soe V% * : w ( >. h jt = a W Pe =lepleol= eprocpoe (eR EE hy 1a>= Gly >+ @1Aa2) poo fo find C=? ® pesearrron of me Quo SE of ASE >In the tangure of fur mechanics she stale of Syston is dlesczibed mathe wali cally by 4 sonve-funclion - Te notation hex) is used do desctibe A single pasticle usmefunction, whete the qptantity “A” Fepresent's He postion af tke particle: The wsavefiunclion of many patti sgstem is Ateptesended by the eration pow b) whee “4 is © epdivale of the first pattie, “4,” is te condinae ‘Secorde patticte VN so on- >In quantum mechanics, physiaal qaniities cuch AS cnet, position, momen nested malhencaticaly by opeaets hich “ad on eoave funclian «The epemtes. desctibyg the anewy f 7 system is Called the Harniltorenion- fie By va) 330 2m be = . i- hf 3 r 4 5 4 “4 ae Whe yd) whe ¥ ade bat? 4 he Hamiltonion of | fe patticle Veod=o in A-D is Given ; de tin eds: ae Tt > Goraily the effed of cportot acing on 4 ware fanclion is +e produce 4 aigfesentl wavefundion pt cvarele We Hari Hunion operrtet, A -ading on an otbitasy sirgle patlice oxave function c= Ae™ is; _et ~at -at it BED BAG ee wat) 42 ae 1 ak aad C WHE ) Hac 2a) 4 Ge ‘) 2m =P 4cos) (e* sen). Hoa (ie 2avAe” ee 2m 2a) Hda= #(2a-4a) da an 2 Fhe cabiltery wavefunction ead= pe 5 ate, wmefundi MAAEL pooling fois 2 Ca-4a doo whith is dif fam dey by 20 arrow Eeaay)© TsP- . cht f Howeref ; fur pattiakat wre function Called edgenfuncon Sythe pete acing, on “he wmbefunction (06 the efigiotal wavefuncion mublipticnte by 4 Mumbef -aned the vwmbel iS called eigen value: i-€- Ad W= oi 4,0) This is Known “as the. eigjen value one ff the pastuatate of gn mechanics iS La i. casas ae exbeLlimentally ~ze_ lhe on values he o. . rot ebm a > Anothet pastulate f qpankun medranics cays that when the of 4 system is an elgenstale of the ofemntot_ if with Eigen value =Xiy A meqsue men of 4 yields the value As. with Certainly: Thee ont be Several physical “pravtities hich cn be wmedsuted simultorensy: fot example “he KE and the. momentum of q fice paatide ee mensuted ee, fe many particle system we Gould Know that the values f be ae. particle tel indvidued onesgies “as well as The athe eneaqy of he Sytem. cn oe “>The values op a the physical qpamilies - | Esplin Simuclenously fx reany particle sytem ave, Us ha cak asistes of the Sfate of The System that is possible’ Each sud 4s 4 worve suction Pog 5 cailed qenhan stale: : > Aquanlua she is_said te be -auesible if i is Gompart be oth the Consfiainls specified fa the System i-e, be custenirls sate The” volune, The enowyy 5, the numbed pottick me fired fo WH ivraed system ail fietds applied + the syston ue 5 the SIape of the cabinet. is fixed: S A qrarlun Sale Sid -b inacesible if TF is Hol ompaibe with qe — Specified consteainds: of 7 quarlum Stale Gund occud jn the Aime Sak 4f Ake olservations thes States Me Alto Called iwmtcessible. “The quantum States that bae_ qhe Same enekyy, numbed aq paticles "tame oe “ue called deqonade qamum Strle- rig ruber “Wr is cel che deqeneray of the qpardun Stale: The enseribie of these degonnate Sfates Is cated the i eoCaronia) ensemble. lee Oe ilet patie ef wags ‘me roving lon Aavcis Gufined Hy 4D be of lengli “L” oth wunpeadiclible impencttgble walls 2) 4-0 43]al THic medal to fis ail $e @ enden! ‘ indep' qpora tum ssl cand ell, onesies. fir this puapase he, ee ena a Schno dinges’s equation is eyiven by, HPast)= waved >W) whee He Pa yd)= ot 4 va) am om In 4d Aluy aris y@ becomes; AYav= ae Yost) >i) 5 with fj RF von 2a 2M He ped Gi) mH fh ve) Yayd= th She) si By Sepuable vatinble technique we have Peast)* Yoo tay 4@> (a J. Ro) ah (tho %e) Yo (H f+ Yao= Yao Fh dt “L(G pen) faye HE Mo Gwe" at ") » to Te tefl Side Ga function of “2” only 5 the sigh) side is the fandion of “L” only This is only possible if is qual te y constend Fawing, the dimension of the [stir 11 is cleagthals he LAS S RAS pave. the dimension f recyy So; a [-# & = 3k dye ~ dos a wo) ho Hy) a =e @ @5 sh dWo_ + ity -€ Yay = Yen Me@ Tsp-r dey Wa) imegpenting dyw_ £ \q = oh fa Jn Puy = et adn Sn Yad Ine 3 EY da ()- 3 EY, => to, eh Y= ual Nol Eigen value oqucttion: + itw=b> i) [itn Ey ] TESE (rome ete scott qo) L Sakis 16. eigen value eyation. Pastck in_a_ Bods farikck MW A v= | peel. o joenel eo 4g AEG The physical HamiHlonion is; i= p 1 Ghay " LO 2m a Se sha. Seige ae! iY Suaedtt a=®@. hd : ; Sry AEP me anh FE d? = —2mE ae eae to are te) tel mE a Ky 3 © ef de 2 Y m= 3c fo m=-3K then he sotwlion is; Kt Bw-ee 20 shen _Seneall Sotstion is Gwen Ly, Vy = Nao +6 Ba) aKK ik: =qetGe .@ Tsp- Yoo= 4 Ceaskn +3SinKK) +6 (cos KX iSint6K) Yo y= CIOsky + ASINKA +. COSKK =2OSinKK Yay = +@) KARE 3C4-G) SiMKA, Bay = Acosta BSInKK The bound y conditions “sey ig =e: then Gig Pyne ve f yl hen to > Yay =0- Pay = Aros Reinke. =o : Voy = AcosK(o) + Bsinke) = Aa) +B), Yoy= A [a=e] = Yaya Banke 7D : hor psinkl = peinkl fac he ¥ te 4s BEO sinkl =O ° KL= sift ©) KL= 4 Le “yy | pMannber ry eq W=) Yaye sin() ihr coed:key \ 20 cay- 2 WT 2mE = one : Ls cide is the tepiited enetgyy cien V7E f Coe att ane Va pathele in A-Dieweraional bot: “ami Yay = al (a) 5 En= aah 5 NeW L ae 7 & Trot bk pis cnlinas So fll de i The netnializalion Cn slant "B’is) -fourd fom the. Prabal J Yon feast => s eisin(@R) 8 sin (a da = . SihO= 4 — S26 > ail i (pe died > nif 2 mee) dn=l ee 2 = Bi [fe ( ose) 2 z= og ph seal]! a ® DLae o , ® » i E ieee E (sn i} spe 4 Tepe oe zn Ag ‘ta cPh toe ris! Let >> ile py ['% - fe neq | 2m pa ec te S fs we Know shed Rows) = Yoo Tar) 2 ’ 1 nm “| enw = [Es (at)ep= TRG Loch fond ali a a Sor brow dK 23 Govally fo Ce £) nae) <0 = 2( 4) foam, s(t) “4 (BE) foment) aye <= (4) ] -sint (a) cE) du : | . Ws Hatz [oigwyn A (s"@) foie! fete] ae a anak findings uncer tenis im pi Spe (ep Linking uncettsivly Th womenentan- ae@® Trea cee SENGLE PARTICLE “IN Two DrMENSTONAL » Box: 2 ie Paar a = Hes Rhy & ke : an moa ¢ WO + (+> 5) iad td. ad) De SW, fs 2% Kaw Alea; ' H Pangy= E Yous) AY» Vy) =E Pooky) i) =k 2 =) * (‘9 a) = Ey hy Dividing both sides by Yor Yay L # apikeyy = ~2me- dys Gn de Yu) ay he , SG ey He, do pe tee HS a jel as cyte b= “ke we 8 Ky) = -Ky Zz Yay = — Fe Yoo P fy Ky=o- ® dy* qhe Sobdion is, J hy +h fy =o 2@ dt So the sotetion 155 be po une ae Word ee inc dy) J Fa me? dt i dtft toy de 2 nt 2 mk rhe +e =o @ - Ki)e =o oy ° shetefge m+ IX=0 be -K = ma tiky IP ane 2iy_then Seution is: % aK Yay= @ te me HK hen Sotvdion is; Yoyo Gere! Setution will be, gS Yon = GYon + OHO) Yn= oi Cos kn + LSINK Ry @.ESKK-TOSiMN Vee (ata) cosa +iCa-@) Sink Yon= ACSI + B sink Apolying Bounday condition: neo hen Py 3) Py=o gel HO Vag By 2g Yay = Aes Kx + Bink eo Yror= Ales Klo)t BSINKLs)= AL) +8) W=o Yon = Bsinkt 2 W ed (ne) tet w Zora re a wy ty Leed= de ste. ne +k ene iS (utr 1G) Ek o- B eM “thene fute my =o 2 Be : at= ky =) met sky. ome na Aken soludion is, Yoy- e” if m= -ily hey Solution is; Koes. By = SRO +4 KH) Y= G OSH HIG inky + Gesty Ia siney Yigy= G+ 4) Ig + §(@-)Sinky Ry = Cc csty + Dsinky goo Hen Py Kyee gat Ther Ty=) Wey =o- Yyy = Cosy + Dsin ley yee Pure ceosked+ Dane) = CFV o=D sy * Rare Dsinis Yay = Oink, Yo = BswKL© ey chy Yay = sink eco O= BsikKL “8 Fo cya pag Tf Ore ooh s Sinkl =e KL= sin'Ge) > KL=Mt : s : Ke nif Ky rah » ) aa a 70 Yay= Bsin ax) y= D sm (#3) fs we foie “alierly fied vale | BA = {as encase Ce) | Ke WY Kg= nyt L Ke eke z . mE nt L L G. ercamples Myers ng= bapHy Pony) = (je) = (a) sin (@) w= = (88) (4)Eye BH Ca+t) © 2a [e eR | Pee ik no dagenemy one stale having energy Ey. n= Ene ze (ad) - sti Dale Ene a Gh srr “pat Now Stokes; tee Eomcesyle GE) ll a: on(ap) egg) SANGLE PARTECLE IN 3-D Box: Spend = th Ped a By sepatd tion Yon = Yet) ist Yard = hee tn 4 Apa) ERR). © The wamitfonion is GWEN by, ' e- gevasa) 4 etd ed By tk ae of vaiiable: tee fe Bat \s ven: Ba(Sat wt Fe + Vouyer) @> (+ (2 ty a a =a ) i ve | nin E Yous) Te oe@) Tsp chad Vouyst)= t o eedely eayeh yen gel ob 5 Eltwewhete at q + Bt i.) Psy) +O) Poy) = E Yous a) PY osdd 4 fe ts) (= = aap = EYuyyy a ap we ye By sepmantinn 4 vatiable; Yop = Py Ly ad joa PT (tn hay A (YQ Me 3 E (ont) + eae’ lee oe = EY ty Yay ws) > dann £0 + Gh toy T 9) ON = Eohy Ha) Divide eah Aen by Yous tyy Ha) +rigy ee 4) Ae it to) > Sin Yo et 2m Pyy ay +3 ‘Yx) a =E- AS Er Ex+Ey+ EQ Ey= RL Ry 0 Yo as by. a ae Hy) gy ty Bao ot eB 4g2 PW sae, ® ce 7 Yon sted wit eG gor £ = May lee Too = 0 + Tris is the 2M otded digfewntial eqyation with Constend Coeeficadtts So the Sovdion is; Wy = A@sk, 4+ B sin KK Bounday Conditions Me: Woy = Yor) =2 You = Yoxer) =O" Sing Bourdey coridition athe. SoluHun 1S Won = Bi sin( a D> Ee m Leh fa Siem aly At Qyy= @ sin) y= A re “yee S Waye Bs sn(4) Eye nat 4 Ta Ss, Pouyyartd= BBB B3 sin (att) \ (®) an (3) eit led BB BBs=A=Gnsted- You ast= Aan (nail) sn (ee) (eyes co iP, th ate 2mP eres — aye [e-zt, Cm +nven)| JRecupie ice (a) Tsp chet MODEL Of SPINS on’ LATTECE STTE: Caystal & Basis + ratice Site: Ree ue LP c ibe BCs ——- --enelta) o=0 U= —[B«es v= -MS > Stable stale: os 2 * spin dowh, Ay O= 80" = = [Besise= —pBcn > ps 2 unslable Sale: ted ps= E Ft single putlicle: Spin up= = - PB Spin dot £5 =+M& fos spine, = paul pests ‘ ey - = Sait Syst Sak fet, Ss 25> GK Soin epesate- en she ony sain whith G2) Be a) we ea BBA Ds eh Spin up= Thy, Spin doon= hy Banple: : de mant Mee ga Nes § Ex € => 28=327Aleced sem N states e345 > So © posible Macestedes wet Nas S32 possi vaicostag: ee ?3 pe © AWW NES ees 7 4-WWyrl Ce WWW ones ooNe Total naimbet af sping: ne total nunbet of spin-up- fN2= total mleet spin-dowt N=h+h>o0 Ur= enesy of spi P= ME Ure energy of Spi doun=nr $2 U= Uta = Me +2 £y_ fiir eS 2-5 U= Mm €) +m(€) 4 —ng+mre Pdi) ® S= Kednin ail) We Me (%) = NL : (aenyi ni! S= Koln vas)" Ke (dn n-th (wayi-Jntt) fs noo’ § my>4 4 S= ky (dinnd-al= (rnd eaten) = rem) = (edn -m) $= kg Cndml- pb Com) Jn O-1) ayhih — nudity 44h) S= Kg Crd (nn) ncn) — niin nm) SH ke (nnd =n (iB) sia) ann) 5 = Kg = ny + ned = n(rQ)Jn(eR)-ned Se Ke (nda =n (1° an (rR) —ndim) S= ¥e (-m (Jani—Ann) (ra de (r )) sem(n ds) ae-A) 8) poly sticillig “apportion:TSP ChAY- & $M yng) aay“) Sma Bm) * CHA“G)) 7D fs ne Koow HH; plenty, = Ma= NM Y= —-me +22 = nig +(N-t eniy= nie + NE rg, y= -anig+ne = can N Ag = a +t lel Yye=d =-2 (0 =) 2MelL 2 (heen m 21% > pad in @ = S= -nns [BD ontet) + (I ug))n (- re) ig the aquifed Aetation or el inten ef Abs =~ nmol CE) (et) + Wed Intes) Eis as oe I 1G aM spins ate. UP t= ne ® “eA ny 7 all spin the dou A> Yup = - SI =n Ns 4 EN) Ee neh CD) Da )] cnet at this piel entesphs iS 4) Z —niks (In) es uk + ney sae . a ebon a Cua = we) W) ee. 7 as (on (38) 39) , ae i : fo) A)Mma, eo NG thas dn()=0 G89 veel Hr h=f-& AtHeo DD 2A-e [ecco] at Hs poiok entephy 1S vant Some — ne (4 Ingh + In(4))= toh) [frente nikedna] TEMPRATORES i(%\ = ao BS) (Se co ao. ce (Bw Dew =e 4s we Ye wed (4) NE Hh HK Bh? nae to Bidar ge Gabe reoe) Lis [3c eg) $e] a (Eee Bee) EYL @ Tsp Ir chie4- ELD) 8 Poesy easy] eS an) (4) is J ‘Gm a Kg /ne-4/ye ee ee ny C2 +i fn( ae Neu 7 2k Neu a= a a Te (# nf Ne=9 (s Né+4 be = meO-- —==z Pel — they U=-NE/ IH rea be 7 mn, Aaxariun state f tke System) can be defined by he positions athe. vacancies gn The ya): The vacearicies could te ot mem So Ye Jusynd Oo no Solid is dofeds He uated: So }. Sie L234@) Tsp-E ch¥4- N= no of -aloms m= No vacaandes Nene Lattice SHES: Eanameatl f enetsy 4 aregyited +e yeni) amour of ancigy tgpited to eH nr vanes News f= kg nil: cea] vacancy: Nan We Cy W= (#"\= Nan = (ual! Qud-pi Jaw La (3) = dn sayy (Unt net) nial = Sn (nth)! Jn Nt dnt Nals>d 4 NO? 4, mod Apply stisiltin approvinration if a> Sorte tlk % Daina (nieepsa (ee? ~ (HH) (ridin) -N) - (adnn-n) = (nen (18) _f— ents nd Jain= (wydn Q)— nun N-andnnt Ks [.Genp Jn ve) ndnni- nbnr] S= KpJdnin = a EA) 2 Uene, AW Jaw Boe) Zz 4- 1a) “on Wn pa t/a the We Bet fat ac Gn wvwe ° LoL [te Deven dn sr) — 6 2 fin - ta ain] alt ai -p [rin ets - ann as] + = fe [dncven) tno] a = dn (s#!) Eh 4 Nat. 9 WT _ Met oe =) Nate e g, N= eet 4 [ys i, | >This is egaation of stale. A mMopet Tor Ruger Band: ; : A simple pichite of @ tabbet Iand is of 7 Single long Coit ef linking Epoups of Atoms, wih jhe Wns ctiented im any ditection- cohen the ubbep band is pulled So at the Chain of Atoms is Completely linear Ahere_is only one possible WMarsjemen| & the enbophy is eto. when the tubber band is al Hanged up thete Sa hge suumber of yangemerts of the Tinks lebingy b Fuge ethophy. wel,s-+ d—0—o—o Just live one hele spin up-fdoon jiaK=will be one number less flan No of Tens Nal= number of atom Ne number . links: , i hy = nambet of links Joumed Ve) RighMpred N= = mamber of links jpuoatd ve / ef) deonvedSD cnt Tse Neu tn 2d de distne of eh link: f= extension: de njd-td de (y-nyd 2b eqi=y N= NN y=) Je (ne Cn) d= (apc tlle) = hee Nd . ey Jd ( ay ie eI Atay Se Kpinid 2 GD we Ge (8)= he 1. Jnw= J - ema) MeL nwe= Jn /_vt NL \ epost —Sin Wt) (acaina! JoNt —Dn (HM) —Snitet 4s nods Cnehy)ob 749! JoWe= ndnven — [(w-rddnarns) - -ne]- Lrednity ne] Jade nebo yf (nite tn (An) aie — nel ty Nunn — (t-te dn (Ae Me) — Aydn sadn =n ('-8s le a= n)) - nye ny ay +N (CS) Jann (rig) di-Bt) wet doe -N (22 )onae -Jns) —n (FH) (1 " \iiss) a Hone 9 Tee) mCE) + (Cag) Se ate [ORIN (8) me] du=tQ+ain “Tikeaq an > Bal -fulese ru esi que Tds+ Fdd [Tas= du- Ful] men tha] entophy Chas with wnfewml enetyy 54 erctervion- ds€uyd)= a ae Td sCund) = aT ays Computes coefficends: pl T du-fdd = 7 (s) +1 (S) 4 “Fe 7(B Gt), F=f" 2 ey ae 2m | 7 (i), vel J de ce ~ ne (UEN)n CHL) +CAEA)] i \ Pigs. te wh N 2Q) Tsp char: i ($),- “(4 : E -kg (a ) 2 Atay nd Wa. a bn) 7h ~ nn) Hh] = -N[ dn U#)} Frp= -KB (A $dn( ty a) a Ke Jn (3 ee ns, = ats (Inquest (4 .)) ee Gt ~-C oe /) a4 fey (add hak) re Fh wes (24) + eb} 4 a uf 4 co iste tems negtecled - ye Jaa e Ae BaP eet Fi % Nike ce z nl “hd Nd @a* \F- ke. | qa const F ‘a L (na) ja ;eal Lad of Tea dyomis As we Know fs ae Know a” sa bednld 0 wos “ Son? = dow ke Ne SMS @ ee Sid diets 4a af toe “sytem 4 ~and B vaties AS A Fanclion Ff ther enessy y volume NA Th Xe Ts and number ¢ prices. ity SCuwn)- Ud General enceyy befde His Conneded with other Syfem- Uk 2 cneggy ab eq ibzion : ‘ Sati We use “lt expaiuion fe check behavett 471 Finchon amd Some. paint! 9.” Stuuye Sut) + a- ut) 3 “ua | ut we check thi System's SS equilib-inm uff. aL cut + tur uf) £ A motion Ko. 5 at Seo : 7h at Say)= cuit) +L Cor-ud) Bs pil) el Seu) = _G cuit) +4 Cana) \stfe @) Tsp Bee We e&_ alot) +LGu-uts] : We Sut) con-ud) plus) pastabittly of Gorton ai, ee shade al giver enet§y t- pLW= Sh lear) 3 @eanlon tote at iver nei Evongle: Spin= 5 ic dotal stead an oneties= 32 Quanun stele a call enced y Fade pe: 3g) <5 aunen sat at = 5 We Y, Be Sian owes i ‘t) -_ V sontr ake BY at emesis. cua) = ee) 5, Plut)= wad) p uke eo : wai) J 1Nta) 322 36.5 © -E3 le pen) = Nun] s wed Ela 39 plua) Nuit) / E wesy cé4—(Us ut), os =e Waa) The tari question is spud. is The Syelear wai sfoek bace to the intial glade C compare’) 2 Fam eplibtivm ot nel e 7 mito ae yi Ys} @ Feuy