What is Hosting

Hosting consists of a computer that hosts a website.

Getting web hosting is a crucial part of having a website live on the internet.

The “hosting” aspect of web hosting is a service that companies offer where
they’ll store your website’s files, which can then be accessed by a web
browser.

These files are essentially stored on a giant computer, known as a server.

When you purchase a web hosting service you’re essentially buying yourself
space to store your website’s files.

These files can then be accessed by a web browser, in order for your website to
be live on the internet.

Web hosting is offered by various service providers who have the necessary
technology to properly store your site’s files.

By signing up for a hosting service you’re essentially renting space on a server

that their web hosting companies own and manage.

Since most people or even businesses don’t have servers of their own, they rent
out server space from a third-party web hosting company.
A server is a physical computer that runs 24/7, so your site’s files can always be
accessed without interruption in service. These servers are loaded with the
necessary hardware and software that your website needs to function.

Your web host is responsible for things like server maintenance, security, and
running the right software, so the files on the server can be readily accessed by a
website browser, like Google Chrome or Firefox.
How Does Web Hosting Work?
Your website is just a collection of different files.

When you create a website you need a place to store all of these files.

That place is your hosting company’s server.

On this server, you’ll store your website’s media, files, databases, and anything else required
to properly render your website.

Exactly how much storage you have will depend on the hosting plan you choose.

If you’re just getting started online, then you’ll probably just be renting a portion of a server
that you’re sharing with other websites.

As your storage and traffic needs increase, then you may need to scale up to renting an entire
physical server—or at least using the resources of one, with a cloud or VPS server.
When you sign up for a web hosting package you’ll usually get access to the server via a
solution like cPanel.

This makes it easy to upload your files to the server. Or, you can install a CMS like WordPress to
easily build out your site.

In order to have a fully functioning website, you’ll also need to register a domain name.

Once you purchase this you’ll point it towards your server, which lets the web browser know
that this is where your files are located.

Then, when a person types in your domain name or clicks on a link to your site, the web
browser gets the files from the server and displays them for the viewer.

All of this should happen in a few seconds or less.

If this process takes too long, then you either need to speed up your website or consider
switching hosts entirely.
Different Kinds of Web Hosting
Most web hosts will offer various forms of hosting packages.

Each type of hosting will cater to different website needs.

For example, a site that gets millions of visitors per month will have different
requirements than a site that was built a few weeks ago.

Here’s a breakdown of the most common forms of web hosting packages out
there today:
Shared Hosting
Shared hosting is easily the most common form of hosting.

It’s also probably the most suitable style of hosting for a lot of website owners.

With a shared hosting plan, you’re sharing the physical server environment with dozens to hundreds of
other websites. And sometimes even more.

However, the server is partitioned, so your site is secure from other websites using the same server.

Since you’re effectively splitting server resources with other users of the same server your costs will be
very low.

Websites that have low to moderate traffic levels will be fine using a shared host.

Since this is the most beginner-friendly option you’ll be able to manage your hosting environment,
install a CMS, setup email, and a lot more, all without any technical skills.
VPS Hosting
VPS stands for Virtual Private Server.

This style of hosting relies upon something called “virtualization”.

This allows you to use the resources of multiple different servers, but it all acts like it’s a single
server.

So, essentially you can tap an entire network of servers and scale those resources up or down
as your needs change.

A VPS server acts like a dedicated server, but you’ll still be using servers that are shared with
other users.

VPS hosting can be great for website owners who want the resources of a dedicated server, but
don’t have the budget for one.

VPS hosting can be cheaper and more flexible.

Cloud Hosting
Cloud hosting is a relatively newer form of hosting.

However, it’s risen quickly to become one of the premier forms of hosting available
today.

In case you don’t know what cloud hosting is, it’s when your website is hosted on
multiple different servers simultaneously.

The physical servers are partitioned into cloud clusters.

This is beneficial because if one of the servers becomes overloaded, then the traffic will
be automatically routed to another cloud server within the cluster.

With cloud hosting, you get an extremely reliable form of hosting. Plus, it’s very flexible
and can be scaled up or down in real-time, so you only pay for the server resources
you’re currently using.
Dedicated Server Hosting
Dedicated hosting is exactly like it sounds.

You’ll get access to the resources of an entire physical server.

Dedicated hosting is generally the most expensive as you’re not splitting server costs with other websites (as you do
with shared hosting).

This style of hosting is usually reserved for websites that either receive a very large volume of traffic or require a
unique server configuration.

Since you have access to the entire server you’ll be able to run whatever software configuration your website
requires.

With dedicated hosting, you’ll get incredible performance and enhanced security.

However, you might need the technical skills, or the team behind you, to effectively manage your server
environment.

Beyond dedicated hosting, you also have the option of managed hosting. Where you can have the hosting team help
to manage and optimize your server for you.
WordPress Hosting
If you run a WordPress site, then you’ve probably come across WordPress hosting.

You can easily run your WordPress site on multiple types of hosting environments.

But, you also have the option of WordPress managed hosting, which is completely custom-tailored to the WordPress platform.

If you have a pretty small site and you’re not getting much traffic, then you probably won’t notice a difference in performance.

But, if your traffic levels are increasing and your site only continues to grow, then you could see a decent improvement in
performance.

Even if you are sharing web server space you’ll be sharing that space with other WordPress sites, so the server will be uniquely
configured to get the most out of it.

Beyond improved performance and server optimization, this type of web hosting is also important for your overall security.

By only running WordPress it’s much easier to protect against attacks that specifically target the WordPress platform.

Not only that you’ll have a team of skilled experts behind you who are working to optimize your site, and the servers it runs on.
DNS
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system for computers, or
other resources connected to the Internet or a private network.

Most prominently, it translates more readily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses
needed for locating and identifying computer services and devices with the underlying network
protocols.

By providing a worldwide, distributed directory service, the Domain Name System has been an essential
component of the functionality of the Internet since 1985.

The Domain Name System delegates the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those
names to Internet resources by designating authoritative name servers for each domain.

The Domain Name System also specifies the technical functionality of the database service that is at its
core.

It defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and data communication
exchanges used in the DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite.
Domain Name
You can use a word or phrase as a domain name.

A domain name identifies a network domain, or it represents an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer
used to access the Internet, a server computer hosting a web site, or the web site itself or any other service communicated via
the Internet.

If the domain is for a company, you might want to put your company name in the domain, this makes it easier for your
customers to find you on the Internet.

Although a longer domain is harder to remember, it can contain more keywords, which is important as some of the search
engines use keywords in a domain name as part of the search algorithm.

But be careful of domain names that are too long, it makes it difficult to remember and prone to user input mistakes.

If your preferred domain name is not available, try adding a prefix, such as "my" or "the".

And finally, make sure your domain name can be verbally communicated. You do not want to constantly repeat or spell it out.
TLD, or Top-Level Domain
TLD, or Top-Level Domain, is the part of the domain name on the right of the dot (".").
The most common TLDs are .com, .net, .org.

There are the various types:

gTLD - generic top level domain

.com
.org - typically for organizations
.net
.edu - restricted for post-secondary educational establishments
.mil - restricted for US military
.gov - restricted for US governments and agencies
.int - restricted for international organizations established by treaty
uTLD - unsponsored top level domains
.info - for informational sites
.name - for families and individuals
.biz - for businesses
.mobi - reserved for websites catering to mobile devices
.travel - reserved for travel agents, airlines, tourism bureaus and hoteliers

ccTLD - country code top level domains

.ca - for Canada
.uk - for the UK
.fr - for France

Almost every country has a country domain

When choosing your domain extension, decide if you are targeting a local country or if
you are planning to go international. ccTLDs are an excellent choice if you need to
market your business to a certain geographic region.
Domain name registration
The right to use a domain name is delegated by domain name registrars which are
accredited by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) or
other organizations such as OpenNIC, that are charged with overseeing the name and
number systems of the Internet.

In addition to ICANN, each top-level domain (TLD) is maintained and serviced

technically by an administrative organization, operating a registry.

A registry is responsible for operating the database of names within its authoritative
zone, although the term is most often used for TLDs.

A registrant is a person or organization who asked for domain registration.

The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar, which
is authorized (accredited) to assign names in the corresponding zone and publishes
the information using the WHOIS protocol.
Domain Name Registrant, Registrar, and
Registry
The domain name registrant is the organization or individual registering the
domain name. When you submit your application for a domain name, you
become the domain name registrant.

A registrar is the company that takes your registration request and reserves
your domain for you at the main registry.

During the domain name registration process, you will be asked to provide
the registrar with contact and technical information. The registrar will then
submit the information to the central directory, also known as the registry.
The registry enters your information into their database so that other
computers on the Internet can look-up the necessary information to find
your website.
When you register your domain name, you will notice that your registrar will ask
you for quite a bit of information: your name, your email address, your physical
address, and your phone number. The information is used to complete two of
the three registration profiles for your domain name: Registrant and
Administrative Contact. Then, all three registration profiles (Registrant, Admin
and Technical contacts) will be publicly available and accessible on their
registry's database.

So what if you want your information to remain private? Afterall, the database is
publicly available, meaning spammers, scammers and stalkers can access it, too.
And lying on your registration information is illegal.

Many registrars offer private domain registrations, with or without extra cost.
With private registration, your name will still appear as the registration.
However, instead of your full contact profile, your registrar will list their
information - a proxy registration.
Domain name backordering is a service that allows anyone to reserve a domain
name in the event that the name is not yet available to the public.

If there is a domain name you wish to use, but is currently owned by another
party, you can submit a domain name backorder request to the registrar. The
registrar will notify you when that domain expires and becomes publicly
available again.

However, this could also work on your domain name, if someone else should
have interest in it.

If you are looking for a domain name backordering service, you should look for a
backorder serving that works with a few registrars. The more registrars mean
better odds of a successful backorder.
Domain Name Registration Process
After you have chosen a domain name, you will need to submit your domain name registration request to a registrar.

You will need to submit the following information to the registrar:

the desired domain name

The name and contact information (including email address, physical address and contact phone number) for the domain's
registrant, administrative and billing contacts.
the desired domain registration term

payment information

Once you have provided your registrar with all these information, they will then initiate the domain name registration process
for you. The registrar will send your domain name request, and the contact and technical information of the domain name to the
registry.

The registry files the contact information for the Whois. The registry also adds your domain zone files to the master servers.
These master servers tell other servers on the Internet where your website is stored.

Your domain is considered registered and ready-to-use when all information has been updated.
Domain Name Transfer
There may be many reasons why you want to transfer your domain name registration from one registrar to another: pricing, domain
management and administration, services, customer support, etc.

All domain name transfer requests must be initiated by the registrant or the Administrative Contact of the domain, and processed by the gaining
registrar, the registrar whom you are transferring your domain to.

The gaining registrar is required to obtain expressed authorization from the registrant or the Administrative Contact of the domain name. A
transfer can only proceed upon the receipt of confirmation of transfer. This confirmation of transfer can be a physical authorization process or an
electronic process. Regardless of the process, the confirmation of transfer needs to be validated with the domain's "AuthInfo" code.

The domain "AuthInfo" code is a unique code generated on a per-domain basis and is used for authorization or confirmation of a transfer
request.

The registrant can obtain the domain's "AuthInfo" code from the losing registrar (the registrar whom you are transferring the domain away
from).

Before you proceed with a domain name transfer request, make sure:
The domain has been registered for at least 60 days with your current registrar. If you just recently registered or transferred your domain name,
you will need to wait 60 days before applying for transfer.
The admin contact e-mail is valid, as this is where most registrars will send the confirmation of transfer and the domain "AuthInfo" code.
Domain name is not in protected/locked status.
Domain name is not in redemption status.
Domain name is not locked for either non-payment or at the owner's request.
Domain name is not currently in dispute.
Domain name has not been deleted.
 What is cPanel
In simple terms, it’s a control panel where you can manage every element of your web hosting account.

Web hosting companies like to make cPanel available to their customers for a few key reasons: it’s a simple-to-use dashboard,
it’s well-maintained with regular updates, improvements and security measures.

Cpanel used for:

• Connect domain names to your hosting

• Set up emails for your site
• Install WordPress (or another content management system)
• Back up your website
• Upload files to your server
• Check your bandwidth and other usage stats
• Change various security settings
• Install add-on apps on your server
• Create new databases / manage existing ones
• Set up various optimizations
Most hosting companies have links to your cPanel once you’ve signed into your
hosting account.

For example, if you’re hosting your site with SiteGround, you can access cPanel
from your user profile in the “My Accounts” tab:
Once you’ve logged in, you should see a screen similar to this:
https://hostingfacts.com/beginners-guide-to-cpanel/

See cpanel and mail configuration on link above.

• A user's mailbox can be accessed in two dedicated ways. The Post Office
Protocol (POP) allows the user to download messages one at a time and only
deletes them from the server after they have been successfully saved on local
storage. It is possible to leave messages on the server to permit another client
to access them. However, there is no provision for flagging a specific message
as seen, answered, or forwarded, thus POP is not convenient for users who
access the same mail from different machines.

• Alternatively, the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) allows users to keep
messages on the server, flagging them as appropriate. IMAP provides folders
and sub-folders, which can be shared among different users with possibly
different access rights. Typically, the Sent, Drafts, and Trash folders are created
by default. IMAP features an idle extension for real-time updates, providing
faster notification than polling, where long-lasting connections are feasible.
• In addition to email clients running on a desktop computer, there are those
hosted remotely, either as part of a remote UNIX installation accessible
by telnet (i.e. a shell account), or hosted on the Web. Both of these approaches
have several advantages: they share an ability to send and receive email away
from the user's normal base using a web browser or telnet client, thus
eliminating the need to install a dedicated email client on the user's device.

• Some websites are dedicated to providing email services, and many Internet
service providers provide webmail services as part of their Internet service
package. The main limitations of webmail are that user interactions are subject
to the website's operating system and the general inability to download email
messages and compose or work on the messages offline, although there are
software packages that can integrate parts of the webmail functionality into
the OS
Basics of SEO, Importance of SEO, Onpage Optimization Basics cover these topics
from link below.

https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/why-search-engine-marketing-is-neces
sary
SEO-Search Engine Optimization
Search engine optimization (SEO) involves using a series of activities to get your
website up on the search engine results for particular keywords.

It is about increasing your website’s visibility in the organic search results of

major search engines.

The process of optimizing a website – as well as all the content on that website –
so it will appear in prominent positions in the organic results of search engines.
SEO requires an understanding of how search engines work, what people search
for, and why and how people search. Successful SEO makes a site appealing to
users and search engines. It is a combination of technical and marketing.
 Why is SEO important?
• The right SEO services is the deciding factor on whether your business will make it or break it.
• Having your business website at the top of the search engines will really help your business grow.
• Its always crucial for your business to have the website ranked on top of the search engines

• In simple terms, SEO is Google's method of determining which sites deserve to rank highly for each query
into its search engine.
• Without SEO, the search results can be easily manipulated. Those sites with the most number of links or
pages will be consistently #1
• SEO is crucial to ensure that the search results remain fair. It reduces the ability to manipulate the search
engines as much as possible.
• Engaging in continuous on-page and off-page activities and having a website that is liked by visitors greatly
influences search engine rankings
• Most marketing experts believe that SEO techniques work out cheaper in the long run compared to other
marketing channels.

• Whether your business is big or small, unsuccessful or successful, you need to undertake SEO services
• Different business have different needs for their SEO services. Usually, it’s factors such as
• Which keywords the business wants to rank for
• Amount of competition present for those keywords
• If SEO has been done in the past or not
• If the business website is facing a google penalty at the moment
Understanding search engine
results
What is the difference between organic (free) and paid search engine
results?

Organic search results are the web page listings that most closely match the
user’s search query based on relevance. Also called “natural” search results,
ranking high in the organic results is what SEO is all about.

Paid search results are basically advertisements — the website

owners have paid to have their web pages display for certain
keywords, so these listings show up when someone runs a search
query containing those keywords.
 SEO vs SEM
Both processes aim in increasing visibility in search engines.

Search Engine Optimisation:

SEO is the process of optimizing your website for the purpose of getting free
(organic) traffic from search engines to your site.

An optimised website is more easily understood by search engine crawlers

and this increases the chances of ranking higher in SERPS (search engine
result pages).
 SEO vs SEM
Search Engine Marketing:

SEM goes above and beyond SEO but it’s only a subset of your overall Internet
Marketing Strategy. So, SEM is the marketing process with a goal of getting
more visibility in search engines either by getting more free traffic (SEO) or
paid traffic (paid search advertising). SEM may incorporate SEO but also
includes paid listings.
 Did you know:
Ad results are not always the
most relevant to what you are
searching for online. Example
if you search for: ‘red sports
car’, an ad for “Porsche” or
“Ferrari” may comes up. Not
an exact match for ‘red sports
SEM car’, but they have targeted
Search engine anyone searching for ‘sports
marketing
car’ with paid advertising.

SEO
Search engine
optimization
How does SEO work?

• SEO is broadly classified into two types – On-page and Off-page.

• On-Page SEO refers to all the activities you undertake on the website to
improve your rankings.

• Off-Page SEO includes all those activities you undertake on other

websites that may affect your rankings
How to optimize your content for
search intent

SEO is a way to get more traffic to your

website.

By ranking higher in search engines, you

attract more visitors to your site.

Eventually, your goal is probably to sell

something, get subscribers or to attract
more regular visitors.
How to optimize your content for
search intent

A nice tactic to get more traffic to your site

is optimising your content for words people
“actually” use.

However, to really convince people to buy

something, subscribe to your newsletter or
to come back to your website another time,
you should take into account search intent
as well.
Understanding “search intent”
Search intent has to do with the reason why people
conduct a specific search.

Who, What, Where, When, Why & How?

- Why are they searching?

- Are they searching because they have a question?

- Are they searching for a specific product?

- Are they searching because they want to buy something?

Keyword Research
Doing keyword research is a vital part of your content SEO strategy, but can be
a long and difficult process. Keyword strategy is about the decisions you make
on the basis of that keyword research.

-Think about what words and phrases your

website audience may use to find your website?

- What is their intention when searching?

-Check whether it’s realistic to rank for a certain

keyword, especially if there’s heavy competition.

- Remember: you don’t have to add all of them!

Why is keyword research important?
Proper keyword research is important because it
will make clear which search terms your audience
uses.

It doesn’t make any sense to optimize for words

that people don’t use.

Often business owners use one set of words when

describing their products, while their target
audience use a completely different set of words.
These sites aren’t found by their potential
customers because of a mismatch in word use.
Keyword Research Tools
-Google AdWords Keyword Planner

-Keyword Planner Alternative For SEO

-KWFinder

-Google Trends
 Why are my changes not showing on the
search results?
Whenever you make changes to your website, you’re
probably eager for these changes to show instantly in
the search results.

Unfortunately, it can take a while for search engines to

crawl your site again and until then, it will show the
indexed version of your site in the results, without the
changes. Of course, when people click a link through to
your site they will see the changes, but you want them to
be visible in the results pages and update your ranking
too.
Ways to improve search engine ranking
- Eliminate duplicate content (meta descriptions, meta titles, or meta
keywords, body copy).

- Eliminate broken links

- Increase page (and site) load speed

- Update Sitemap xml

- Improve mobile-friendliness

- make it user friendly to keep visitors returning

On Page SEO

• On page SEO is very simple and can be done without much

effort but if done correctly, can be very effective in securing a
good position for our website in the search engines.

• The Search Engine Optimization (SEO) can be stated as a highly

specialized process of building a successful website.
SEO definition

On page SEO is defined as search engine optimization which

occurs within a website. It is a critical step for obtaining a high
search engine ranking for a web page.

SEO is the process of improving the Volume and quality of traffic

to a website from Search Engines via natural search results for
targeted Keywords.
On Page Optimization

On Page Optimization is the most important and complex part of

search engine optimization.

This website helps our search engine ranking through their keywords
need.

On Page Optimization refers to factors that have an effect on our

website or web page listing in natural search results.
On Page SEO Factors
1. Title tag Domain & URL Meta Keyword
2. Meta Description Unique Content
3. Alt attribute for Image Sitemap
4. H1,H2 tags
5. Bold Or Strong W3C Validator
6. Do follow and No follow
7. Internal Links and External Links
Title tag
Title tag is normally defined as
<title></title>.

Using important keywords in the starting of Title tag will be of great help
in getting good ranks.

Use keywords related to our web page in the Title Tag.

Always add a unique Title Tag for different pages.

The maximum length of a title tag to be displayed is between 60-70

Domain & URL
Before pick a domain name should know our target audience.
Try to use major keywords in our domain. Using a .com version of a URL is better
than other versions.
Hyphens in domain or file names less than 4 is good.

URL structure as an important element of a Web page's interface.

No more than 3-5 words in our URL. Avoid using random text and
numbers
Keyword
Use keyword phrases instead of single keywords.
Keyword Should be unique words.
Each keyword phrase should be found on web page.
Use commas between keyword phrases with NO spaces.
Keyword length is maximum 10 words.
Keyword Research :
■ Keyword Research is used to select quality keywords. Keyword is should be
relevant our site.
It is give the most competitor keywords.

Keyword density :

■ Keyword density is the percentage of times of a keyword or phrase appears on the

webpage.
Each Keywords is should be 2%-5%. Each Page keyword density is should
be 5%-20%.
Meta Description
• Create the meta description tag to attract a click and include keywords

• A lot of search engines display information from this tag in their search results if
this tag is present on a page and if its content matches the content of the page
and the search query.

• Most search engines ignore the description tag as far as keyword relevancy is
concerned.

• Most search engines use the Description tag to some extent when displaying
search results.
Unique Content
Content is the king for our visitors and for search engines as well.

Provide a good and unique content and make sure to include our keywords in our
content

The quality content increases our ranking in search engines like a quality content.

Moreover, the quality content even helps to get more inbound links to our website.
Consider 5-20% density of the keywords in text.

Formatting is also important to show the search engines.

The optimum page size is 500-3000 words

Alt attribute for Image
Search engines cannot read Image & Flash animations

Alt tags is the alternative text used for describing images.

Alt tags are displayed on the site when you hover over the image with your mouse.
It is also help blind people who are using text readers to read your page.

Alt tags are another place where you should insert your keywords to improve our
rankings.

For Example : <img src="images/services-pic.jpg" ALT="XYZ company's">

Sitemap

A site map is a list of pages of a web site accessible to users.

Its lists the numbers of pages and the overall internal link structure in
the site.

A Sitemap is still the best insurance for getting a search engine to

learn about your entire site
H1,H2 tags
• The H1 tag has long been thought to have great importance in
on-page optimization.

• Use of the H1 tag as the headline of the page.H2 tag is use

subheading.

• Separating our content with headers is a good practice as it

makes our site more readable and easy to navigate.

• Do not use H4, H5…… tags just because you want better SEO page.
Bold Or Strong and Italic

Using a keyword in bold/strong appears to carry a very, very tiny amount of

SEO weight.

There are numerous ways of making a word appear as bold text in the code.

The <B> tag and the <STRONG> tag will both display bold text.

Strong tag is search engine friendly.

Example: <b>Bold text</b>
<strong>Strong text </strong>

Italics tags <i> or emphasis tags <em> should not be used in our
content and to highlight specific relevant keywords.
W3C Validator

• Validation is the process of checking a page or website for

its compliance with W3C standards.
• This validator shows not only such trivial things like unclosed
quotation, undefined tags or wrong attribute values.
• It also checks the encoding problems, the compliance with
the specified DOCTYPE, obsolete tags and attributes and
many more.
Do follow and No follow
Do follow : It is stranded and trusted links. Search engine conceder only do
follow links.

No follow :It is spam site link not trusted links. Search engine not conceder no
follow links.

Example :

<a href=”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink” target=”_blank”>Do Follow

Link</a>

<a href=”http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofollow” rel=”nofollow”>No Follow

Internal Links and External Links

Internally link your pages to each other within the content.

Make sure that the keyword focused link anchor text is relevant to
the destination page.

Don't be afraid to use external links to support your content.

External links should open in a new window.

On-Page SEO Checklist

• Always start with keyword selection, research and testing

• Meta Description tag ALT tags
• H1 tags
• URL structure
• Internal linking strategy Content
• Keyword density
• Site maps, both XML and user facing Usability and accessibility
• Track target keywords
• Expect results in 6-12 months
Avoid things in on page optimization

• Hidden text / Invisible links

• Duplicate content

• Duplicate title tags

• URL variants of the same pages

• Off-site images and content on-site