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DB 02

The document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It introduces databases and their components, such as data, metadata, and the DBMS. It describes different types of databases like single-user, multi-user, centralized, distributed, and cloud databases. It also discusses database design, DBMS functions, and disadvantages of database systems.

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yangkunbao666
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32 views19 pages

DB 02

The document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It introduces databases and their components, such as data, metadata, and the DBMS. It describes different types of databases like single-user, multi-user, centralized, distributed, and cloud databases. It also discusses database design, DBMS functions, and disadvantages of database systems.

Uploaded by

yangkunbao666
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Database Approach

• Introducing the database


• Eco-system related to database

Database Management –
COMP3140
Billy Yu

1
Database Career
Data versus Information
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bitUrAmXTnI
Data Information

• Raw facts • Produced by processing


– Have not yet been raw data to reveal its
processed to reveal meaning
their meaning to the • Requires context
end user • Bedrock of knowledge
• Building blocks of • Should be accurate,
information relevant, and timely to
• Data management enable good decision
– Generation, storage, making
and retrieval of data
Introducing the Database

• Shared, integrated computer structure


that stores a collection of:
– End-user data - Raw facts of interest to end
user
– Metadata: Data about data, which the end-
user data are integrated and managed
• Describe data characteristics and relationships
• Database management system (DBMS)
– Collection of programs
– Manages the database structure
– Controls access to data stored in the
database
Types of Databases

• Single-user database: Supports one user at a


time
– Desktop database: Runs on PC
• Multiuser database: Supports multiple users at
the same time
– Workgroup databases: Supports a small
number of users or a specific department
– Enterprise database: Supports many users
across many departments
Databases … • General-purpose
databases: Contains a
• Centralized database: wide variety of data
Data is located at a used in multiple
single site disciplines
• Distributed database: • Discipline-specific
Data is distributed databases: Contains
across different sites data focused on
• Cloud database: specific subject areas
Created and maintained • Operational
using cloud data services database: Designed to
that provide defined support a company’s
performance measures day-to-day operations
for the database
Databases of matters today
• Analytical database: Stores historical data
and business metrics used exclusively for
tactical or strategic decision making
– Data warehouse: Stores data in a format
optimized for decision support
– Online analytical processing (OLAP)
• Tools for retrieving, processing, and modeling data from
the data warehouse

• Business intelligence: Captures and processes business data to generate


information that support decision making
Types of Data for analysis
• Unstructured data: It exists
in their original state
NoSQL
• Structured data: It results
from formatting • A new generation of
database management
– Structure is applied based systems that is not
on type of processing to be based on the
performed traditional relational
• Semistructured data: database model. (Not
Processed to some extent in tabular relations!!)
• Extensible Markup Language
(XML)
– Represents data elements
in textual format
A world without database

• Problems with File System Data


Processing
9
Structural and Data Dependence
• Structural dependence: Access to a file is
dependent on its own structure
– All file system programs are modified to
conform to a new file structure
• Structural independence: File structure is
changed without affecting the application’s
ability to access the data
Data Redundancy
• Unnecessarily storing • Poor data security
same data at different • Data inconsistency
places
• Increased likelihood of
data-entry errors when
• Islands of information: complex entries are made
Scattered data in different files
locations • Data anomaly: Develops
– Increases the when not all of the
probability of having required changes in the
different versions of redundant data are made
the same data successfully

11
Anomalies

• Update anomalies
– A agent’s phone number changes, update each
of the customer file records ???
• Insertion anomalies
– Add a new agent, add to many customer files?
• Deletion anomalies
– agent resigns, delete agent data??
12
Data Redundancy Implications
• Poor data security
• Data inconsistency
• Increased likelihood of data-entry errors
when complex entries are made in different
files
• Data anomaly: Develops when not all of the
required changes in the redundant data are
made successfully

13
Database Design
• The process that yields the description of the
database structure and determines the database
components.
• Focuses on the design of the database structure
that will be used to store and manage end-user
data
• Well-designed database
– Facilitates data management
– Generates accurate and valuable information
• Poorly designed database causes difficult-to-
trace errors
Table 1.2 - Basic File Terminology
DBMS Functions

•Data dictionary management

• Data dictionary: Stores definitions of the data elements and their


relationships

•Data storage management


• Performance tuning: Ensures efficient performance of the database
in terms of storage and access speed

•Data transformation and presentation

• Transforms entered data to conform to required data structures

•Security management
• Enforces user security and data privacy
DBMS Functions

•Multiuser access control


• Sophisticated algorithms ensure that multiple users can
access the database concurrently without compromising its
integrity

•Backup and recovery management

• Enables recovery of the database after a failure

•Data integrity management

• Minimizes redundancy and maximizes consistency

17
DBMS Functions

•Database access languages and application programming


interfaces
• Query language: Lets the user specify what must be done
without having to specify how
• Structured Query Language (SQL): De facto query language
and data access standard supported by the majority of DBMS
vendors

•Database communication interfaces

• Accept end-user requests via multiple, different network


environments

18
Disadvantages of Database Systems

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