Philosophy Reviewer

PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER (1st Periodical Exam) 3.
Ecofeminism
WEEK 8: The Human Person In The 1. Deep Ecology- Is an ecological philosophy

Environment developed by Norwegian philosopher Arne
A human person is a living being that contains a Naess in the early 1970’s asserting that all
real and existing to direct its own development life forms have an equal right to exist, and
toward fulfillment through perfect, unconditional, that human needs and desires have no
and infinite LOVE, GOODNESS, BEAUTY, AND priority over those of other organisms.
UNITY, and so well as if the proper conditions are Believes that the living environment should
met. be respected and regarded as having rights
Environment is the sum of all surroundings of all to flourish, independent of its utility to
living organism, including natural forces and other humans
living things, which provide conditional 2. Social Ecology- It is a critical social theory
development, growth, danger, and damage. founded by American anarchist Murray
According to (Payne, 2010), there are two (2) Bookchin. Conceptualized as a critique of
frameworks where humans can be related: current social, political, and anti-ecological
1. Anthropocentric Model- Based on the trends, it espouses a reconstructive,
Anthropocentric model, humans are ecological, communitarian, and ethical
superior and central to the universe, thus it approach to society.
is HUMAN-CENTERED
3. Ecofeminism- Branch of feminism that
 Human Culture
examines the connection between women
 Individualism
and nature. Its name was coined by French
 Mind
feminist Francoise d’Eaubbone in 1974. A
 Calculative
philosophical idea that combines feminism
 Human Over/Against Environment
and ecology concerns, emphasizing that
 Global
both suffer from their treatment. Comes
 Technological
from the idea that women and nature have a
Effects of the Anthropocentric Model
significant connection since most women
The domination of humanity is linked to the
have a close association with nature in
domination on the anthropocentric model. An unfair
many societies due to the nature of their
or unjust utilization of the environment results to
traditional roles.
ecological crisis. From this view, it follows that
human arrogance toward nature is justifiable in
order to satisfy human interest of. Sometimes, WEEK 9: Human Person As An Embodied Spirit
humans adopt an exploitive attitude whenever Three (3) main Spiritual Transcendence
nature is considered for one’s profit or gain. 1. HINDUISM- Brahman is Self-hood
2. Ecocentric Model- The ecological or  At the heart of Hinduism lies the idea
relational integrity of humans provides of human beings’ quest for ABSOLUTE
meaning to our morals and values and it is TRUTH, so that one’s soul and the Brahman
NATURE-CENTERED. Devoted to or Atman (Absolute Soul) might become
preserving the totality of the Earth’s one.
biodiversity and the functioning of its life-  For the Indians, God first created the
supporting system. sound and the universe arose from it. As the
 Nature most sacred sound, THE AUM (OM) is the
 Wild root of the universe and everything that
 Holism exists and it continues to hold everything
 Nature/Cosmos together
 Body
 Relational  According to Hinduism, human
 Earth/wisdom beings have a dual nature:
 Ecology Over 1) SPIRITUAL AND IMMORTAL (SOUL)
 Against Human 2) EMPIRICAL LIFE AND CHARACTER
THREE (3) THEORIES OF ECOCENTRIC MODEL However, between the two natures, it is maintained
1. Deep Ecology that the soul is the ultimate real.
2. Social Ecology
The existence of the body, in fact, is considered as  Through our spirituality, we have
nothing more than an illusion and even an obstacle CONSCIENCE; to choose to be GOOD OR
to an individual’s realization of one’s real self. EVIL
Hindus believe that: Theistic hypothesis
 God provides the best explanation of the
existence of the world
 soul is eternal but bounded by  Wisdom is not only just an abstract logical
KARMA (ACTION) to the world of matter construction; but is also THE LOVE OF GOD
 God allots rewards and punishments  The teachings of Christianity are based on the
to all beings according to Karma love of God
 it is the spirit neither born nor dies,
goes through a transmigratory or EVALUATE OWN LIMITATIONS AND THE
metempsychosis (passed through creature, POSSIBILITIES FOR THEIR TRANSCENDENCE
human, or animal) series of birth and death A. Forgiveness
B. The Beauty of Nature
1. BUDDHISM- From Tears to Enlightenment- C. Vulnerability
FOUNDER: Siddharta Gautama or the D. Failure
Buddha E. Loneliness
 Gautama search for answers to the F. Love
riddle of life’s sufferings, disease, old age,
and death After resting and meditating, WEEK 10: Freedom Of The Human Person
came to a clear realization that the solution DEMONSTRATE THE VIRTUES OF
lays in his own mind. PRUDENCE AND FRUGALITY TOWARD THE
Teachings of Buddha: FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS ENVIRONMENT
1. Life is full of sufferings  Erich Fromm, 2013 proposed a new
2. Suffering is caused by passionate desires society that should encourage the emergence
3. Only if these are obliterated (eliminated) of a new human being that will foster prudence
4. Such eradication of desire may be
and moderation of frugality
accomplished only by following the
EIGHTFOLD PATH Fromm’s envisioned society
Teachings of Buddha: EIGHTFOLD PATH 1. The willingness to give up all forms of
1. Right belief in and acceptance of the having, in order to fully be
FOURTHFOLD TRUTH 2. Being fully present where one is
2. Right aspiration for one’s self and for others 3. Trying to reduce greed, hate, and
3. Right speech that harms no one illusions as much as one is capable
4. Right conduct, motivated by goodwill toward 4. Making the full growth of oneself and of
all human beings one’s fellow beings the supreme goal of
5. Right means of livelihood, or effort to direct living
6. Right endeavor, or effort to direct one’s 5. Not deceiving others, but also being
energies toward wise ends
deceived by others; one may be called
7. Right mindfulness in choosing topics for
thought innocent, but not naive
8. Right meditation, or concentration to the 6. Freedom that is not arbitrariness but the
point of complete absorption in mystic possibility to oneself, not as a bundle of
ecstasy (happiness/joy) greedy desires, but a delicately
balanced structure that at any moment
2. CHRISTIANITY- The Biblical God and is confronted with the alternatives of
Humanity: St. Augustine of Hippo and St. growth or decay, life or death
Thomas Aquinas 7. Happiness in the ever-growing
Treatises: Summa Contra Gentiles and Summa aliveness, whatever the furthest point is
Theological that fate permits one to reach, for living
 Human beings are MORAL AGENT (we are as fully as one can satisfactory that the
both spiritual and body elements; the spiritual
concern for what might or might not
material)
attain has little chance to develop
8. Joy that comes from giving and sharing,  Determines actual human morals, rights,
not from hoarding and exploiting values and responsibilities through human-
9. Develop one’s capacity for critical made systems and regulations
unsentimental thought Ex: Humans purpose of living a happy life
10. Shedding one’s narcissism and
accepting those tragic limitations ETERNAL LAW
inherent in in human existence  The decree of God that governs all creation
Ex: The 10commandments
FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON

FREEDOM FROM … HUMAN LAW
 INTELLECT  For Aquinas, human law is only valid if it
 SPIRITUAL conforms to natural law.
 POLITICAL Ex: The freedom to choose doing good or bad
 ECONOMIC ASPECT
DIVINE LAW
ALL ACTIONS HAVE CONSEQUENCES  according to St. Thomas, love is the
standard of all human actions
The Power of Volition Ex: Love for humanity
 The imperative quality of judgment of the
practical intellect is meaningless, apart from God’s LoveConscienceActions (Good/Evil)
will
 Reason can legislate, but only through will
can its legislation be translated into action
 If there’s no intellect, there would be no will
 The power of humanity is an instrument of
choice. It is within the power of everyone to
be good or bad, worthy or worthless
 This is borne(anchored)by: Created By: GIAN NA MAHAL NA MAHAL
a. Our inner awareness of an SIYA
aptitude to do the right and
wrong.
b. The common testimony of all
human being
c. The rewards and punishments of
the rulers
d. The general employment of
praise and blame
Love is Freedom (St. Thomas Aquinas)- A

human being perseveringly lives a righteous
and virtuous life
FOURFOLD CLASSIFICATION OF LAW

NATURAL LAW
 The good is to be sought after and evil
avoided (self-preservation); the desire to
conserve human life.
Ex: Traffic Rules, help/not help people in need,
etc.
 Humans’ participation in the eternal law;
based on first principles

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PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER (1st Periodical Exam) 3.

WEEK 8: The Human Person In The 1. Deep Ecology- Is an ecological philosophy

FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON

Love is Freedom (St. Thomas Aquinas)- A

FOURFOLD CLASSIFICATION OF LAW

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