex
with r ≤ n), superhyperedge (containing three or more vertices, at least one being a supervertex), n-
superhyper edge (containing three or more vertices, at least one being an n-supervertex and the other
r-supervertices with r ≤ n), multi edges (two or more edges connecting the same two vertices), and
loop (an edge that connects an element).
Definition 2.3. [29] Let X be a non-empty set. Then

n

(i) H = (X , S = {S } ,  = {ϕi,j }i,j ) is called a quasi superhypergraph, if   = ∅ and X =

k
i i=1 Si ,
i=1
where k ≥ 2, and for all 1 ≤ i ≤ k, Si ∈ P∗ (X ), is called a supervertex and for any i  = j, the
map ϕi,j : Si → Sj (say Si links to Sj ) is called a superedge,
(ii) the quasi superhypergraph H = (X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j ) is called a superhypergraph, if for any
Si ∈ P∗ (X ) there exists at least one Sj ∈ P∗ (X ) such that Si links to Sj (it is not necessary
all supervertices be linked).
(iii) The superhypergraph H = (X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j ) is called a trivial superhypergraph, if k = 1 (S1
can’t link to itself).
Let X be a nonempty set, S H (X ) = {H | H is a superhypergraph on X } and S H (n1 , n2 , . . . , nk ) =
{(X , {Si }i=1 , {ϕi,j }) ∈ S H | |Si | = ni }.
k


r

Theorem 2.1. [29] Let X be a nonempty set and |X | = n. If α = {(n1 , n2 , . . . , nr ) | ni = n, ni , r ∈ N}

i=1

i−1
r n − nj   n 
 1 
and m = |{i | ni = nj }|, then |S H (X )| = j=1 ( ni j ) .
α
m! i=1 n 1≤i =j≤r
i
CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2 1911

3 Fuzzy Superhypergraphs
In this section, we introduce the novel concept of fuzzy supervertices, fuzzy superedges or fuzzy
links, and fuzzy superhypergraph.
Example 3.1. Let X = {a, b, c, d, e, f } and consider the fuzzy hypergraph H = (X , σ1 , σ2 , σ3 ) as
shown in Fig. 1. In this fuzzy hypergraph as a complex (super)hypernetwork, we can find the relation
between a, b in σ1 , c, d in σ2 and e, f in σ3 , but we cannot find the relation between a in σ1 with to
e in σ3 , for instance. Also, we cannot find the impact of element c in cluster σ1 and the impact of
element f in cluster σ2 , for instance. In addition, in this model, we cannot find the relation or impact
of cluster σi s with σj s, where i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3}. Let’s assume that in this real-problem, as a complex
(super)hypernetwork, we want to check the influence of and the relationship all components, either
component by component or component in one cluster with another cluster and cluster to cluster. By
the above reason, we cannot analyze in this form, since we do not know the relation among the elements
of a cluster with elements of the other cluster and a cluster to another cluster at the same time and it
is the main defect. Therefore, we need this component-to-component connection and group-to-group
connection in the other model as a complex (super)hypernetwork.

Figure 1: Hypergraph H = (X , σ1 , σ2 , σ3 )

Definition 3.1. Let j, k ∈ N, 1 ≤ j ≤ k, q ∈ R+ , H ∗ = (X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j ) be a quasi

superhypergraph, σi = {(x, σi (x)) | x ∈ Si , 0 ≤ σi (x) ≤ 1} and μi,j : ϕi,j → [0, 1] be fuzzy subsets.

k

Then H = ({σi }i=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is called a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H , if X =

k ∗
supp(σi ) and
i=1
σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) 
μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) ≤ ∧ , where w(σt ) = σ (xt ). We will call σi ’s by fuzzy supervertices
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj )) xt ∈St
and μi,j ’s by fuzzy superedges or fuzzy links from σi ’s to σj ’s and 1-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph is
denoted by fuzzy quasi superhypergraph.
From now on, if there is not any fuzzy links from σi ’s to σj ’s, it means that μi,j ≡ 0. In this case
H ∗ = (X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j ) converts to a fuzzy hypergraph.
Example 3.2. Let X = {xi }7i=1 . Then H = (X , {Si }i=1 , {ϕ1,2 , ϕ2,3 , ϕ1,3 }) is a quasi superhy-
3

pergraph in Fig. 2, where ϕ1,2 = {(x1 , x4 ), (x2 , x4 ), (x3 , x5 )}, ϕ2,3 = {(x4 , x6 ), (x5 , x7 )} and ϕ1,3 =
20
{(x1 , x6 ), (x2 , x6 ), (x3 , x7 )}. Hence, H = (X , {σi }3i=1 , μ1,2 , μ2,3 , μ1,3 ) is a -fuzzy quasi superhypergraph
33
as Fig. 2, while is not a fuzzy quasi superhypergraph.
Theorem 3.1. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ and q, q ∈ R+ .
If q ≤ q, then H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a q -fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ .
1912 CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2

20
Figure 2: -Fuzzy quasi superhypergraph H = (X , σ1 , σ2 , σ3 , μ1,2 , μ2,3 , μ1,3 )
33

Proof. Let q < q ∈ R+ and x ∈ X . Since H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph
σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
on H ∗ , come to conclusion μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) ≤ ∧ ≤ ∧ . Thus H =
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj )) q (w(σi )) q (w(σj ))
({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a q -fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ .
Proposition 3.1. The following hold:
(i) Every fuzzy hypergraph is a fuzzy quasi superhypergraph.
(ii) Every fuzzy graph is a fuzzy quasi superhypergraph.
Proof. The proof is clear by definition.
Theorem 3.2. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ . If for all 1 ≤ i ≤
k, |Si | = 1, then
1
(i) For all x ∈ X , s = sup{μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) | x ∈ X , i, j} ≤ is obtained.
q
1
(ii) If q ∈ [t, s], then H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a fuzzy graph, where t = max{ |x ∈
σi (x) ∧ σj (ϕi,j (x))
X , i, j ∈ N}.
(iii) If q ≤ 1, then for all 1 ≤ i ≤ k, |Si | = 1. Then for any fuzzy subsets σi and μi,j , H =
({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ .
Proof. Let x ∈ X . Then
(i) H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ and for all 1 ≤ i ≤ k, |Si | = 1, so
σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) 1
μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) ≤ ∧ = ∧ = .
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj )) qσi (x) qσj (ϕi,j (x)) q
It follows that q ≤ s.
(ii) By (i), q ≤ s. Let x ∈ X . If H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a fuzzy graph, then it must be μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) ≤
1 1
≤ (σi (x) ∧ σj (ϕi,j (x))). Hence for any x ∈ X and i, j, q ≥ and so q ∈ [t, s].
q σi (x) ∧ σj (ϕi,j (x))
(iii) It is obtained from (ii), (iii) and Theorem 3.1.
Corollary 3.1. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ . If for all 1 ≤
i ≤ k, q(w(σi ) > 1, then μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) ≤ σi (x) ∧ σj (ϕi,j (x)).
CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2 1913

Definition 3.2. Let q, q ∈ R+ , H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) and H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be q-fuzzy quasi super-
hypergraph and q -fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on quasi superhypergraphs H ∗ = (X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j )
and H ∗ = (X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j ), respectively.
(i) A bijective mapping h : H → H is called an isomorphism, if for any x ∈ X , there exists
a permutation π, ν on Ik = {1, 2, . . . , k} such that σi (x) = σπ(i) (h(x)) and μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) =
μπ(i)ν(j) (h(x), ϕπ(i)ν(j) (h(x)). In this case will say that H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) and H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j )
are isomorphic and will denote it by H ∼ =H.
(ii) H is called a self complemented fuzzy quasi superhypergraph, if H ∼ = H c.
Example 3.3. Let X = {x, y, z, w} and X = {x , y , z , w }. Then H = (X , {σi }2i=1 , μ1,2 ) and
H = (X , {σi }2i=1 , μ1,2 ) are 2-fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs as subfigures 3a, 3b in Fig. 3, where
ϕ1,2 = {(x, z), (y, w)} and ϕ2,1 = {(x , z ), (y , w )}. Consider h : H → H , by h = {(x, y ), (y, x ), (z,
w ), (w, z )} and permutations π = ν = (1, 2). Then H ∼ =H.

Figure 3: Isomorphic fuzzy 2-quasi superhypergraphs H, H

Theorem 3.3. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) and H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph
and q -fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on quasi superhypergraphs H ∗ = (X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j ) and H ∗ =
(X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j ), respectively. If H ∼= H , then q = q .
∼
Proof. Since H = H , there exists a bijective mapping h : H → H is called an isomorphism, if
for any x ∈ X , there exist permutations π, ν on Ik = {1, 2, . . . , k} such that σi (x) = σπ(i) (h(x)) and
μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = μπ(i)ν(j) (h(x), ϕπ(i)ν(j) (h(x)). Without loss of generality and a rearrangement, we consider
an arbitrary fuzzy supervertex σm and suppose that σm = {(xi , σm (xi )) | 1 ≤ i ≤ r} in q-fuzzy quasi
superhypergraph H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ). Thus there exists a fuzzy supervertex σm = {(xi , σm (xi )) | 1 ≤ i ≤
r } in q -fuzzy quasi superhypergraph H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) such that σm (xi ) = σm (xi ), which m = π(m)
1914 CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2

xi xi
and h(xi ) = xi . It follows that r = r and for any given 1 ≤ i, i ≤ r, we have = .

r

r

q( xi ) q( xi )
i=1 i=1

m
xi  m
xi
Hence = and so q = q .
r

r
i=1 i=1
q( xi ) q( xi )
i=1 i=1

Let H = ({σ } , {μi,j }i,j ) and H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph and
k
i i=1
q -fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on quasi superhypergraphs H ∗ = (X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j ) and H ∗ =
(X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j ), respectively. From now on, based on Theorem 3.3, when we say that H ∼
= H , then
q = q.
Theorem 3.4. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) and H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be isomorphic q-fuzzy quasi
superhypergraphs.
(i) For any given fuzzy supervertex σi in H, there exists a fuzzy supervertex σi in H and λ ∈ R,
w(σi )
such that = λ.
w(σj )
x
(ii) For any x ∈ X , there exist λ ∈ R and x ∈ X such that = λ.
x
Proof. (i) Let σi = {(xm , σi (xm )) | 1 ≤ m ≤ r} be a fuzzy supervertex in H. Clearly
xm
h(σi ) = {(h(xm ), σi (h(xm )) | 1 ≤ m ≤ r} is a fuzzy supervertex in H and using Theorem 3.3, =
w(σi )
xm w(σi ) xm
. It follows that = .
w(h(σi )) w(h(σi )) xm

k

(ii) Let x ∈ X . Since X = supp(σi ), there exists a fuzzy supervertex σi in H such that x ∈
i=1
supp(σi ). Hence by item (i), there exists a fuzzy supervertex σi in H and λ ∈ R, such that x ∈ supp(σi )
w(σi ) x
and = .
w(σi ) x
Example 3.4. Consider 2-fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs H = (X , {σi }2i=1 , μ1,2 ) and H =
(X , {σi }2i=1 , μ1,2 ) as shown in subfigures 3a, 3b of Fig. 3. Clearly H ∼
= H , while for any i ∈ {1, 2}, w(σi )  =
w(σi ). This shows that if q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs are isomorphic, it is not necessary that their
fuzzy superverties have the same weights.
Definition 3.3. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ . Then H c =
({σ } , {μci,j }i,j ) is called a complement q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph of H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ), if σic = σi
c k
i i=1
σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
and μci,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = ( ∧ ) − μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)).
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
Lemma 3.1. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ . Then μci,j = μi,j if
1 σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) 1
and only if μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = ( ∧ ), for all x ∈ X and q ≥ .
2 q(w(σi )) q(w(σj )) 2
Theorem 3.5. Let H = ({σi }i=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ . Then (H c )c ∼
k
= H.
CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2 1915

Proof. Let x ∈ X . Then for any 1 ≤ i ≤ k, (σic )c (x) = σic (x) = σi (x) and

σic (x) σjc (ϕi,j (x))

(μci,j )c (x, ϕi,j (x)) = ( ∧ ) − μci,j (x, ϕi,j (x))
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
=( ∧ ) − μci,j (x, ϕi,j (x))
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
=( ∧ ) − (( ∧ ) − μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)))
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj )) q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
= μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x))).

It follows that for any 1 ≤ i ≤ k, (σic )c = σi and (μci,j )c = μ. Hence (H c )c ∼

= H.
Theorem 3.6. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) and H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be isomorphic q-fuzzy quasi
superhypergraphs. Then H c and H c are isomorphic q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs and conversely.
Proof. Since H ∼ = H , there exists a bijective mapping h : H → H is called an isomorphism, if
for any x ∈ X , there exists a permutations π, ν on Ik = {1, 2, . . . , k} such that σi (x) = σπ(i) (h(x)) and
μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = μπ(i)ν(j) (h(x), ϕπ(i)ν(j) (h(x)). Using the definition of complement, we have

σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))

μci,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = ( ∧ ) − μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x))
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
σπ(i) (h(x)) σπ(j) (ϕi,j (h(x)))
=( ∧ ) − μπ(i)ν(j) (h(x), ϕπ(i)ν(j) (h(x))
q(w(σπ(i) )) q(w(σπ(j) ))
= μcπ(i),ν(j) (h(x), ϕπ(i),ν(j) (h(x)))

Hence H c ∼
= H c . Conversely, let H c ∼ = H c , then by Theorem 3.5, H ∼ = (H c )c ∼
= (H c )c ∼
=H.
Theorem 3.7. Let H = ({σi }i=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a self complemented q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on
k

1  σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) 

H ∗ . Then ( ( ∧ )= μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)).
2 q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
Proof. Since H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a self complemented q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph, there
exists a map h : X → X such that for any x ∈ X , σi (x) = σi (h(x)) and μci,j (h(x), ϕi,j (h(x)) =
σi (h(x)) σj (ϕi,j (h(x))
μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)). Then ( ∧ ) − μi,j (h(x), ϕi,j (h((x)) = μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)). Since h : X → X
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
is a bijection, we get to the result that
  σi (h(x)) σj (ϕi,j (h(x))  
( ∧ ) − μi,j (h(x), ϕi,j (h((x)) = μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)),
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
so
 σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))  
(( ∧ )) − (μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)).
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj )
1  σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) 
It follows that ( ( ∧ )= μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x).
2 q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
1916 CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2

3
Example 3.5. Let X = {xi }6i=1 . Then H ∗ = (X , {Si }i=1 , {ϕ1,2 , ϕ2,3 }) is a 4-quasi superhypergraph in
Fig. 4, where ϕ1,2 = {(x1 , x3 ), (x2 , x4 )} and ϕ2,3 = {(x3 , x6 ), (x4 , x7 )}. If H = (X , {σi }3i=1 , μ1,2 , μ2,3 ) is a
fuzzy quasi superhypergraph as shown in Fig. 4, where 0 < α1 ≤ α2 ≤ α3 ≤ α4 ≤ 1. The equation
1  σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) 
( ( ∧ )) = μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)), implies that
2 4(w(σi )) 4(w(σj ))

1 α1 α3 α2 α4 α3 α5
( ∧ + ∧ + ∧
2 4(α1 + α2 ) 4(α3 + α4 ) 4(α1 + α2 ) 4(α3 + α4 ) 4(α3 + α4 ) 4(α5 + α6 )
α4 α6 1 α1 α2 α3 α4
+ ∧ )= ( + + + )
4(α3 + α4 ) 4(α5 + α6 ) 2 4(α1 + α2 ) 4(α1 + α2 ) 4(α3 + α4 ) 4(α3 + α4 )
1
= = (β1 + β2 + β3 + β4 ),
8

Figure 4: Fuzzy quasi superhypergraph H = (X , σ1 , σ2 , σ3 , μ1,2 , μ2,3 , μ1,3 )

α1 α2 α3 α4
where β1 ≤ , β2 ≤ , β3 ≤ and β4 ≤ . Suppose that
4(α1 + α2 ) 4(α1 + α2 ) 4(α3 + α4 ) 4(α3 + α4 )
α1 = 0.1, α2 = 0.2, α3 = 0.3, α4 = 0.4, α5 = 0.5, α6 = 0.6, β1 = 0.01, β2 = 0.03, β3 = 0.04 and β4 = 0.17.
1  σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) 
It follows that ( ( ∧ )) = μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)), while H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is
2 4(w(σi )) 4(w(σj ))
not a self complemented fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ as shown in Fig. 5. Thus the converse of
Theorem 3.7, is not necessarily true.
Theorem 3.8. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ . If for all x ∈ X ,
1 σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
μci,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = ( ∧ ), then H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a self complemented fuzzy quasi
2 q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
superhypergraph.

Figure 5: Fuzzy quasi superhypergraph H c = (X , σ1 , σ2 , σ3 , μ1,2 , μ2,3 , μ1,3 ) of Fig. 4

CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2 1917

Proof. Define h : X → X by h(x) = x, where x ∈ X . Clearly σ c (h(x)) = σ c (x) = σ (x). In addition,

μci,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = μci,j (h(x), ϕi,j (h(x))

σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
=( ∧ ) − μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x))
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) 1 σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
=( ∧ )− ( ∧ )
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj )) 2 q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
1 σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
= ( ∧ ) = μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)).
2 q(w(σi ) q(w(σj ))
It follows that μci,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) and so H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a self complemented
fuzzy quasi superhypergraph.
Definition 3.4. Let H ∗ = (X , {Si }ki=1 , {ϕi,j }i,j ) be a quasi superhypergraph, σi = {(x, σi (x)) | x ∈
Si , 0 ≤ σi (x) ≤ 1} and μi,j : ϕi,j → [0, 1] be fuzzy subsets. Then H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is called a strong
 k
σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H , if X =
∗
supp(σi ) and μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = ∧ ,
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
 i=1

where w(σt ) = σ (xt ).

xt ∈St

Theorem 3.9. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a strong q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ . Then
H c = ({σic }ki=1 , {μci,j }i,j ) is a fuzzy hypergraph.
Proof. Let x ∈ X . Since H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is a strong q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ , it is
resulted in
σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
μci,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = ( ∧ ) − μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x))
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x)) σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
=( ∧ )−( ∧ ) = 0.
q(w(σi )) q(w(σj )) q(w(σi )) q(w(σj ))
Thus for any x ∈ X , we have μci,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = or μi,j ≡ 0. It follows that for any given fuzzy
superverteices σi  = σj , there is not any fuzzy links from σi ’s to σj ’s. Thus H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) = ({σi }ki=1 )
is a fuzzy hypergraph, by Definition 3.1.
Definition 3.5. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ and x ∈ X .
⎧
⎨ μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) if (x, ϕi,j (x)) ∈ ϕi,j
Then d(x, H) = (x,ϕi,j (x))∈ϕi,j is the impact membership value of x in
⎩
0 if (x, ϕi,j (x))  ∈ ϕi,j
H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ).
Theorem 3.10. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph on H ∗ and x ∈ X .
Then
 σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
(i) if H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is strong, then qd(x, H) = ( ∧ ).
w(σi ) w(σj )
 σi (x) σj (ϕi,j (x))
(ii) d(x, H c ) + d(x, H) = ( ∧ ).
qw(σi ) qw(σj )
(iii) if H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) is strong, then d(x, H c ) = 0.
1918 CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2

Proof. I is clear by Definition 3.3 and Theorem 3.9.

Corollary 3.2. Let H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) and H = ({σi }ki=1 , {μi,j }i,j ) be q-fuzzy quasi superhyper-
 
graphs. If H ∼
= H , then d(x, H) = d(x, H ).
x∈H x∈H

4 Application of Fuzzy q-quasi Superhypergraph in Real World

In this section, we apply the concept of fuzzy valued quasi superhypergraph in the real world. To
simplify and better display the method of application of fuzzy q-quasi superhypergraph in a practical
problem, the following algorithm can be used:
Step 1: Consider a real problem as a complex (super)hypernetwork,
Step 2: Separate the factors and components of this complex (super)hypernetwork according to
the type of application,
Step 3: Put the factors and constituent factors classified according to their values in different
tables,
Step 4: According to the tables of step 3, model the relationship between components in an optimal
state through a fuzzy q-quasi superhypergraph (in this step, one must find the q, and compute the
maximum of fuzzy superedges based on fuzzy supervertices)
Step 5: Compute the impact membership value of components of the q-fuzzy quasi superhyper-
graph,
Step 6: Find the extremum case based on step 5 and the conditions we need to solve the real
problem.
In the following section, we consider a real problem as a business (super)hypernetwork, and in this
regard, first, we analyze and describe a business network. A business network is a complex network
of companies, working together to accomplish certain objectives. These objectives, which are strategic
and operational, are adopted by business networks based on their role in the market. In follows, we
define a fuzzy (super)hypernetwork as a q-fuzzy quasi superhypergraph, such that its objects are called
fuzzy supervertices and their connections are called fuzzy superedges or fuzzy links. For example,
when we represent the business superhyper network, it concludes a collection of people and their
fund, products and their quality, and the buying and selling market and their liquidity as a fuzzy
quasi superhypergraph. The fuzzy supervertices are the people under consideration, products, and
their quality and the buying and selling market and their liquidity, while the fuzzy superedges list all
ability level, communication level, and the service time between them.
Business superhypernetwork: Business fuzzy superhypernetworking is the process of establishing
a mutually beneficial relationship with other business people and potential clients or customers.
The main purpose of business fuzzy superhypernetworking is to tell others about your business and
hopefully convert them into customers. The most valuable advantage of the fuzzy superhypernetwork
is meeting potential customers or creating referrals that you can then follow up to hopefully add
to your customer base. In Table 1, we introduce a group of people with capital percentage for the
participation of a business superhypernetwork that is supposed to work. In Table 2, we introduce
a carpet production factory with high production quality for the participation of business superhy-
pernetwork and in Table 3, we introduce shopping markets with liquidity for the participation of a
business superhypernetwork.
CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2 1919

Table 1: People and amount of capital

People Amount of capital
Benjamin 0.6
Oliver 0.68
James 0.7
William 0.84
Lucas 0.65

Table 2: Machinery and high production quality

Machinery High production quality
M1 0.5
M2 0.55
M3 0.65
M4 0.75
M5 0.85

Table 3: Shopping market and liquidity

Shopping market Liquidity
SM1 0.4
SM2 0.35
SM3 0.75
SM4 0.45
SM5 0.55

Case 1: We want to analyze the minimum ability of people on machines, the minimum consultation
of people with the capital market, and the minimum distance between factories and the capital market.
For instance, we compute the minimum ability of Benjamin and Machinery M1 as follows:
σi (Benjamin) σj (ϕi,j (Benjamin))
μi,j (Benjamin, M1 ) ≤ ∧ ⇒
w(σi ) w(σj )
0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5
μi,j (Benjamin, M1 ) ≤ ∧ = ⇒ = min{μi,j (Benjamin, Mk ) | 1 ≤ k ≤ 5}.
3.47 3.3 3.3 3.3
It follows that:

ϕ1,2 = {(B, M1 ), (L, M2 ), (O, M3 ), (J, M4 ), (W , M5 )},

ϕ1,3 = {(B, SM2 ), (L, SM1 ), (O, SM4 ), (J, SM5 ), (W , SM3 )} and
ϕ2,3 = {(M1 , SM2 ), (M2 , SM1 ), (M3 , SM4 ), (M4 , SM5 ), (M5 , SM3 )}.
1920 CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2

All these qualities will be represented in the fuzzy quasi superhypergraph, where the fuzzy super-
vertices are the people, Machinery and the fuzzy superedges list all the ability levels, communication
levels, and service time (Fig. 6). Now we see the minimum ability of people on machines, the minimum
consultation of people with the capital market, and the minimum distance between factories and the
capital market as shown in Tables 4–6.

Figure 6: Fuzzy quasi superhypergraph H = (X , σ1 , σ2 , σ3 , μ1,2 , μ2,3 , μ1,3 )

Table 4: Business fuzzy superhypernetworking

(People, Machinery) (B, M1 ) (L, M2 ) (O, M3 ) (J, M4 ) (W , M5 )
5 55 68 70 84
(Amount of capital, High production quality)
33 330 347 347 347

Table 5: Business fuzzy superhypernetworking

(People, Shopping market) (B, SM1 ) (L, SM2 ) (O, SM3 ) (J, SM4 ) (W , SM5 )
7 4 9 70 84
(Amount of capital, Liquidity)
50 25 50 347 347

Table 6: Business fuzzy superhypernetworking

(Machinery, Shopping market) (M1 , SM1 ) (M2 , SM2 ) (M3 , SM4 ) (M4 , SM5 ) (M5 , SM3 )
28 16 9 11 85
(High production quality, Liquidity)
200 100 50 50 330

Case 2: We want to identify the best one in terms of the impact membership value in this
superhypernetwork. For instance, we compute the impact membership value of William as follows:

d(William, H) = μi,j (x, ϕi,j (x)) = μ1,2 (William, M5 ) + μ1,3 (William, SM3 )
(x,ϕi,j (x))∈ϕi,j

84 84 168
= + = .
347 347 347
CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2 1921

In Table 7, we compute that

d(Oliver, H) ≥ d(Lucas, H) ≥ d(William, H) ≥ d(James, H) ≥ d(Benjamin, H) ≥ d(M5 , H)

≥ d(M4 , H) ≥ d(M3 , H) ≥ d(M2 , H) ≥ d(M1 , H).

Table 7: Impact member value in business fuzzy superhypernetworking

x: Benjamin Oliver James William Lucas M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
481 539 6523 140 164 7 4 9 11 85
d(x, H):
1650 165 17350 347 347 50 25 50 50 330

5 Conclusion
The current paper has defined and explored the notion of fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs. This
study has tried to prove that the fuzzy links in the concept of fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs are
fundamental and play a main role in the impact value of quasi superhypergraphs. The main motivation
of this work is to apply fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs in the real world and to generalize the application
of fuzzy hypergraphs in the real world. Indeed, all results of fuzzy hypergraphs can be extended to
fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs both theoretically and practically. The merit of the proposed method is
to fix the defects of fuzzy hypergraph theory. Indeed, fuzzy hypergraph theory investigates the optimal
case for limited elements, while fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs consider the optimal case for the set of
elements or object (object can be set). Also, we have shown that:
(i) The extension of a valued fuzzy quasi superhypergraph depends on its value.
(ii) Every fuzzy hypergraph is a fuzzy quasi superhypergraph.
(iii) The supremum of fuzzy superedges is less than or equal to the inverse of the real value.
(iv) Every fuzzy graph is a fuzzy quasi superhypergraph.
(v) The concept of isomorphic valued fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs is introduced and proved
that the necessary condition for isomorphism of two valued fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs is
equality of their values.
(vi) The concept of the complement of valued fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs is introduced and
proved that the complement of isomorphic valued fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs is isomor-
phic. Also, it is proved that the complement of valued fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs satisfies
involution properties.
(vii) The concept of self complemented valued fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs is introduced and
the conditions for a valued fuzzy quasi-superhypergraph to be self-complemented have been
investigated.
(viii) The impacts membership value of any valued fuzzy quasi superhypergraph is introduced and
the properties of impact membership value of strong valued fuzzy quasi superhypergraph have
been explored. We have particularly proven that the impact membership value of strong valued
fuzzy quasi superhypergraph is zero.
(ix) We proved that the sum of all impact membership values of isomorphic valued fuzzy quasi
superhypergraphs is equal.
1922 CMES, 2024, vol.138, no.2

(x) Based on the impact membership value of valued fuzzy quasi superhypergraph, we presented
business superhypernetwork as a real-world problem and reached an optimal decision in this
type of problem.
We hope that these results are helpful for further studies in complex (super)hypernetwork via alge-
braic structures and hyperstructures and fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs. In our future studies, we hope
to obtain more results through the comparison of the suggested method with some existing methods
and prove the effectiveness of the method, the fundamental relation on fuzzy quasi superhypergraphs,
and their applications in other research. Also, we intend to work on the Plithogenics and new types of
(hyper)soft sets and on superhypergraph and its relation to real-world problems.

Acknowledgement: The authors wish to express their appreciation to the reviewers for their helpful
suggestions which greatly improved the presentation of this paper.

Funding Statement: The authors received no specific funding for this study.

Author Contributions: The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: Idea of superhyper-
graph: Florentin Smarandache; data collection: Mohammad Hamidi; analysis and interpretation of
results: Mohammad Hamidi, Mohadesheh Taghinezhad; draft manuscript preparation: Mohammad
Hamidi. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Availability of Data and Materials: This statement should make clear how readers can access the data
used in the study and explain why any unavailable data cannot be released.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the
present study.

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