COLLEGE CODE: CEVP

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INTERMEDIATE CEVP
1
KOMMADI VILLAGE,MADHURAWADA,VISHAKAPATNAM,AP-3
 1 FUNCTION 3 – 37

2 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 38 – 52

3 MATRICES 53 – 160

4 ADDITION OF VECTORS 161 – 194

5 PRODUCTS OF VECTORS 195 – 262

6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO’S UP TO 263 – 355
TRANSFORMATION

7 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 356 – 381

8 INVERSE TRIGINOMETRIC 382 – 416

9 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 417 – 421

10 PROPERTICS OF TRIANGLES 422 – 464

NOTE*THIS MATERIAL IS EXTRACTED FROM APBOARDSOLUTIONS.COM AND MODIFICATIONS AND DESIGNING DONE BY CHAITANYA GROUP FOR
THE CONVENIENCE OF THE STUDENTS. OUR HEARTFUL THANKS TO THE TEAM OF APBOARDSOLUTIONS & CHAITANYA TEAM.

2
Functions Solutions Exercise 1(a)

I.

Question 1.
If the function f is defined by

then find the values of

(i) f(3)
(ii) f(0)
(iii) f(-1.5)
(iv) f(2) + f(-2)
(v) f(-5)
Solution:
(i) f(3)
For x > 1, f(x) = x + 2
∴ f(3) = 3 + 2 = 5

(ii) f(0)
For -1 ≤ x ≤ 1, f(x) = 2
∴ f(0) = 2

(iii) f(-1.5)
For -3 < x < -1, f(x) = x – 1
∴ f(-1.5) = -1.5 – 1 = -2.5

3
(iv) f(2) + f(-2) For x > 1, f(x) = x + 2
∴ f(2) = 2 + 2 = 4
For -3 < x < -1, f(x) = x – 1
∴ f(-2)= -2 – 1 = -3
f(2) + f(-2) = 4 + (-3) = 1

(v) f(-5) is not defined, since domain of x is {X/X ∈ (-3, ∞)}

Question 2.
If f: R{0}R is defined by f(x) = x3−1/x3; then show that f(x) + f(1/x) = 0.
Solution:
Given f(x) = x3−1/x3 ……(i)
Now f(1/x)=(1/x)3−1/(1x)3=1/x3−x3 ……(2)
Add (1) and (2)
f(x)+f(1x)=(x3−1/x3)+(1/x3−x3) = 0
∴ f(x) + f(1/x) = 0

Question 3.
If f : R → R is defined by f(x) = 1−x2/1+x2, then show that f(tan θ) = cos 2θ.
Solution:
Given f(x) = 1−x2/1+x2

∴ f(tan θ) = cos 2θ

4
Question 4.
If f : R\{±1} → R is defined by f(x) = log∣∣1+x/1−x∣∣, then show that f(2x/1+x2) = 2f(x)
Solution:
f : R\{±1} → R and f(x) = log∣∣1+x/1−x∣∣

∴ f(2x1+x2) = 2f(x)

Question 5.
If A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A → B is a surjection defined by f(x) = x2 + x + 1, then find
B.
Solution:
A = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A → B, f(x) = x2 + x + 1
f : A → B is a surjection
f(-2) = (-2)2 + (-2) + 1
=4–2+1
=3
f(-1) = (-1)2 + (-1) + 1
=1–1+1
=1
f(0) = 02 + 0 + 1
=0+0+1
=1
f(1) = 12 + 1 + 1
=1+1+1
=3
f(2) = 22 + 2 + 1
=4+2+1
=7
∴ B = f(A) = {3, 1, 7}

5
Question 6.
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f : A → R is a function defined by f(x) = x2−x+1/x+1, then find the
range of f.
Solution:
A= {1, 2, 3, 4}

∴ Range of f = f(A) = {12,1,74,135}

Question 7.
If f(x + y) = f(xy) ∀ x, y ∈ R then prove that f is a constant function.
Solution:
Given f(x + y) = f(x y), x, y ∈ R
take x = y = 0
⇒ f(0) = f(0) ………(1)
Let x = 1, y = 0
⇒ f(1) = f(0) ……..(2)
Let x = 1, y = 1
⇒ f(2) = f(1) ………(3)
from (1), (2), (3)
f(0) = f(1) = f(2)
⇒ f(0) = f(2)
Similarly f(3) = f(0)
f(4) = f(0)
and so on
f(n) = f(0)
∴ f is a constant function

6
II.

Question 1.
If A = {x | -1 ≤ x ≤ 1}, f(x) = x2, g(x) = x3, which of the following are surjections?
(i) f : A → A
(ii) g : A → A
Solution:
(i) ∵ A = {x | -1 ≤ x ≤ 1} and f(x) = x2
This implies f(x) is a function from A to A
(i.e.,) f : A → A
Now let y ∈ A
If f(x) = y then x2 = y
x = √y
So, if y = -1 then x = √-1 ∉ A
∴ f : A → A is not a surjection.

(ii) ∵ A = {x | -1 ≤ x ≤ 1} and g(x) = x3

⇒g:A→A
Let y ∈ A. Then g(x) = y
⇒ x3 = y
⇒ x = (y)1/3 ∈ A
So if y = -1 then x = -1 ∈ A
y = 0, then x = 0 ∈ A
y = 1, then x = 1 ∈ A
∴ g : A → A is a surjections.

7
Question 2.
Which of the following are injections or surjections or bijections? Justify your answers.
(i) f : R → R defined by f(x) = 2x+1/3
Solution:
f(x) = 2x+1/3
Let x1, x2 ∈ R
∵ f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ 2x1+1/3=2x2+1/3
⇒ 2x1 + 1 = 2x2 + 1
⇒ 2x1 = 2x2
⇒ x 1 = x2
∵ f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2, ∀ x1, x2 ∈ R
So f(x) = 2x+1/3, f : R → R is an injection
If y ∈ R (co-domain) then y = 2x+1/3
⇒ x = 3y−1/2
Then f(x) = 2x+1/3=2(3y−1/2)+1/3=y
∴ f is a surjection
∴ f : R → R defined by f(x) = 2x+1/3 is a bijection

(ii) f : R → (0, ∞) defined by f(x) = 2x

Solution:
Let x1, x2 ∈ R
∵ f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ 2x =2x2
1

⇒ x 1 = x2
∴ f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2 ∀ x1, x2 ∈ R
∴ f(x) = 2x, f : R → (0, ∞) is injection
If y ∈ (0, ∞) and y = 2x ⇒ x = log2 (y)
Then f(x) = 2x
= 2log2(y)
=y
∴ f is a surjection
Hence f is a bijection.

8
(iii) f : (0, ∞) → R defined by f(x) = logex
Solution:
Let x1, x2 e (0, ∞)
f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ loge(x1)=loge(x2)
⇒ x 1 = x2
∵ f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ x1 = x2 ∀ x1, x2 ∈ (0, ∞)
∴ f(x) is injection.
Let y ∈ R.
y = logex ⇒ x = ey
Then f(x) = logex
= loge(ey)
= y . logee
= y(1)
=y
∴ f is a surjection.
∴ f is a bijection.

(iv) f : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) defined by f(x) = x2.

Solution:
Let x1, x2 ∈ [0, ∞) (i.e.,) domain of f.
Now f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ x21=x22
⇒ x 1 = x2
∵ x1, x2 ≥ 0
∴ f(x) = x2, f : {0, ∞) → {0, ∞) is injection
Let y ∈ (0, ∞), co-domain of f
Let y = x2 ⇒ x = √y, ∵ y ≥ 0
Then f(x) = x2
= (√y)2
=y
∴ f is surjection.
Hence f is a bijection.

9
(v) f : R → [0, ∞) defined by f(x) = x2.
Solution:
Let x1, x2 ∈ R.
f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ x21=x22
⇒ x1 = ±x2, ∵ x1, x2 ∈ R
Hence f is not injection
Let y ∈ [0, ∞)
y = x2
⇒ x = ±√y, where y ∈ [0, ∞)
Then f(x) = x2
= (√y)2
=y
∴ f is surjection
Hence f is not a bijection

(vi) f : R → R defined by f(x) = x2.

Solution:
Let x1, x2 ∈ R, (domain of f)
∴ f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ x21=x22
⇒ x1 = ±x2, ∵ x1, x2 ∈ R
∴ f(x) is not injection
For elements that belong to (-∞, 0) codomain of f has no pre-image in f.
∴ f is not a surjection
Hence f is neither injection nor surjection.

10
Question 3.
Is g = {(1, 1) (2, 3) (3, 5) (4, 7)} is a function from A = {1, 2, 3, 4} to B = {1, 3, 5, 7}. If this
is given by the formula g(x) = ax + b, then find a and b.
Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}; B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
g : {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 5), (4, 7)}
∵ g(1) = 1, g(2) = 3, g(3) = 5, g(4) = 7
So for each element a ∈ A, there exists a unique b ∈ B such (a, b) ∈ g
∴ g : A → B is a function
Given g(x) = ax + b, ∀ x ∈ A
g(1) = (a) + b = 1
⇒ a + b = 1 ……..(1)
g(2) = 2a + b = 3
⇒ 2a + b = 3 …….(2)
Solve (1) and (2)
a = 2, b = -1

Question 4.
If the function f : R → R defined by f(x) = 3x+3−x/2, then show that f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2f(x)
f(y).
Solution:
f : R → R and f(x) = 3x+3−x/2

∴ f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2 f(x).f(y)

11
Question 5.
If the function f : R → R defined by f(x) = 4x/4x+2, then show that f(1 – x) = 1 – f(x) and
hence reduce the value of f(1/4)+2f(1/2)+f(3/4)
Solution:

∴ f(1 – x) = 1 – f(x)

12
Question 6.
If the function f : {-1, 1} → {0, 2), defined by f(x) = ax + b is a surjection, then find a and
b.
Solution:
f : {-1, 1} → {0, 2} and f(x) = ax + b is a surjection
Given f(-1) = 0 and f(1) = 2 (or) f(-1) = 2, f(1) = 0
Case (i):
f(-1) = 0 and f(1) = 2
a(-1) + b = 0 ⇒ -a + b = 0 ……..(1)
a(1) + b = 2 ⇒ a + b = 2 ……(2)
Solve eq’s (1) and (2), we get a = 1, b = 1
Case (ii):
f(-1) = 2 and f(1) = 0
a(-1) + b = 2 ⇒ -a + b = 2 ……(3)
a(1) + b = 0 ⇒ a + b = 0 ……….(4)
Solve eq’s (3) and (4), we get a = -1, b = 1
Hence a = ±1 and b = 1

Question 7.
If f(x) = cos (log x), then show that f(1/x)⋅f(1/y)−1/2[f(x/y)+f(xy)]=0
Solution:
Given f(x) = cos(log x)
f(1/x)=cos(log(1/x))
= cos(log 1 – log x)
= cos(-log x)
= cos (log x) (∵ log 1 = 0)
Similarly
f(1/y) = cos (log y)
f(x/y)=coslog(x/y)
= cos (log x – log y)
and f(x y) = cos log (x y) = cos (log x + log y)
f(x/y) + f(x y) = cos (log x – log y) + cos (log x + log y)
= 2 cos (log x) cos (log y)
[∵ cos (A – B) + cos (A + B) = 2 cos A . cos B]
LHS = f(1/x)⋅f(1/y)−1/2[f(x/y)+f(xy)]= cos (log x) cos (log y) – 1/2 [2 cos (log x) cos (log y)]
=0
13
Functions Solutions Exercise 1(b)

I.

Question 1.
If f(x) = ex and g(x) = logex, then show that f o g = g o f and find f-1 and g-1.
Solution:
Given f(x) = ex and g(x) = logex
Now (f o g) (x) = f(g(x))
= f(logex) [∵ g(x) = logex]
= e(logex)
=x
∴ (fog) (x) = x ………(1)
and (g o f) (x) = g(f(x))
= g(ex) [∵ f(x) = ex]
= loge (ex) [∵ g(x) = logex]
= x loge (e)
= x(1)
=x
∴ (g o f) (x) = x …….(2)
From (1) and (2)
fog=gof
Given f(x) = ex
Let y = f(x) = ex ⇒ x = f-1(y)
and y = ex ⇒ x = loge (y)
∴ f-1(y) = loge (y) ⇒ f-1(x) = loge (x)
Let y = g(x) = loge (x)
∵ y = g(x) ⇒ x = g-1(y)
∵ y = loge (x) ⇒ x = ey
∴ g-1(y) = ey ⇒ g-1(x) = ex
∴ f-1(x) = loge (x) and g-1(x) = ex

14
Question 2.
If f(y) = y/√1−y2, g(y) = y/√1+y2then show that (fog) (y) = y
Solution:
f(y) = y√1−y2and g(y) = y/√1+y2
Now, (fog) (y) = f(g(y))

∴ (fog) (y) = y

Question 3.
If f : R → R, g : R → R are defined by f(x) = 2x2 + 3 and g(x) = 3x – 2, then find
(i) (fog)(x)
(ii) (gof) (x)
(iii) (fof) (0)
(iv) go(fof) (3)
Solution:
f : R → R, g : R → R and f(x) = 2x2 + 3; g(x) = 3x – 2
(i) (f o g) (x) = f(g(x))
= f(3x – 2) [∵ g(x) = 3x – 2]
= 2(3x- 2)2 + 3 [∵ f(x) = 2x2 + 3]
= 2(9x2 – 12x + 4) + 3
= 18x2 – 24x + 8 + 3
= 18x2 – 24x + 11

15
(ii) (gof) (x) = g(f(x))
= g(2x2 + 3) [∵ f(x) = 2x2 + 3]
= 3(2x2 + 3) – 2 [∵ g(x) = 3x – 2]
= 6x2 + 9 – 2
= 6x2 + 7

(iii) (fof) (0) = f(f(0))

= f(2(0) + 3) [∵ f(x) = 2x2 + 3]
= f(3)
= 2(3)2 + 3
= 18 + 3
= 21

(iv) g o (f o f) (3)
= g o (f (f(3)))
= g o (f (2(3)2 + 3)) [∵ f(x) = 2x2 + 3]
= g o (f(21))
= g(f(21))
= g(2(21)2 + 3)
= g(885)
= 3(885) – 2 [∵ g(x) = 3x – 2]
= 2653

Question 4.
If f : R → R, g : R → R are defined by f(x) = 3x – 1, g(x) = x2 + 1, then find
(i) (f o f) (x2 + 1)
(ii) f o g (2)
(iii) g o f (2a – 3)
Solution:
f : R → R, g : R → R and f(x) = 3x – 1 ; g(x) = x2 + 1
(i) (f o f) (x2 + 1)
= f(f(x2 + 1))
= f[3(x2 + 1) – 1] [∵ f(x) = 3x – 1]
= f(3x2 + 2)
= 3(3x2 + 2) – 1
= 9x2 + 5
16
(ii) (f o g) (2)
= f(g(2))
= f(22 + 1) [∵ g(x) = x2 + 1]
= f(5)
= 3(5) – 1
= 14 [∵ f(x) = 3x – 1]

(iii) (g o f) (2a – 3)
= g(f(2a – 3))
= g[3(2a – 3) – 1] [∵ f(x) = 3x – 1]
= g(6a – 10)
= (6a – 10)2 + 1 [∵ g(x) = x2 + 1]
= 36a2 – 120a + 100 + 1
= 36a2 – 120a + 101

Question 5.
If f(x) = 1/x, g(x) = √x for all x ∈ (0, ∞) then find (g o f) (x).
Solution:
f(x) = 1/x, g(x) = √x, ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞)
(g o f) (x) = g(f(x))
= g(1/x) [∵ f(x) = 1/x]
= √1/x
= 1√x [∵ g(x) = √x]
∴ (gof) (x) = 1/√x

Question 6.
f(x) = 2x – 1, g(x) = x+1/2 for all x ∈ R, find (g o f) (x).
Solution:
f(x) = 2x – 1, g(x) = x+1/2 ∀ x ∈ R
(g o f) (x) = g(f(x))
= g(2x – 1) [∵ f(x) = 2x – 1]
= (2x−1)+1/2
= x [∵ g(x) = x+1/2]
∴ (g o f) (x) = x

17
Question 7.
If f(x) = 2, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 2x for all x ∈ R, then find (f o (g o h)) (x).
Solution:
f(x) = 2, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 2x, ∀ x ∈ R
[f o (g o h) (x)]
= [f o g (h(x))]
= f o g (2x) [∵ h(x) = 2x]
= f[g(2x)]
= f((2x)2) [∵ g(x) = x2]
= f(4x2) = 2 [∵ f(x) = 2]
∴ [f o (g o h) (x)] = 2

Question 8.
Find the inverse of the following functions.
(i) a, b ∈ R, f : R → R defined by f(x) = ax + b, (a ≠ 0).
Solution:
a, b ∈ R, f : R → R and f(x) = ax + b, a ≠ 0
Let y = f(x) = ax + b
⇒ y = f(x)
⇒ x = f-1(y) ……..(i)
and y = ax + b
⇒ x = y−b/a ……..(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
f-1(y) = y−b/a
⇒ f-1(x) = x−b/a

(ii) f : R → (0, ∞) defined by f(x) = 5x

Solution:
f : R → (0, ∞) and f(x) = 5x
Let y = f (x) = 5x
y = f(x) ⇒ x = f-1(y) ……(i)
and y = 5x ⇒ log5 (y) = x ……..(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
f-1(y) = log5(y) ⇒ f-1(x) = log5 (x)

18
(iii) f : (0, ∞) → R defined by f(x) = log2 (x).
Solution:
f : (0, ∞) → R and f(x) = log2 (x)
Let y = f(x) = log2 (x)
∵ y = f(x) ⇒ x = f-1(y) ……..(i)
and y = log2(x) ⇒ x = 2y
From (i) and (ii)
f-1(y) = 2y ⇒ f-1(x) = 2x

Question 9.
If f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + …… for |x| < 1 then show that f-1(x) = x−1/x
Solution:
f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + ……..

19
Question 10.
If f : [1, ∞) ⇒ [1, ∞) defined by f(x) = 2x(x−1) then find f-1(x).
Solution:

20
II.

Question 1.
If f(x) = x−1/x+1, x ≠ ±1, then verify (f o f-1) (x) = x.
Solution:
Given f(x) = x−1/x+1, x ≠ ±1
Let y = f(x) = x−1/x+1
∵ y = f(x) ⇒ x = f-1(y) ……(i)
and y = x−1/x+1

21
Question 2.
If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {α, β, γ}, C = {p, q, r} and f : A → B, g : B → C are defined by f = {(1, α),
(2, γ), (3, β)}, g = {(α, q), (β, r), (γ, p)}, then show that f and g are bijective functions and
(gof)-1 = f-1 o g-1.
Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {α, β, γ},
f : A → B and f = {(1, α), (2, γ), (3, β)}
⇒ f(1) = α, f(2) = γ, f(3) = β
∵ Distinct elements of A have distinct f – images in B, f: A → B is an injective function.
Range of f = {α, γ, β} = B(co-domain)
∴ f : A → B is a surjective function.
Hence f : A → B is a bijective function.
B = {α, β, γ}, C = {p, q, r}, g : B → C and g : {(α, q), (β, r), (γ, p)}
⇒ g(α) = q, g(β) = r, g(γ) = p
∴ Distinct elements of B have distinct g – images in C, g : B → C is an injective function.
Range of g = {q, r, p} = C, (co-domain)
∴ g : B → C is a surjective function
Hence g : B → C is a bijective function
Now f = {(1, α), (2, γ), (3, β)}
g = {(α, q), (β, r), (γ, p)}
g o f = {(1, q), (2, p), (3, r)}
∴ (g o f)-1 = {(q, 1), (r, 3), (p, 2)} ………(1)
g-1 = {(q, α), (r, β), (p, γ)}
f-1 = {(α, 1), (γ, 2),(β, 3)}
Now f-1 o g-1 = {(q, 1), (r, 3), (p, 2)} …….(2)
From eq’s (1) and (2)
(gof)-1 = f-1 o g-1

22
Question 3.
If f : R → R, g : R → R defined by f(x) = 3x – 2, g(x) = x2 + 1, then find
(i) (g o f-1) (2)
(ii) (g o f)(x – 1)
Solution:
f : R → R, g : R → R and f(x) = 3x – 2
f is a bijective function ⇒ its inverse exists
Let y = f(x) = 3x – 2
∵ y = f(x) ⇒ x = f-1(y) …….(i)
and y = 3x – 2
⇒ x = y+2/3 ……..(ii)
From (i) and (ii)
f-1(y) = y+2/3
⇒ f-1(x) = x+2/3
Now (gof-1) (2)
= g(f-1(2))

∴ (g o f-1) (2) = 25/9

(ii) (g o f) (x -1)
= g(f(x – 1))
= g(3(x – 1) – 2) [∵ f(x) = 3x – 2]
= g(3x – 5)
= (3x – 5)2 + 1 [∵ g(x) = x2 + 1]
= 9x2 – 30x + 26
∴ (g o f) (x – 1) = 9x2 – 30x + 26

23
Question 4.
Let f = {(1, a), (2, c), (4, d), (3, b)} and g-1 = {(2, a), (4, b), (1, c), (3, d)} then show that
(gof)-1 = f-1 o g-1
Solution:
f = {(1, a), (2, c), (4, d), (3, b)}
∴ f-1 = {(a, 1), (c, 2), (d, 4), (b, 3)}
g-1 = {(2, a), (4, b), (1, c), (3, d)}
∴ g = {(a, 2), (b, 4), (c, 1), (d, 3)}
(g o f) = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (4, 3), (3, 4)}
∴ (gof)-1 = {(2, 1), (1, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3)} ……….(1)
f-1 o g-1 = {(2, 1), (4, 3), (1, 2), (3, 4)} ……..(2)
From eq’s (1) and (2), we observe (gof)-1 = f-1 o g-1

Question 5.
Let f : R → R, g : R → R be defined by f(x) = 2x – 3, g(x) = x3 + 5 then find (f o g)-1 (x).
Solution:
f : R → R, g : R → R and f(x) = 2x – 3 and g(x) = x3 + 5
Now (fog) (x) = f(g(x))
= f(x3 + 5) [∵ g(x) = x2 + 5]
= 2(x3 + 5) – 3 [∵ f(x) = 2x – 3]
= 2x3 + 7
∴ (f o g) (x) = 2x3 + 7
Let y = (f o g) (x) = 2x3 + 7
∵ y = (fog)(x)
⇒ x = (fog)-1 (y) …….(1)
and y = 2x3 + 7
⇒ x3 = y−7/2
⇒ x = (y−7/2)1/3 …..(2)
From eq’s (1) and (2),
(f o g)-1 (y) = (y−7/2)1/3
∴ (f o g)-1 (x) = (x−7/2)1/3

24
Question 6.
Let f(x) = x2, g(x) = 2x. Then solve the equation (f o g) (x) = (g o f) (x)
Solution:
Given f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x
Now (f o g) (x) = f(g(x))
= f(2x) [∵ g(x) = 2x]
= (2x)2
= 22x [∵ f(x) = x2]
∴ (f o g) (x) = 22x ……(1)
and (g o f) (x) = g(f(x))
= g(x2) [∵ f(x) = x2]
= (2)x2 [∵ g(x) = 2x]
∴ (g o f) (x) = (2)x2
∵ (f o g) (x) = (g o f) (x)
⇒ 22x = (2)x2
⇒ 2x = x 2
⇒ x2 – 2x = 0
⇒ x(x – 2) = 0
⇒ x = 0, x = 2
∴ x = 0, 2

25
Question 7.
If f(x) = x+1/x−1, (x ≠ ±1) then find (fofof) (x) and (fofofof) (x).
Solution:
f(x) = x+1/x−1, (x ≠ ±1)
(i) (fofof) (x) = (fof) [f(x)]
= (fof) (x+1/x−1) [∵ f(x) = (x+1/x−1)]

(ii) (fofofof) (x) = f[(f o f o f) (x)]

= f [f(x)] {from (1)}

In the above problem if a number of f is even its answer is x and if a number of f is odd
its answer is f(x).

26
Functions Solutions Exercise 1(c)

I.

Question 1.
Find the domains of the following real-valued functions.
(i) f(x) = 1/(x2−1)(x+3)
Solution:
f(x) = 1/(x2−1)(x+3) ∈ R
⇔ (x2 – 1) (x + 3) ≠ 0
⇔ (x + 1) (x – 1) (x + 3) ≠ 0
⇔ x ≠ -1, 1, -3
∴ Domain of f is R – {-1, 1, -3}

(ii) f(x) = 2x2−5x+7/(x−1)(x−2)(x−3)

⇔ (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) ≠ 0
⇔ x ≠ 1, x ≠ 2, x ≠ 3
∴ Domain of f is R – {1, 2, 3}

(iii) f(x) = 1/log(2−x)

Solution:
f(x) = 1/log(2−x)
⇔ log (2 – x) ≠ 0 and 2 – x > 0
⇔ (2 – x) ≠ 1 and 2 > x
⇔ x ≠ 1 and x < 2
x ∈ (-∞, 1) ∪ (1, 2) (or) x ∈ (-∞, 2) – {1}
∴ Domain of f is {(-∞, 2) – {1}}

(iv) f(x) = |x – 3|
Solution:
f(x) = |x – 3| ∈ R
⇔x∈R
∴ The domain of f is R

27
(v) f(x) =√ 4x−x2
Solution:
f(x) =√ 4x−x2 ∈ R
⇔ 4x – x2 ≥ 0
⇔ x(4 – x) ≥ 0
⇔ x ∈ [0, 4]
∴ Domain of f is [0, 4]

(vi) f(x) = 1/√1−x2

Solution:
f(x) = 1/√1−x2∈ R
⇔ 1 – x2 > 0
⇔ (1 + x) (1 – x) > 0
⇔ x ∈ (-1, 1)
∴ Domain of f is {x/x ∈ (-1, 1)}

(vii) f(x) = 3x/x+1

Solution:
f(x) = 3x/x+1 ∈ R
⇔ 3x ∈ R, ∀ x ∈ R and x + 1 ≠ 0
⇔ x ≠ -1
∴ Domain of f is R – {-1}

(viii) f(x) = √x2−25

Solution:
f(x) = √x2−25∈ R
⇔ x2 – 25 ≥ 0
⇔ (x + 5) (x – 5) ≥ 0
⇔ x ∈ (-∞, -5] ∪ [5, ∞)
⇔ x ∈ R – (-5, 5)
∴ Domain of f is R – (- 5, 5)

28
(ix) f(x) =√ x−[x]
Solution:
f(x) =√ x−[x] ∈ R
⇔ x – [x] ≥ 0
⇔ x ≥ [x]
⇔x∈R
∴ Domain of f is R.

(x) f(x) =√ [x]−x

Solution:
f(x) = √[x]−x ∈ R
⇔ [x] – x ≥ 0
⇔ [x] ≥ x
⇔ x ≤ [x]
⇔x∈Z
∴ The domain of f is z (Where z denotes a set of integers)

Question 2.
Find the ranges of the following real-valued functions.
(i) log|4 – x2|
Solution:
Let y = f(x) = log|4 – x2|
f(x) ∈ R
⇔ 4 – x2 ≠ 0
⇔ x ≠ ±2
∵ y = log|4 – x2|
⇒ |4 – x2| = ey
∵ ey > 0 ∀ y ∈ R
∴ The range of f is R.

29
(ii)√ [x]−x
Solution:
Let y = f(x) =√ [x]−x
f(x) ∈ R
⇔ [x] – x ≥ 0
⇔ x ≤ [x]
⇔x∈z
∴ Domain of f is z. Then range of f is {0}

(iii) sinπ[x]/1+[x]2
Solution:
Let f(x) = sinπ[x]/1+[x]2 ∈ R
⇔x∈R
∴ The domain of f is R
For x ∈ R, [x] is an integer,
sin π[x] = 0, ∀ x ∈ R [∵ sin nπ = 0, ∀ n ∈ z]
∴ Range of f is {0}

(iv) x2−4/x−2
Solution:
Let y = f(x) = x2−4/x−2 ∈ R
⇔ y = (x+2)(x−2)/x−2
⇔x≠2
∴ The domain of f is R – {2}
Then y = x + 2, [∵ x ≠ 2 ⇒ y ≠ 4]
Then its range R – {4}

(v)√ 9+x2
Solution:
Let y = f(x) = √9+x2 ∈ R
The domain of f is R
When x = 0, f(0) = √9 = 3
For all values of x ∈ R – {0}, f(x) > 3
∴ The range of f is [3, ∞)
30
Question 3.
If f and g are real-valued functions defined by f(x) = 2x – 1 and g(x) = x2 then find
(i) (3f – 2g)(x)
(ii) (fg) (x)
(iii) (√f/g)(x)
(iv) (f + g + 2) (x)
Solution:
(i) (3f – 2g)(x)
f(x) = 2x – 1, g(x) = x2
(3f – 2g) (x) = 3f(x) – 2g(x)
= 3(2x – 1) – 2x2
= -2x2 + 6x – 3

(ii) (fg) (x)

= f(x) . g(x)
= (2x – 1) (x2)
= 2x3 – x2

(iii) (√f/g)(x)
√f(x)/g(x)=√2x−1/x2
(iv) (f + g + 2) (x)
= f(x) + g(x) + 2
= (2x – 1) + x2 + 2
= x2 + 2x + 1
= (x + 1)2

31
Question 4.
If f = {(1, 2), (2, -3), (3, -1)} then find
(i) 2f
(ii) 2 + f
(iii) f2
(iv) √f
Solution:
Given f = {(1, 2), (2, -3), (3, -1)}
(i) 2f = {(1, 2 × 2), (2, 2(-3), (3, 2(-1))}
= {(1, 4), (2, -6), (3, -2)}

(ii) 2 + f = {(1, 2 + 2), (2, 2 + (-3)), (3, 2 + (-1)}

= {(1, 4), (2, -1), (3, 1)}

(iii) f2 = {(1, 22), (2, (-3)2), (3, (-1)2)}

= {(1, 4), (2, 9), (3, 1)}

(iv) √f = {(1, √2)}

∵ √-3 and √-1 are not real

II.

Question 1.
Find the domains of the following real-valued functions.
(i) f(x) =√ x2−3x+2
Solution:
f(x) =√ x2−3x+2 ∈ R
⇔ x2 – 3x + 2 ≥ 0
⇔ (x- 1) (x – 2) ≥ 0
⇔ x ∈ (-∞, 1 ] ∪ [2, ∞]
∴ The domain of f is R – (1, 2)

32
(ii) f(x) = log(x2 – 4x + 3)
Solution:
f(x) = log(x2 – 4x + 3) ∈ R
⇔ x2 – 4x + 3 > 0
⇔ (x – 1) (x – 3) > 0
⇔ x ∈ (-∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞)
∴ Domain of f is R – [1, 3]

(iii) f(x) =√ 2+x+√2−x/x

Solution:
f(x) = √2+x+√2−x/x ∈ R
⇔ 2 + x ≥ 0, 2 – x ≥ 0, x ≠ 0
⇔ x ≥ -2, x ≤ 2, x ≠ 0
⇔ -2 ≤ x ≤ 2, x ≠ 0
⇔ x ∈ [-2, 2] – {0}
Domain of f is [-2, 2] – {0}

(iv) f(x) = 1/∛(x−2)log(4−x)10

Solution:
f(x) = 1/∛(x−2)log(4−x)10 ∈ R
⇔ 4 – x > 0, 4 – x ≠ 1 and x – 2 ≠ 0
⇔ x < 4, x ≠ 3, x ≠ 2
∴ Domain of f is (-∞, 4) – {2, 3}

33
 (vi) f(x) = √log0.3(x−x2)
Solution:
f(x) =√ log0.3(x−x2) ∈ R
Then log0.3(x – x2) ≥ 0
⇒ x – x2 ≤ (0.3)0
⇒ x – x2 ≤ 1
⇒ -x2 + x – 1 ≤ 0
⇒ x2 – x + 1 ≥ 0
This is true for all x ∈ R ……..(1)
and x – x2 ≥ 0
⇒ x2 – x ≤ 0
⇒ x(x – 1) ≤ 0
⇒ x ∈ (0, 1) …….(2)
From (1) and (2)
Domain of f is R ^ (0, 1) = (0, 1)
∴ The domain of f is (0, 1)

(vii) f(x) = 1/x+|x|

Solution:
f(x) = 1/x+|x| ∈ R
⇔ x + |x| ≠ 0
⇔ x ∈ (0, ∞)
∵ |x| = x, if x ≥ 0
|x| = -x, if x < 0
∴ The domain of f is (0, ∞)

34
Question 2.
Prove that the real valued function f(x) = x/ex−1+x/2+1 is an even function on R \ {0}.
Solution:
f(x) ∈ R, ex – 1 ≠ 0
⇒ ex ≠ 1
⇒x≠0

⇒ f(x) is an even function on R – {0}

35
Question 3.
Find the domain and range of the following functions.
(i) f(x) = tanπ/[x]1+sinπ[x]+[x2]
Solution:
f(x) = tanπ[x]/1+sinπ[x]+[x2] ∈ R
⇔ x ∈ R, since [x] is an integer tan π[x] and sin π[x] each is zero for ∀ x ∈ R and f(x) ∈ R
Domain of f is R
Its range = {0}

(ii) f(x) = x/2−3x

Solution:

36
(iii) f(x) = |x| + |1 + x|
Solution:
f(x) = |x| + |1 + x| ∈ R
⇔x∈R
∴ Domain of f is R
∵ |x| = x, if x ≥ 0
= -x, if x < 0
|1 + x| = 1 + x, if x ≥ -1
= -(1 + x) if x < -1
For x = 0, f(0) = |0| + |1 + 0| = 1
x = 1, f(1) = |1| + |1 + 1| = 1 + 2 = 3
x = 2, f(2) = |2| + |1 + 2| = 2 + 3 = 5
x = -2, f(-2) = |-2| + |1 + (-2)| = 2 + 1 = 3
x = -1, f(-1) = |-1| + |1 +(-1)| = 1 + 0 = 1
∴ The range of f is [1, ∞]

37
Mathematical Induction Solutions Exercise 2(a)

Question 1.
12 + 22 + 32 + …… + n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
Solution:
Let p(n) be the given statement:
12 + 22 + 32 + ….. + n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6
Since 12 = (1)(1+1)(2×1+1)/6
⇒ 1 = 1 the formula is true for n = 1
i.e., p(1) is true.
Assume the statement p(n) is true for n = k
i.e., 12 + 22 + 32 + …… + 1k2 = k(k+1)(2k+1)/6
We show that the formula is true for n = k + 1
i.e., We show that p(k + 1) = (k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)/6
(Where p(k) = 12 + 22 + 32 + … + k2)
We observe that
p(k + 1) = 12 + 22 + 32 + …… + (k)2 + (k + 1)2 = p(k) + (k + 1)2
Since p(k) = k(k+1)(2k+1)/6
We have p(k + 1) = p(k) + (k + 1)2

∴ The formula holds for n = k + 1

∴ By the principle of mathematical induction, p(n) is true for all n ∈ N
i.e., the formula 12 + 22 + 32 + ……. + n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 for all n ∈ N

38
Question 2.
2.3 + 3.4 + 4.5 + …… up to n terms = n(n2+6n+11)/3
Solution:
The nth term in the given series is (n + 1) (n + 2)
Let p(n) be the statement:
2.3 + 3.4 + 4.5 + …… + (n + 1) (n + 2) = n(n2+6n+11)/3
and let S(n) be the sum on the left-hand side.
Since S(1) = 2.3 = (1)(1+6+11)/3 = 6
∴ The statement is true for n = 1
Assume that the statement p(n) is true for n = k
i.e., S(k) = 2.3 + 3.4 + …… + (k + 1) (k + 2) = k(k2+6k+11)/3
We show that the statement is true for n = k + 1
i.e., We show that S(k + 1) = (k+1)[(k+1)2+6(k+1)+11/3]
We observe that
S(k + 1) = 2.3 + 3.4 + 4.5 + + (k + 1) (k + 2) + (k + 2) (k + 3)
= S(k) + (k + 2) (k + 3)

∴ The statement holds for n = k + 1

∴ By the principle of mathematical induction,
p(n) is true for all n ∈ N
i.e., 2.3 + 3.4 + 4.5 + ……. + (n + 1) (n + 2) = n(n2+6n+11)/3

39
We observe that

∴ The statement holds for n = k + 1

40
Question 4.
43 + 83 + 123 + …… up to n terms = 16n2(n + 1)2.
Solution:
4, 8, 12,….. are in A.P., whose nth term is (4n)
Let p(n) be the statement:
43 + 83 + 123 + ………. + (4n)3 = 16n2(n + 1)2
and S(n) be the sum on the L.H.S.
S(1) = 43 = 16(12) (1 + 1)2 = 16(4) = 64 = 43
∴ p(1) is true
Assume that the statement p(n) is true for n = k
i.e., S(k) = 43 + 83 + (12)3 + …… + (4k)3 = 16k2(k + 1)2
We show that the statement is true for n = k + 1
i.e., We show that S(k + 1) = 16(k + 1)2 (k + 2)2
We observe that
S(k + 1) = 43 + 83 + 123 + …… + (4k)3 + [4(k + 1)]3
= S(k) + [4(k + 1)]3
= 16k2 (k + 1)2 + 43 (k + 1)3
= 16(k + 1)2 [k2 + 4(k + 1)]
= 16(k + 1)2 [k2 + 4k + 4]
= 16(k + 1)2 (k + 2)2
= 16(k + 1)2 (k+1+1)2
∴ The formula holds for n = k + 1
∴ By the principle of mathematical induction,
p(n) is true for all n ∈ N
(i.e.,) 43 + 83 + 123 + …… + (4n)3 = 16n2(n + 1)2

41
Question 5.
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ……. up to n terms = n/2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
Solution:
Let p(n) be the statement:
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + …… + [a + (n – 1)d] = n/2 [2a + (n – 1)d]
and let the sum on the L.H.S. is denoted by S(n)
Since S(1) = a = 1/2 [2a + (1 – 1)d] = a
∴ p(1) is true.
Assume that the statement is true for n = k
(i.e.,) S(k) = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ……. + [a + (k – 1)d] = k/2 [2a + (k – 1 )d]
We show that the statement is true for n = k + 1
(i.e.,) we show that S(k + 1) = (k+1/2)[2a+kd]
We observe that
S(k + 1) = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + …… + [a + (k – 1)d] + (a + kd)
= S(k) + (a + kd)
= k/2 [2a + (k – 1)d] + (a + kd)
= k[2a+(k−1)d]+2(a+kd)/2
= 1/2 [2ak + k(k – 1)d + 2a + 2kd]
= 1/2 [2a(k + 1) + k(k – 1 + 2)d]
= 1/2 (k + 1)(2a + kd)
∴ The statement holds for n = k + 1
∴ By the principle of mathematical inductions,
p(n) is true for all n ∈ N
(i.e.,) a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + …… + [a + (n – 1)d] = n/2 [2a + (n – 1)d]

42
43
44
45
46
Question 11.
4n – 3n – 1 is divisible by 9.
Solution:
Let p(n) be the statement:
4n – 3n – 1 is divisible by 9
Since 41 – 3(1) – 1 = 0 is divisible by 9.
The statement is true for n = 1
Assume that p(n) is true for n = k
(i.e) 4k – 3k – 1 is divisible by 9
Then 4k – 3k – 1 = 9t, for some t ∈ N ……..(1)
Show that the statement p(n) is true for n = k + 1
(i.e.,) we show that S(k + 1) = 4k+1 – 3(k+1) – 1 is divisible by 9
From (1), we have
4k = 9t + 3k + 1
∴ S(k + 1) = 4 . 4k – 3(k + 1) – 1
= 4(9t + 3k + 1) – 3k – 3 – 1
= 4(9t) + 9k
= 9[4t + k]
Hence s(k + 1) is divisible by 9
Since 4t + k is an integer
∴ 4k+1 – 3(k+1) – 1 is divisible by 9
∴ The statement is true for n = k + 1
∴ By the principle of mathematical induction,
p(n) is true for all n ∈ k
(i.e.,) 4n – 3n – 1 is divisible by 9

47
Question 12.
3 . 52n+1 + 23n+1 is divisible by 17.
Solution:
Let p(n) be the statement:
3. 52n+1 + 23n+1 is divisible by 17
Since 3 . 52(1)+1 + 23(1)+1
= 3 . 53 + 24
= 3(125) + 16
= 375 + 16
= 391
= 17(23) is divisible by 17
∴ The statement is true for n = 1
Assume that the statement is true for n = k
(i.e) 3 . 52k+1 + 23k+1 is divisible by 17
Then 3 . 52k+1 + 23k+1 = 17t, for some t ∈ N ……..(1)
Show that the statement p(n) is true for n = k + 1
(i.e.,) We have to show that
3. 52(k+1)+1+23(k+1)+1 is divisible by 17
From (1) we have

Here 25t + 23k+1 is an integer

∴ 3. 52(k+1)+1+23(k+1)+1 is divisible by 17
∴ The statement is true for n = k + 1
∴ By the principle of mathematical induction,
p(n) is true for all n ∈ N
(i.e.,) 3 . 52n+1 + 23n+1 is divisible by 17.

48
Question 13.
1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ……. upto n terms = n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)/4
Solution:
The nth term of the given series is (n) (n + 1) (n + 2)
Let p(n) be the statement:
1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 +……. + (n) (n+1) (n+2) = n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)/4
and S(n) be the sum on the L.H.S.
∵ S(1) = 1.2.3 = (1)(1+1)(1+2)(1+3)/4 = 1.2.3
∴ p(1) is true
Assume that the statement p(n) is true for n = k
(i.e) S(k) = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ……. + k(k + 1) (k + 2) = k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)/4
We show that the statement is true for n = k + 1
(i.e) We show that S(k + 1) = (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)(k+4)/4
We observe that
S(k + 1) = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + …… + k(k + 1) (k + 2) + (k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3)
= S(k) + (k + 1) (k + 2) (k + 3)
= k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)/4 + (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3)
= (k + 1)(k + 2)(k + 3) (k4+1)
= (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)(k+4)/4
∴ The statement holds for n = k + 1
∴ By the principle of mathematical induction,
p(n) is true for all n ∈ N
(i.e.,) 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ……. + (n)(n + 1)(n + 2) = n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)/4

49
50
51
∴ The statement holds for n = k + 1.
∴ By the principle of mathematical induction,
p(n) is true for all n ∈ N.
(i.e.,) 12 + (12 + 22) + (12 + 22 + 32) + …….. (12 + 22 + ………. + n2) = n(n+1)2(n+2)/12

52
Matrices Solutions Exercise 3(a)

I.

53
54
55
56
Matrices Solutions Exercise 3(b)

I.

57
Solution:

58
59
Solution:

AB ≠ BA
∴ A and B are not commutative with respect to the multiplication of matrices.

60
Solution:

61
II.

62
Solution:

63
Solution:

64
Solution:

65
III.

66
Solution:

67
Solution:
We shall prove the result by Mathematical Induction.

∴ The given result is true for n = k + 1

By Mathematical Induction, the given result is true for all positive integral values of n.

Question 4.
Give examples of two square matrices A and B of the same order for which AB = 0 but
BA ≠ 0.
Solution:

68
Question 5.
A Trust fund has to invest ₹ 30,000 in two different types of bonds. The first bond pays
5% interest per year, and the second bond pays 7% interest per year. Using matrix
multiplication, determine how to divide ₹ 30,000 among the two types of bonds if the
trust fund must obtain an annual total interest of (a) ₹ 1800 (b) ₹ 2000

Matrices Solutions Ex 3(c)

Solution:

69
Solution:

70
Solution:

71
72
73
74
Solution:

75
 Matrices Solutions Exercise 3(d)

I.

76
77
78
79
Solution:

= (a + b + c) [(-ac + b2) – (-c2 + ab) + (-bc + a2)]

= (a + b + c) (-ac + b2 + c2 – ab – bc + a2)
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
= a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc

80
Solution:

Solution:

81
82
Solution:

83
84
85
Solution:

86
Solution:

87
Solution:

∴ (c + a) is a factor for ∆
Similarly a + b, b + c are also factors ∆.
∵ ∆ is a third-degree expression in a, b, c.
∆ = k(a + b) (b + c) (c + a),
where k is a non-zero scalar.
Put a = 1, b = 1, c = 1, then

88
89
Solution:

Matrices Solutions Ex 3(e)

90
Solution:

91
Solution:

92
Solution:

93
94
Solution:

95
Solution:

96
97
Solution:

98
Solution:

∴ A4 = I
det A = 3(1) – 3(-2) + 4(-2) = 1
∵ A ≠ 0 ⇒ A-1 exists
∵ A4 = I
Multiply with A-1
A4 (A-1) = I (A-1)
⇒ A3 (AA-1) = A-1
⇒ A3 (I) = A-1
∴ A-1 = A3

99
Question 4.
If AB = I or BA = I, then prove that A is invertible and B = A-1
Solution:
Given AB = I
⇒ AB| = |1|
⇒ |A| |B| = 1
⇒ |A| ≠ 0
∴ A is a non-singular matrix and BA = I
⇒ |BA| = |I|
⇒ |B| |A| = 1
⇒ |A| ≠ 0
∴ A is a non-singular matrix.
AB = I or BA = I, A is invertible.
∴ A-1 exists.
AB = I
⇒ A-1AB = A-1I
⇒ IB = A-1
⇒ B = A-1
∴ B = A-1

Matrices Solutions Ex 3(f)

100
101
102
103
Matrices Solutions Ex 3(g)
Question 1.
x+y+z=4
2x + 5y – 2z = 3
x + 7y – 7z = 5
Solution:

ρ(A) = 2, ρ(AB) = 3
ρ(A) ≠ ρ(AB)
∴ The given system of equations are in consistent.

104
Question 2.
x+y+z=6
x–y+z=2
2x – y + 3z = 9
Solution:

105
Question 3.
x+y+z=1
2x + y + z = 2
x + 2y + 2z = 1
Solution:

ρ(A) = 2 = ρ(AB) < 3

The given system of equations are consistent and have infinitely many solutions.
The solutions are given by [(x, y, z) 1x = 1, y + z = 0].

106
Question 4.
x+y+z=9
2x + 5y + 7z = 52
2x + y – z = 0
Solution:

∴ ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3
The given system of equations are consistent have a unique solution.
∴ Solution is given by x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.

107
108
Question 6.
x – 3y – 8z = -10
3x + y – 4z = 0
2x + 5y + 6z = 13
Solution:
The Augmented matrix

ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 2 < 3

∴ The given system of equations are consistent have infinitely many solutions.
x + y = 2 and y + 2z = 3
Taking z = k, y = 3 – 2z = 3-2k
x=2–y
= 2 – (3 – 2k)
= 2 – 3 + 2k
= 2k – 1
∴ The solutions are given by x = -1 + 2k, y = 3 – 2k, z = k where ‘k’ is any scalar.

109
Question 7.
2x + 3y + z = 9
x + 2y + 3z = 6
3x + y + 2z = 8
Solution:

∴ ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3
The given system of equations are consistent have a unique solution.
∴ Solution is given by x = 3518, y = 2918, z = 518.
110
Question 8.
x + y + 4z = 6
3x + 2y – 2z = 9
5x + y + 2z = 13
Solution:

∴ ρ(A) = ρ(AB) = 3
∴ The given system of equations are consistent have a unique solution.
∴ Solution is given by x = 2, y = 2, z = 1/2.

111
Matrices Solutions Exercise 3(h)

112
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

113
Solution is x = 3, y = 4, z = 6

(iii) Gauss-Jordan method:

∴ Unique solution exists.

Solution is x = 3, y = 4, z = 6.

114
115
116
117
118
119
(iii) Gauss Jordan method:

Unique solution exists.

∴ Solution is x = 0, y = 1, z = 2

120
(ii) Gauss Jordan method:

ρ(A) = 2, ρ(AB) = 3
ρ(A) ≠ ρ(AB)
∴ The given system of equations does not have a solution.

121
122
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.

123
(iii) Gauss-Jordan method:

∴ The given equations have a unique solution.

Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

124
125
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

126
∴ Solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1

127
(iii) Gauss Jordan method:

∴ The given equations have a unique solution and Solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1.

128
129
130
Solution is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2

131
(iii) Gauss Jordan method:

∴ The given equations have a unique solution and solution is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.

132
133
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

Solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 5

134
(iii) Gauss Jordan method:

∴ The given equations have a unique solution and solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.

135
Matrices Solutions Ex 3(h)

136
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

Solution is x = 3, y = 4, z = 6

137
(iii) Gauss-Jordan method:

∴ Unique solution exists.

Solution is x = 3, y = 4, z = 6.

138
139
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

140
∴ Solution is x = 7, y = -10, z = 4

141
142
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

143
(iii) Gauss Jordan method:

Unique solution exists.

∴ Solution is x = 0, y = 1, z = 2

144
(ii) Gauss Jordan method:

ρ(A) = 2, ρ(AB) = 3
ρ(A) ≠ ρ(AB)
∴ The given system of equations does not have a solution.

145
146
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
147
(iii) Gauss-Jordan method:

∴ The given equations have a unique solution.

Solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

148
149
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

∴ Solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1

150
(iii) Gauss Jordan method:

∴ The given equations have a unique solution and Solution is x = 3, y = 1, z = 1.

151
152
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

Solution is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2

153
(iii) Gauss Jordan method:

∴ The given equations have a unique solution and solution is x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.

154
155
(ii) Matrix inversion method:

Solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 5

156
(iii) Gauss Jordan method:

∴ The given equations have a unique solution and solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 5.

157
Matrices Solutions Ex 3(i)

158
159
160
Addition of Vectors Solutions Exercise 4(a)
I.

Question 1.
ABCD is a Parallelogram. If L and M are the middle points of BC and CD, respectively,
then find (i) AL and AM in terms of AB and AD (ii) λ, if AM = λ AD – LM.
Solution:

161
162
Solution:

163
164
165
166
167
168
Question 12.
Find the angles made by the straight line passing through the points (1, -3, 2) and (3, -
5, 1) with the co-ordinate axes.
Solution:
Unit vectors along the co-ordinate axes are respectively i¯,j¯,k¯.
Let A(1, -3, 2) and B(3, -5, 1) be two given points.
Let ‘O’ be the origin. Then

169
170
Let us suppose that one vector can be expressed as a linear combination of the other .

171
Let ‘O’ be the origin and let A, B, C, D be the given points.

172
173
174
 :

∴ The points A, B, C are collinear.

175
III.

Question 1.
In the Cartesian plane, O is the origin of the coordinate axes. A person starts at O and
walks a distance of 3 units in the NORTH-EAST direction and reaches point P. From P
he walks 4 units of distance parallel to NORTH-WEST direction and reaches the point Q.
Express the vector OQ in terms of i¯ and j¯ (observe that ∠XOP = 45°)
Solution:
‘O’ the origin of co-ordinate axes.

176
177
Question 3.
If ∆OAB, E is the midpoint of AB and F is a point on OA such that OF = 2(FA).
If C is the point of intersection of OE and BF, then find the ratios OC : CE
and BC : CF.
Solution:

178
179
Question 4.
Point E divides the segment PQ internally in the ratio 1 : 2 and R is any point
not on the line PQ. If F is a point on QR such that QF : FR = 2 : 1, then show
that EF is parallel to PR.
Solution:

180
Addition of Vectors Solutions Ex 4(b)
I.
Question 1.
Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point 2i¯+3j¯+k¯ and parallel
to the vector 4i¯−2j¯+3k¯.
Solution:

181
Question 3.
If a¯¯¯,b¯¯¯,c¯¯¯ are the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C respectively of ∆ABC,
theind the vector equation of the median through the vertex A.
Solution:

Question 4.
Find the vertor equation of the line joining the points 2i¯+j¯+3k¯ and −4i¯+3j¯−k¯.
Solution:

182
Question 5.
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the
points i¯−2j¯+5k¯¯¯,−5j¯−k¯¯¯ and −3i¯+5j¯.
Solution:

Question 6.
Find the vector equation of the plane through the points (0, 0, 0), (0, 5, 0)
and (2, 0, 1).
Solution:

183
II.

Question 1.
If a¯¯¯,b¯¯¯,c¯¯¯ are noncoplanar find the point of intersection of the line
passing through the points 2a¯+3b¯−c¯, 3a¯+4b¯−2c¯ with the line joining
the points a¯−2b¯+3c¯,a¯−6b¯+6c¯.
Solution:

184
Question 2.
ABCD is a trapezium in which AB and CD are parallel. Prove by vector
methods, that the mid points of the sides AB, CD and the intersection of the
diagonals are collinear.
Solution:

185
186
⇒ M, P, N are collinear
Hence the midpoints of parallel sides of a trapezium and the point of intersection of
the diagonals are collinear.

187
Question 3.
In a quadrilateral ABCD, if the midpoints of one pair of opposite sides and the point of
intersection of the diagonals are collinear, using vector methods, prove that the
quadrilateral ABCD is a trapezium.
Solution:

188
189
III.

Question 1.
Find the vector equation of the plane which passes through the
points 2i¯+4j¯+2k¯,2i¯+3j¯+5k¯ and parallel to the vector 3i¯−2j¯+k¯¯¯. Also
find the point where this plane meets the line joining the
points 2i¯+j¯+3k¯¯¯ and 4i¯−2j¯+3k¯.
Solution:

190
191
192
Question 2.
Find the vector equation of the plane passing through
points 4i¯−3j¯−k¯¯¯, 3i¯+7j¯−10k¯¯¯ and 2i¯+5j¯−7k¯, and show that the
point i¯+2j¯−3k¯¯¯ lies in the plane.
Solution:

193
194
Products of Vectors Solutions Exercise 5(a)

195
196
197
Question 6.
Let e¯¯¯1 and e¯¯¯2 be unit vectors makingangle θ.
If 1/2|e¯1−e¯2|=sinλθ, then find λ.
Solution:

198
Solution:

199
Question 8.
Find the equation of the plane through the point (3, -2, 1) and perpendicular
to the vector (4, 7, -4).
Solution:

200
Solution:

201
202
Solution:

203
204
Solution:
Position vectors of A, B, C, D are a¯, b¯, c¯ and d¯ respectively.

⇒ BD is perpendicular to AC
∴ BD is another altitude of ∆ABC.
Altitudes AD and BD intersect at D.
∴ D is the orthocentre of ∆ABC.

205
III.

Question 1.
Show that the points (5, -1, 1), (7, -4, 7), (1, -6, 10) and (-1, -3, 4) are the vertices of a
rhombus.
Solution:
Let A(5, -1, 1), B(7, -4, 7), C(1, -6, 10) and D(-1, -3, 4) are the given points.

∵ AB = BC = CD = DA = 7 units
AC ≠ BD
∴ A, B, C, D points are the vertices of a rhombus.

206
207
From (1) and (2)
∴ a2 + b2 + c2 = 3(OA2 + OB2 + OC2) – 9(OG)2.

208
Question 4.
A line makes angles θ1, θ2, θ3, and θ4 with the diagonals of a cube. Show that
cos2θ1 + cos2θ2 + cos2θ3 + cos2θ4 = 4/3.
Solution:

209
210
Products of Vectors Solutions Ex 5(b)

211
212
213
214
Solution:

215
216
Question 14.
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 3, 1) and C(3,
1, 2).
Solution:
Suppose i¯,j¯,k¯ are unit vectors along the co-ordinate axes.
Position vectors of A, B, C are

217
218
219
220
Question 7.
Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points P(1, -
1, 2), Q(2, 0, -1) and R(0, 2, 1).
Solution:

221
Solution:

Solution:

222
Solution:

Question 11.
Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane passing through the points (1,
2, 3), (2, -1, 1) and (1, 2, -4).
Solution:
Let ‘O’ be the origin and let A, B, C be the given points.

223
III.

Solution:

224
Solution:

225
 .
Solution:

226
Solution:

227
Solution:

228
Solution:
Given that |a¯|=|b¯|=|c¯|=1

229
Solution:

230
231
Products of Vectors Solutions Exercise 5(c)

232
Solution:

233
234
235
236
237
238
239
II.

Solution:

240
Solution:
Suppose A, B, C, D are the given points.

The vectors AB,AC,AD are coplanar.

The given points A, B, C, D are coplanar.

241
Solution:

242
Question 4.
Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (1, 2, 1), (3, 2, 5), (2, -
1, 0) and (-1, 0, 1).
Solution:
Let ‘O’ be the given A, B, C, D be the vertices of the ten tetrahedrons. Then

243
244
245
Question 11.
Find λ in order that the four points A(3, 2, 1), B(4, λ, 5), C(4, 2, -2) and D(6, 5, -1) be
coplanar.
Solution:

246
Solution:

247
Solution:
The first line passes through point A(6, 2, 2) and is parallel to the vector b = i – 2j + 2k.
Second line passes through the point C(-4, 0, -1) and is parallel to the vector d = 3i – 2j
– 2k

248
Solution:
Given the equation of planes are

Since it is parallel to X-axis.

249
Solution:
Let ‘O’ be the origin. A, B, C, D be the given points. Then

250
251
252
Question 2.
If A = (1, -2, -1), B = (4, 0, -3), C = (1, 2, -1) and D = (2, -4, -5), find the
distance between AB and CD.
Solution:

253
Solution:

254
Solution:

255
Solution:

256
257
Solution:

258
Solution:

259
Solution:

260
Solution:

261
Solution:

262
Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Solutions Ex 6(a)

Question 1.
(i) tan(θ – 14π)
Solution:
= tan(14π – θ)
= tan(2 . (7π) – θ)
= tan θ

(iii) cosec(5π + θ)
Solution:
cosec(5π + θ) = cosec(2π + (3π + θ))
= cosec(3π + θ)
= cosec(2π + (π + θ))
= cosec(π + θ)
= -cosec θ

(iv) sec(4π – θ?)

Solution:
sec(4π – θ)
= sec(2π + (2π – θ))
= sec(2π – θ)
= sec θ

263
(iii) sec(2100°)
Solution:
sec(2100°) = sec (5 × 360° + 300°)
= sec 300°
= sec(360 – 60°)
= sec 60°
=2

(iv) cot(-315°)
Solution:
cot(-315°) = -cot 315°
= -cot(360° – 45°)
= -cot 45°
=1

264
Question 3.
Evaluate.
(i) cos2 45° + cos2 135° + cos2 225° + cos2 315°
Solution:

265
266
Question 5.
(i) If sin α + cosec α = 2. Find the value of sinnα + cosecnα, n ∈ z.
Solution:
Given sin α + cosec α = 2
Squaring on both sides
sin2α + cosec2α + 2 = 4
sin2α + cosec2α = 2
sin α + cosec α = 2
Cubing on both sides
sin3α + cosec3α + 3 sin α . cosec α (sin α + cosec α) = 8
sin3α + cosec3α + 3(2) = 8
sin3α + cosec3α = 8 – 6
sin3α + cosec3α = 2
similarly sinnα + cosecnα = -2

267
268
269
Solution:

270
(iii) If α, β are complementary angles such that b sin α = a, then find the value of (sin α
cos β – cos α sin β).
Solution:
∵ α, β are complementary angles
⇒ α + β = 90°
⇒ β = 90° – α
Now sin α cos β – cos α sin β
= sin (α – β)
= sin [(α – (90° – α)]
= sin [2α – 90°]
= -sin (90° – 2α)
= -cos 2α
= -(1 – 2 sin2α) (∵ cos 2α = 1 – 2 sin2α)
= −1+2(a/b)2 (∵ sin α = a/b)
= −b2+2a2/b2
= 2a2−b2/b2

271
272
(iii) If A, B, C, D are angles of a cyclic quadrilateral, then prove that
(a) sin A – sin C = sin D – sin B
(b) cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0
Solution:
∵ A, B, C, D are angles of a cyclic quadrilateral.
⇒ A + C = 180° and B + D = 180° ……..(1)
C = 180° – A and D = 180° – B
(a) L.H.S. = sin A – sin C
= sin A – sin(180° – A)
= sin A – sin A
=0
R.H.S. = sin D – sin B
= sin(180°- B) – sin B
= sin B – sin B
=0
∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
i.e., sin A – sin C = sin D – sin B
(b) L.H.S. = cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D
= cos A + cos B + cos(180° – A) + cos(180° – B)
= cos A + cos B – cos A – cos B
=0
∴ cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0

273
274
275
(ii) (1 + cot θ – cosec θ) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) = 2.
Solution:

(iii) 3(sin θ – cos θ)4 + 6(sin θ + cos θ)2 + 4(sin6θ + cos6θ) = 13.
Solution:
(sin θ – cos θ)2 = sin2θ + cos2θ – 2 sin θ . cos θ
= 1 – 2 sin θ cos θ
(sin θ – cos θ)4 = (1 – 2 sin θ cos θ)2
= 1 + 4 sin2θ cos2θ – 4 sin θ cos θ ……(1)
(sin θ + cos θ)2 = sin2θ + cos2θ + 2 sin θ cos θ
= 1 + 2 sin θ cos θ …….(2)
sin6θ + cos6θ = (sin2θ +cos2θ)3 – 3 sin2θ cos2θ (sin2θ + cos2θ)
= 1 – 3 sin2θ cos2θ ……..(3)
L.H.S. = 3(1 + 4 sin2θ cos2θ – 4 sin θ cos θ) + 6(1 + 2 sin θ cos θ) + 4(1 – 3 sin2θ cos2θ)
= 3 + 12 sin2θ cos2θ – 12 sin θ cos θ + 6 + 12 sin θ cos θ + 4 – 12 sin2θ cos2θ
=3+6+4
= 13
= R.H.S.

276
Question 2.
(i) Prove that (sin θ + cosec θ)2 + (cos θ + sec θ)2 – (tan2θ + cot2θ) = 7.
Solution:
L.H.S. = (sin θ + cosec θ)2 + (cos θ + sec θ)2 – (tan2θ + cot2θ)
= (sin2θ + cosec2θ + 2 sin θ cosec θ) + (cos2θ + sec2θ + 2 cos θ sec θ) – (tan2θ + cot2θ)
= (sin2θ + cos2θ) + (1 + cot2θ) + (1 + tan2θ) + 4 – tan2θ – cot2θ
=1+1+1+4
=7

Solution:

277
Solution:

Question 3.
Eliminate θ from the following.
(i) x = a cos3θ; y = b sin3θ
Solution:

278
(ii) x = a cos4θ; y = b sin4θ
Solution:

279
280
Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Solutions Ex 6(b)

281
II. Sketch the graph of the following functions.

Question 1.
tan x between 0 and π/4
Solution:

282
Question 2.
cos 2x in [0, π]
Solution:

Question 3.
sin 2x in the interval (0, π)
Solution:

283
Question 4.
sin x in the interval [-π, +π]
Solution:

Question 5.
cos2x in [0, π]
Solution:

284
III.

Question 1.
Sketch the region enclosed by y = sin x, y = cos x and X-axis in the interval [0, π].
Solution:

Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Solutions

Exercise 6(c)
I.
Question 1.
Simplify the following.
(i) cos 100° cos 40° + sin 100° sin 40°
Solution:
cos 100° cos 40° + sin 100° sin 40° = cos(100° – 40°)
= cos 60°
= 12
285
286
287
288
289
290
Solution:

291
Solution:

Solution:

292
293
Question 7.
Find the range of
(i) 7 cos x – 24 sin x + 5
Solution:

(ii) 13 cos x + 3√3 sin x – 4

Solution:

294
Solution:

295
Solution:

296
Solution:
sin (A + B) = 24/25 and (A + B) is acute angle

297
Solution:

Question 2.
(i) Find the expansion of sin (A + B – C).
Solution:
sin (A + B – C) = sin [(A + B) – C]
= sin (A + B). cos C – cos (A + B) sin C
= (sin A cos B + cos A sin B) cos C – (cos A cos B – sin A sin B) sin C
= sin A cos B cos C + cos A sin B cos C – cos A cos B sin C + sin A sin B sin C

(ii) Find the expansion of cos (A – B – C).

Solution:
cos (A – B – C) = cos {(A – B) – C}
= cos (A – B) cos C + sin (A – B) sin C
= (cos A cos B + sin A sin B) cos C + (sin A cos B – cos A sin B) sin C
= cos A cos B cos C + sin A sin B cos C + sin A cos B sin C – cos A sin B sin C

298
299
300
Solution:

301
Question 2.
(i) Prove that sin2α + cos2(α + β) + 2 sin α sin β cos(α + β) is independent of α.
Solution:
sin2α + cos2(α + β) + 2 sin α cos (α + β)
= sin2α + cos(α + β) (cos(α + β) + 2 sin α sin β)
= sin2α + cos(α + β) (cos α cos β – sin α sin β + 2 sin α sin β)
= sin2α + cos(α + β) (cos α cos β + sin α sin β)
= sin2α + cos(α + β) cos(α – β)
= sin2α + cos2β – sin2α
= cos2β

(ii) Prove that cos2(α – β) + cos2β – 2 cos(α – β) cos α cos β is independent of β.

Solution:
cos2(α – β) + cos2β – 2 cos (α – β) cos α cos β
= cos2(α – β) + cos2β – cos (α – β) [cos (α + β) + cos (α – β)]
= cos2(α – β) + cos2β – cos (α – β) cos (α + β) – cos2(α – β)
= cos2β – [cos2β – sin2α]
= cos2β – cos2β + sin2α
= sin2α

Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Solutions

Exercise 6(d)
I.

302
Question 2.
Evaluate the following.
(i) 6 sin 20° – 8 sin3 20°
Solution:
6 sin 20° – 8 sin320°
= 2(3 sin 20° – 4 sin320°)
= 2 sin (3 × 20)
= 2 sin 60°
= 2 [√3/2]
= √3

(ii) cos272° – sin254°

Solution:

303
304
Solution:

(ii) If cos A = 725 and 3π2 < A < 2π, then find the value of cot A/2.
Solution:

305
Question 5.
Find the extreme values of
(i) cos 2x + cos2x
Solution:
cos 2x + cos2x
= 2 cos2x – 1 + cos2x
= 3 cos2x – 1
-1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
0 ≤ cos2x ≤ 1
0 ≤ 3 cos2x ≤ 3
-1 ≤ 3 cos2x – 1 ≤ 2
maximum value = 2
minimum value = -1

(ii) 3 sin2x + 5 cos2x

Solution:
3 sin2x + 5 cos2x
= 3(1 – cos2x) + 5 cos2x
= 3 – 3 cos2x + 5 cos2x
= 3 + 2 cos2x
-1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
0 ≤ cos2x ≤ 1
0 ≤ 2 cos2x ≤ 2
3 ≤ 3 + 2 cos2x ≤ 5
maximum value = 5
minimum value = 3
306
=6–5
=1

Question 7.
Find the periods for the following functions.
(i) cos4x
Solution:

307
308
309
310
Solution:

(ii) If θ lies in third quadrant and sin θ = −4/5, find the values of cosec (θ/2) and
tan (θ/2).
Solution:

311
(iii) If 450° < θ < 540° and sin θ = 12/13, then calculate sin (θ/2) and cos (θ/2)
Solution:

Solution:

312
313
314
315
Solution:

316
(ii) √3 cosec 20° – sec 20° = 4
Solution:

(iii) tan 9° – tan 27° – cot 27° + cot 9° = 4

Solution:

317
Solution:

318
(ii) If cos θ = 5/13 and 270° < θ < 360°, evaluate sin (θ/2) and cos (θ/2).
Solution:
cos θ = 5/13
given 270 < θ < 360°
⇒ 135 < θ/2 < 180°
∴ θ lies in the fourth quadrant
θ/2 lies is second quadrant

319
Solution:

320
III.

Solution:

321
Solution:

322
Solution:

Solution:

323
Solution:

324
Solution:

325
Solution:

326
Solution:
Take 16 sin A {cos A . cos 2A . cos 4A . cos 8A}
= 8(2 sin A . cos A) cos 2A . cos 4A . cos 8A
= 8 sin 2A . cos 2A . cos 4A . cos 8A
= 4(2 sin 2A . cos 2A) . cos 4A . cos 8A
= 4 sin 4A . cos 4A . cos 8A
= 2 (2 sin 4A . cos 4A) . cos 8A
= 2 sin 8A . cos 8A
= sin (16A)
∴ 16 sin A {cos A . cos 2A . cos 4A . cos 8A} = sin (16A)
∴ cos A . cos 2A . cos 4A . cos 8A = sin(16A)16sinA

327
Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Solutions
Exercise 6(e)
I.

328
Question 4.
Prove that 4(cos 66° + sin 84°) = √3 + √15
Solution:

329
330
II.

Question 2.
Prove that sin2(α – π/4) + sin2(α + π/2) – sin2(α – π/2) = 1/2
Solution:

331
Solution:

332
Solution:

Question 5.
Prove that 4 cos 12° cos 48° cos 72° = cos 36°.
Solution:
LHS = 4 cos 12° cas 48° cos 72°
= 2 cos 12° {2 cos 72° cos 48°}
= 2 cos 12° {cos (72° + 48°) + cos (72° – 48°)}
= 2 cos 12° {cos (120°) + cos 24°)
= 2 cos 12° {1/2 + cos 24°}
= 2 cos 12° {−1+2cos24∘/2}
= -cos 12° + 2 cos 24° cos 12°
= -cos 12° + {cos(24° + 12°) + cos (24° – 12°))
= -cos 12° + cos 36° + cos 12°
= cos 36°
= RHS
∴ 4 cos 12° cos 48° cos 72° = cos 36°

333
Solution:

334
Solution:

Question 3.
If sin A = sin B and cos A = cos B, then prove that A = 2nπ + B for some integer n.
Solution:

335
Solution:

336
Question 5.
If sec (θ + α) + sec (θ – α) = 2 sec θ and cos α ≠ 1, then show that cos θ = ±√2 cos α2.
Solution:

337
Solution:

338
Question 8.
If neither A nor A + B is an odd multiple of π/2 and if m sin B = n sin(2A + B), then prove
that (m + n) tan A = (m – n) tan (A + B).
Solution:
Neither A nor (A + B) is an odd multiple of π/2
Given that m sin B = n sin (2A + B)

Question 9.
If tan (A + B) = λ tan (A – B), then show that (λ + 1) sin 2B = (λ – 1) sin 2A.
Solution:

339
Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations Solutions
Exercise 6(f)
Question 1.
If A, B, C are angles in a triangle, then prove that
(i) sin 2A – sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 cos A sin B cos C
Solution:
∵ A, B, C are angles in a triangle
⇒ A + B + C = 180° ……….(1)
LHS = sin 2A – sin 2B + sin 2C
= sin 2A + sin 2C – sin 2B
= 2 sin (2A+2C/2) . cos(2A−2C/2) – sin 2B
= 2 sin (A + C) cos (A – C) – sin B
= 2 sin (180° – B) cos (A – C) – 2 sin B cos B
= 2 sin B cos (A – C) – 2 sin B cos B
= 2 sin B [cos (A – C) – cos B]
= 2 sin B [cos (A – C) – cos (180° – (A + C)]
= 2 sin B [cos (A – C) + cos (A + C)]
= 2 sin B (2 cos A cos C)
= 4 cos A sin B cos C
∴ sin 2A – sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 cos A sin B cos C

(ii) cos 2A – cos 2B + cos 2C = 1 – 4 sin A cos B Sin C

Solution:
L.H.S. = -(cos 2B – cos 2A) + cos 2C
= -2 sin (A + B) sin (A – B) + cos 2C
= -2 sin (180° – C) sin (A – B) + cos 2C
= -2 sin C sin (A – B) + 1 – 2 sin2C
= 1 – 2 sin C (sin (A – B) + sin C)
= 1 – 2 sin C sin (A – B) + sin (180° – A+B¯)
= 1 – 2 sin C (sin (A – B) + sin (A + B))
= 1 – 2 sin C (2 sin A cos B)
= 1 – 4 sin A cos B sin C
= R.H.S.

340
Question 2.
If A, B, C are angles in a triangle, then prove that
(i) sin A + sin B – sin C = 4 sin A/2 sin B/2 cos C/2
Solution:
L.H.S. = (sin A + sin B) – sin C
= 2 sin (A+B/2) cos (A−B/2) – sin C

341
(ii) cos A + cos B – cos C = -1 + 4 cos A/2 cos B/2 sin C/2
Solution:
A, B, C are angles in a triangle
A + B + C = 180° ………(1)
LHS = cos A + cos B – cos C

342
Question 3.
If A, B, C are angles in a triangle, then prove that
(i) sin2A + sin2B – sin2C = 2 sin A sin B cos C
Solution:
Given A + B + C = 180°
L.H.S. = sin2A + [sin2B – sin2C]
= sin2A + sin (B + C) sin (B – C)
= sin2A + sin (180° – A) . sin (B – C)
= sin2A + sin A . sin (B – C)
= sin A (sin A + sin (B – C))
= sin A [sin (180° – B+C¯) + sin (B – C)]
= sin A [sin (B + C) + sin (B – C)]
= sin A [2 sin B cos C]
= 2 sin A sin B cos C
= R.H.S

(ii) cos2A + cos2B – cos2C = 1 – 2 sin A sin B cos C

Solution:
A, B, C are angles in a triangle
⇒ A + B + C = 180° ……..(1)
L.H.S = cos2A + cos2B – cos2C
= cos2A + cos2B – cos2C

= 1 + cos (A + B) cos (A – B) – cos2C

= 1 + cos (180° – C) cos (A – B) – cos2C [By (1)]
= 1 – cos C cos (A – B) – cos2C
= 1 – cos C [cos (A – B) + cos C]
= 1 – cos C [cos (A – B) + cos(180° – A+B] [By eq. (1)]
= 1 – cos C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
= 1 – cos C [2 sin A sin B]
= 1 – 2 sin A sin B cos C
∴ cos2A + cos2B – cos2C = 1 – 2 sin A sin B cos C

343
344
Solution:

345
Solution:

346
Solution:

347
Solution:

348
349
Question 6.
If A + B + C = π/2, then prove that cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 1 + 4 sin A sin B sin C
Solution:
A + B + C = π/2 ………(1)
LHS = cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C
= 2 cos (2 A+2 B/2) cos (2 A−2 B/2) + cos 2C
= 2 cos (A + B) . cos (A – B) + cos 2C
= 2 cos (90° – C) cos (A – B) + cos 2C
= 2 sin C cos (A – B) + (1 – 2 sin2C)
= 1 + 2 sin C [cos (A – B) – sin C]
= 1 + 2 sin C [cos (A – B)- sin (90° – A+B¯)]
= 1 + 2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (A +B)]
= 1 + 2 sin C [2 sin A sin B]
= 1 + 4 sin A sin B sin C
= RHS
∴ cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 1 + 4 sin A sin B sin C

Question 7.
If A + B + C = 3π/2, then prove that
(i) cos2A + cos2B – cos2C = -2 cos A cos B sin C
Solution:
A + B + C = 3π/2 ……..(1)
L.H.S. = cos2A + cos2B – cos2C
= cos2A + (1 – sin2B) – cos2C
= (cos2A – sin2B) + (1 – cos2C)
= cos (A + B) cos (A – B) + sin2C
= cos (270° – C) cos(A – B) + sin2C
= -sin C cos (A – B) + sin2C
= sin C [sin C – cos (A – B)]
= sin C [sin (270°- A+B¯¯) – cos (A – B)]
= sin C [-cos (A + B) – cos (A – B)]
= -sin C [cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)]
= -sin C [2 cos A cos B]
= -2 cos A cos B sin C
= RHS
∴ cos2A + cos2B – cos2C = -2 cos A cos B sin C
350
(ii) sin 2A + sin 2B – sin 2C = -4 sin A sin B cos C
Solution:
Here A + B + C = 270° ………(1)
LHS = sin 2A + sin 2B – sin 2C
= 2 sin (2A+2B/2) cos (2A−2B/2) – sin 2C
= 2 sin (A + B) . cos (A – B) – 2 sin C cos 2C
= 2 sin (270° – C) cos (A – B) – 2 sin C cos C
= -2 cos C cos (A – B) – 2 sin C cos C
= -2 cos C [cos (A – B) + sin C]
= -2 cos C [cos (A – B) + sin (270° – A+B)]
= -2 cos C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
= -2 cos C [2 sin A sin B]
= -4 sin A sin B cos C
= RHS
∴ sin 2A + sin 2B – sin 2C = -4 sin A sin B cos C

Question 8.
If A + B + C = 0°, then prove that
(i) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = -4 sin A sin B sin C
Solution:
Here A + B + C = 0 ………(1)
LHS = sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
= 2 sin (2A+2B/2) cos (2A−2B/2) + sin 2C
= 2 sin (A + B) . cos (A – B) + 2 sin C cos 2C
= 2 sin (-C) cos (A – B) + 2 sin C cos C
= -2 sin C cos (A – B) + 2 sin C cos C
= -2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos C]
= -2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (-A – B)]
= -2 sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
= -2 sin C [2 sin A sin B]
= -4 sin A sin B sin C
= RHS
∴ sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = -4 sin A sin B sin C

351
(ii) sin A + sin B – sin C = – 4 cos A/2 cos B/2 sin C/2
Solution:

Solution:

352
353
(ii) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C + cos 2D = 4 cos (A + B) cos (A + C) cos (A +
D)
Solution:

354
Solution:

Solution:

355
Trigonometric Equations Solutions Exercise 7(a)

I.

356
357
358
Question 4.
(i) If sin (270° – x) = cos 292°, then find x in (0, 360°).
Solution:
sin (270° – x) = cos (292°)
⇒ -cos x = cos (180° + 112°)
⇒ -cos x = -cos 112°
⇒ cos x = cos 112°
⇒ x = 112° or x = 360° – 112° = 248°

(ii) If x < 90°and sin (x + 28°) = cos (3x – 78°), then find x.
Solution:
sin (x + 28°) = cos (3x – 78°)
= sin (90° – 3x + 78°)
= sin (168° – 3x)
x + 28° = 168° – 3x + 28° (180°) or
= 180° – (168° – 3x) + 2x (180°)
⇔ there exists n ∈ Z such that
4x = 140° + 2x (180°)
2x = 16° – 2x (180°)
⇔ there exists n ∈ z such that
x = 35° + x(90°) or x = 8° – x (180°)
Hence x = 8° and x = 35° are the only values of x that lie (0, 90°) and satisfy the given
equation.

359
360
361
II.

362
363
364
365
Question 2.
Solve the following equations.
(i) √3 sin θ – cos θ = √2
Solution:

(ii) cot x + cosec x = √3

Solution:

366
(iii) sin x + √3 cos x = √2
Solution:

367
Question 3.
Solve the following equations:
(i) tan θ + sec θ = √3, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π
Solution:

368
369
370
(iv) sec x . cos 5x + 1 = 0; 0 < x < 2π
Solution:

371
III.

Solution:

372
(iii) If sin 3x + sin x + 2 cos x = sin 2x + 2 cos2x, find the general solution.
Solution:
Given sin 3x + sin x + 2 cos x = sin 2x + 2 cos2x
⇒ 2 . sin (3x+x/2) . cos (3x−x/2) + 2 cos x = 2 sin x cos x + 2 cos2x
⇒ 2 . sin 2x . cos x + 2 cos x = 2 cos x (sin x + cos x)
⇒ 2 cos x (sin 2x + 1) = 2 cos x (sin x + cos x)
⇒ 2 cos x [sin 2x + 1 – sin x – cos x] = 0
⇒ cos x = 0 (or) sin 2x – sin x + 1 – cos x = 0

373
(iv) Solve cos 3x – cos 4x = cos 5x – cos 6x
Solution:
-2 sin 5x . sin x = -2 sin 4x . sin x
⇒ 2 sin x [sin 5x – sin 4x] = 0
⇒ 4 sin x . cos 9x/2 . sin x/2 = 0

374
375
(ii) Show that the solutions of cos pθ = sin qθ form two series each of which is an A.P.
Find also the common difference of each A.P. (p ≠ ±q).
Solution:
cos pθ = sin qθ
cos pθ – sin qθ = 0
cos pθ + cos[π/2+9θ] = 0

376
377
Solution:

(ii) Find the range of θ if cos θ + sin θ is positive.

Solution:

378
379
380
381
Inverse Trigonometric Functions Solutions Exercise 8(a)

382
383
384
(ii) tan-1(sec x + tan x)
Solution:

385
386
Solution:

387
Solution:

388
Solution:

Solution:

389
Solution:

390
391
Solution:

392
393
Solution:

394
Solution:

Solution:

395
Solution:

396
397
Question 5.
Show that
(i) sec2 (tan-1 2) + cosec2 (cot-1 2) = 10
Solution:
Let a = tan-1 2 ⇒ tan α = 2
sec2 α = 1 + tan-1 α = 1 + 4 = 5
Let β = cot-1 2 ⇒ cot β = 2
cosec2 β = 1 + cot2 β = 1 + 4 = 5
LHS = sec2 (tan-1 2) + cosec2 (cot-1 2)
=5+5
= 10
= RHS

Solution:

398
(iii) If sin-1 x – cos-1 x = π/6 then find x.
Solution:

III.

Solution:

399
Solution:

400
Solution:

401
Solution:

402
Solution:

403
Solution:

Question 3.
(i) If cos-1 p + cos-1 q + cos-1 r = π, then prove that p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pqr = 1
Solution:
Let cos-1 p = A, cos-1 q = B and cos-1 r = C
then A + B + C = π ………(1)
and p = cos A, q = cos B and r cos C
Now p2 + q2 + r2 = cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C
= cos2 A + (1 – sin2 B + cos2 C)
= 1 + (cos2 A – sin2 B) + cos2 C
= 1 + cos (A + B) . cos (A – B) + cos2 C
= 1 + cos (π – C) cos (A – B) + cos2 C (By (1))
= 1 – cos C cos (A – B) + cos2 C
= 1 – cos C [cos (A – B) – cos C]
= 1 – cos C [cos (A – B) – cos(180° – A+B¯¯]
= 1 – cos C [cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)]
= 1 – cos C [2 cos A cos B]
= 1 – 2 pqr
∴ p2 + q2 + r2 + 2pqr = 1

404
Solution:

405
406
Case (ii): Without loss of generality, we assume that (a – b) and (b – c) are both
negative and (c – a) is positive.

407
408
Solution:

409
Solution:
Given that

⇒ x2(3x + 1) = 2x(4x + 3)
⇒ x [x(3x + 1) – 2(4x + 3)] = 0
⇒ x = 0 (or) 3x2 – 7x – 6 = 0
⇒ x = 0 (or) 3x2 – 9x + 2x – 6 = 0
⇒ x = 0 (or) 3x(x – 3) + 2(x – 3) = 0
⇒ x = 0 (or) (3x + 2) (x – 3) = 0
⇒ x = 0 (or) 3 (or) −2/3

410
Solution:

411
412
Solution:

413
Solution:
Let cos−1(1x)=α,cot−112=β

414
Solution:

415
Solution:

Solution:

416
Hyperbolic Functions Solutions Exercise 9(a)
Question 1.

If sinh x = 3/4, find cosh (2x) and sinh (2x).

Solution:

Question 2.
If sinh x = 3, then show that x = loge(3 + √10).
Solution:

417
418
Question 4.
Prove that
(i) (cosh x – sinh x)n = cosh (nx) – sinh (nx), for any n ∈ R.
Solution:

(ii) (cosh x + sinh x)n = cosh (nx) + sinh (nx), for any n ∈ R.
Solution:

419
Solution:

420
Question 7.
For any x ∈ R, prove that cosh4x – sinh4x = cosh (2x)
Solution:
L.H.S = cosh4x – sinh4x
= (cosh2x)2 – (sinh2x)2
= [cosh2x – sinh2x] [cosh2x + sinh2x]
= (1) cosh (2x)
= cosh (2x)
∴ cosh4x – sinh4x = cosh (2x)

Solution:

421
Properties of Triangles Solutions Exercise 10(a)

I.

Question 1.
Show that Σa(sin B – sin C) = 0
Solution:

Question 2.
If a = √3 + 1 cms, ∠B = 30°, ∠C = 45°, then find c.
Solution:
∠B = 30°, ∠C = 45° and a = (√3 + 1) cms
A = 180° – (B + C)
= 180° – (30° + 45°)
= 180° – 75°
= 105°

422
Question 3.
If a = 2 cms, b = 3 cms, c = 4 cms, then find cos A.
Solution:
a = 2 cms, b = 3 cms and c = 4 cms

423
424
425
II.

Question 1.
Prove that a cos A + b cos B + c cos C = 4R sin A sin B sin C.
Solution:
L.H.S = (2R sin A) cos A + (2R sin B) cos B + (2R sin C) cos C
= R (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)
= R (2 sin (A + B) cos (A – B) + sin 2C)
= R [2 sin (180° – C) cos (A – B) + sin 2C]
= R (2 sin C . cos (A – B) + 2 sin C . cos C)
= 2R sin C (cos (A – B)) + cos C)
= 2R sin C (cos (A – B) + cos (180° – A+B¯¯)
= 2R sin C [cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)]
= 2R sin C (2 sin A sin B)
= 4R sin A sin B sin C
= R.H.S.

426
Solution:

427
428
429
430
Question 8.
If a : b : c = 7 : 8 : 9, find cos A : cos B : cos C.
Solution:

431
Solution:

Question 10.
Prove that (b – a) cos C + c (cos B – cos A) = c . sin(A−B/2) cosec(A+B/2)
Solution:
L.H.S = b cos C – a cos C + c cos B – c cos A
= (b cos C + c cos B) – (a cos C + c cos A)
=a–b
= 2R (sin A – sin B)

432
433
Solution:

434
III.

Solution:

435
436
Solution:

437
Solution:

Solution:

438
(iii) For any anlge θ show that a cos θ = b cos (C + θ) + c cos (B – θ).
Solution:
b cos (C + θ) + c cos (B – θ)
= b (cos C . cos θ – sin C sin θ) + c (cos B cos θ + sin B sin θ)
= (b cos C + c cos B) cos θ + (-b sin C + C sin B) sin θ
= a cos θ + (-2R sin B sin C + 2R sin B sin C) sin θ
= a cos θ

Question 4.
If the angles of ∆ABC are in A.P and b : c = √3 : √2 , then show that A = 75°.
Solution:
∵ The angles A, B, C of a triangle are in A.P.
⇒ 2B = A + C
⇒ 3B = A + B + C
⇒ 3B = 180°
⇒ B = 60°

439
Solution:

⇒ sin 2A = sin 2B
⇒A=B
⇒ ∆ABC is isosceles
or 2A = 180° – 2B
or A = 90° – B
or A + B = 90°
so A ≠ B ⇒ ∆ABC is a right-angled triangle
∴ ∆ABC is either isosceles (or) right-angled.

440
Question 6.
If cos A + cos B + cos C = 3/2, then show that the triangle is equilateral.
Solution:

Question 7.
If cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1, then show that ∆ABC is right-angled.
Solution:
Given cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1 …….(1)
Now cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C
= cos2 A + 1 – sin2 B + cos2 C
= 1 + (cos2 A – sin2 B) + cos2 C
= 1 + cos (A + B) cos (A – B) + cos2 C
= 1 + cos (180° – C) cos (A – B) + cos2 C
= 1 – cos C . cos (A – B) + cos2 C
= 1 – cos C (cos (A – B) – cos C)
= 1 – cos C (cos (A – B) – cos (180° – A+B¯))
= 1 – cos C (cos (A – B) + cos (A + B))
= 1 – cos C (2 cos A cos B)
= 1 – 2 cos A cos B cos C
Substituting in (1) we get
1 – 2 cos A cos B cos C = 1

441
∴ 2 cos A cos B cos C = 0
∴ cos A = 0 or cos B = 0 or cos C = 0
i.e., A = 90° or B = 90° or C = 90°
∴ ∆ABC is right-angled.

Question 8.
If a2 + b2 + c2 = 8R2, then prove that the triangle is right angled.
Solution:
Given a2 + b2 + c2 = 8R2
⇒ 4R2 (sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C) = 8R2
⇒ sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 2 ……(1)
Now sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
= 1 – cos2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C
= 1 – (cos2 A – sin2 B) + sin2 C
= 1 – cos (A + B) . cos (A – B) + sin2 C
= 1 – cos (180° – C) cos (A – B) + sin2 C
= 1 + cos C cos (A – B) + 1 – cos2 C
= 2 + cos C (cos (A – B) – cos C)
= 2 + cos C (cos (A – B) – cos (180° – A+B¯))
= 2 + cos C (cos (A – B) + cos (A + B))
= 2 + cos C (2 cos A cos B)
= 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
Substituting in (1), we get
2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C = 2
2 cos A cos B cos C = 0
⇒ cos A = 0 or cos B = 0 or cos C = 0
∴ A = 90° or B = 90° or C = 90°
∴ ΔABC is right-angled.

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Solution:

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Solution:

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Question 13.
A lamp post is situated at the middle point I the side AC of a triangular plot A with BC
= 7 meters, CA = 8 meters, and AB = 9 meters, lamp post subtends an angle of 15° at
point B. find H height of the lamp post.
Solution:
Let MP be the height of the lamp post

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Question 14.
Two ships leave a port at the same time. One goes 24 km. per hour in the direction
N45°E and other travels 32 km per hour in the direction S75°E. Find the distance
between the ships at the end of 3 hours.
Solution:
Given the first ship goes 24 km per hour After 3 hours the first ship goes 72 km.

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Question 15.
A tree stands vertically on the slant of the hill. From A point on the ground 35 meters
down the hill from the base of the tree, the angle, the elevation of the top of the tree is
60° if the angle of elevation of the foot of the tree from A is 15°, then find the height of
the tree.
Solution:
Let BC be the height of the tree
BC = h
Let BD = x, AD = y
Given AB = 35 m

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Question 16.
The upper 3/4th portion of a vertical pole subtends an angle tan-1(3/5) at a point in the
horizontal plane through its foot and at a distance 40 m from the foot. Given that the
vertical pole is at a height less than 100 m from the ground, find its height.
Solution:

⇒ 6400 + h2 = 200h
⇒ h2 – 200h + 6400 = 0
⇒ h2 – 160h – 40h + 6400 = 0
⇒ h(h – 160) – 40(h – 160) = 0
⇒ (h – 160) (h – 40) = 0
⇒ h = 40 or 160
but the height of the pole should be less than 100m
∴ h = 40 m
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Question 17.
AB is a vertical pole with B at the ground level and A at the top. A man finds that the
angle of elevation of point A from a certain point C on the ground is 60°. He moves
away from the pole along the line BC to a point D such that CD = 7 m. From D, the
angle of elevation of point A is 45°. Find the height of the pole.
Solution:
Let ‘h’ be the height of the pole
AB = h
given CD = 7 m
∠ACB = 60°, ∠ADB = 45°, Let BC = x

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Question 18.
Let an object be placed at some height h cm and let P and Q two points of observation
which are at a distance of 10 cm apart on a line inclined at an angle of 15° to the
horizontal. If the angles of elevation of the object from P and Q are 30° and 60°
respectively then find h.
Solution:
Let AB = Height of the object from ‘A’ = h m
Given that P & Q are two observations,
PQ = 10 cms

From ∆APB,
∠P = 30; ∠A = 90; ∠B = ?
A + P + B = 180°
⇒ 30° + 30° + B = 180°
⇒ B = 180° – 120°
⇒ B = 60°
From ∆BQC,
∠Q = 60°; ∠C = 90°; ∠B = ?
Q + C + B = 180°
⇒ 60° + 90° + B = 180°
⇒ B = 180° – 150°
⇒ B = 30°
From ∆BQP,
∠P = 15; ∠B = 30; ∠Q = ?
P + B + Q = 180°
⇒ 15° + 30° + Q = 180°
⇒ Q = 180° – 45°
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⇒ Q = 135°
Applying the ‘sin’ rule for ∆BQP

From ∆PAB,
sin 30° = BA/BP
BP . sin 30° = AB = h
√2 × 10 × 1/2 = AB = h
5√2 = AB = h
∴ h = 5√2
Categories

Properties of Triangles Solutions Exercise 10(b)

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Question 3.
In ∆ABC, prove that r1 + r2 + r3 – r = 4R.
Solution:

452
Question 4.
In ∆ABC, prove that r + r1 + r2 – r3 = 4R cos C.
Solution:

453
Question 5.
If r + r1 + r2 + r3 then show that C = 90°.
Solution:

II.

Question 1.
Prove that 4(r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1) = (a + b + c)2
Solution:

454
Question 3.
Prove that r(r1 + r2 + r3) = ab + bc + ca – s2.
Solution:

455
Question 5.
Show that (r1+r2)tanC/2=(r3−r)cotC/2=c
Solution:

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III.

Question 1.
Show that cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + rR
Solution:
L.H.S = cos A + cos B + cos C
= 2 cos(A+B2) cos(A−B2) + cos C

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Solution:

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Solution:

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460
Solution:

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Solution:

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463
Question 8.
If r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6 and r = 1, prove that a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5.
Solution:

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465
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