CHAPTER 7 SOFTWARE

ENGINEERING
chapter 7
11/22/2023
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SoftwareEngineering chapter 7 SoftwareEngineering
 Objectives

After studying this chapter, the student should be able to:

 Understand the concept of the software life cycle in software engineering.
 Describe two major types of development process, the waterfall and
incremental models.
 Understand the analysis phase and describe two separate approaches in the
analysis phase: procedure-oriented analysis and object-oriented analysis.
 Understand the design phase and describe two separate approaches in the design
phase: procedure-oriented design and object-oriented design.
 Describe the implementation phase and recognize the quality issues in this phase.

 Describe the testing phase and distinguish between glass-box testing and
blackbox testing.
 Recognize the importance of documentation in software engineering and
distinguish between user documentation, system documentation and technical
documentation.
10.2
 10-1 THE SOFTWARE LIFECYCLE

A fundamental concept in software engineering is the

software lifecycle. Software, like many other products,
goes through a cycle of repeating phases (Figure 10.1).

Figure 10.1 The software lifecycle

10.3
Development process models

Although software engineering involves all three processes

in Figure 10.1, in this chapter we discuss only the
development process, which is shown outside the cycle in
Figure 10.1.

The development process in the software lifecycle involves

four phases: analysis, design, implementation and testing.

There are several models for the development process. We

discuss the two most common here: the waterfall model and
the incremental model.
10.4
 The waterfall model
In this model, the development process flows in only
one direction. This means that a phase cannot be
started until the previous phase is completed.

Figure 10.2 The waterfall model

10.5
The incremental model
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In the incremental model, software is
developed in a series of steps.

Figure 10.3 The incremental model

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ANALYSIS PHASE
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The development process starts with the analysis phase.

This phase results in a specification document that
shows what the software will do without specifying how
it will be done.

The analysis phase can use two separate approaches,

depending on whether the implementation phase is done
using a procedural programming language or an object-
oriented language.
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Procedure-oriented analysis
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Procedure-oriented analysis—also called structured analysis
or classical analysis—is the analysis process used if the
system implementation phase will use a procedural language.

The specification in this case may use several modeling

tools, but we discuss only a few of them here.
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9 Data flow diagrams show the
movementof data in the
system.

Figure 10.4 An example of a data flow diagram

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0Entity-relationship diagrams
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0 Another modeling tool used during the analysis phase is the
entity-relationship diagram. Since this diagram is also used
in database design, we discuss it in Chapter 12.

State diagrams
State diagrams (see Appendix B) provide another useful tool
that is normally used when the state of the entities in the
system will change in response to events.
As an example of a state diagram, we show the operation of
a one-passenger elevator. When a floor button is pushed, the
elevator moves in the requested direction. It does not
respond to any other request until it reaches its destination.
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Figure 10.5 An example of a state diagram

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Object-oriented analysis
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Object-oriented analysis is the analysis process used if the
implementation uses an object-oriented language. The
specification document in this case may use several tools,
but we discuss only a few of them here.
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Ause-case diagram gives the
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3 user’sview of a system: it shows
how users
A use-case communicate
diagram with
uses four components: theuse cases,
system,
actors and relationships. A system, shown by a rectangle,
system.
performs a function.

Figure 10.6 An example of use case diagram

Class diagrams
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The next step in analysis is to create a
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class
For diagram
example, for the
we can create a classsystem.
diagram for our old-style
elevator. To do so, we need to think about the entities
involved in the system.

Figure 10.7 An example of a class diagram

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0State chart
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5 After the class diagram is finalized, a state chart can be
prepared for each class in the class diagram.

A state chart in object-oriented analysis plays the same role

as the state diagram in procedure-oriented analysis.
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6 10-3 DESIGN PHASE

The design phase defines how the system will

accomplish what was defined in the analysis phase.

In the design phase, all components of the system are

defined.
Procedure-oriented design
In procedure-oriented design, we have both procedures and
data to design. We discuss a category of design methods that
10.17

concentrate on procedures.

In procedure-oriented design, the whole system is divided

into a set of procedures or modules.
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procedure-oriented design is a
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structure chart. For example, the
elevator system whose state diagram is
shown in Figure 10.5 can be designed
as a set of modules shown in the
structure chart in Figure 10.8.
Structure charts are discussed in
Appendix D.

Figure 10.8 A structurechart

Modula
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9 Modularity
means breaking a large project into smaller parts
that can be understood and handled easily.
The structure chart discussed in the previous section shows
the modularity in the elevator system.

There are two main concerns when a system is divided into

modules: coupling and cohesion.

Coupling is a measure of how tightly two modules are bound

to each other.
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Coupling between modules in a software system
must be minimized.
 the modules in a system are related.
We need to have maximum possible
cohesion between modules in a
software system.

Cohesion between modules in a software system

must be maximized.

10.20
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Object-oriented design
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1 In object-oriented design the design phase continues by
elaborating the details of classes. A class is made of a set of
variables (attributes) and a set of methods.
The object-oriented design phase lists details of these
attributes and methods.

Figure 10.9 shows an example of the details of our four

classes used in the design of the old-style elevator.

Figure 10.9 An example of classes with attributes and methods

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In the waterfall model, after the design phase is completed,

the implementation phase can start.

In this phase the programmers write the code for the

modules in procedure-oriented design, or write the
program units to implement classes in object-oriented
design.
There are several issues we need to mention in each case.
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Choice of language
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In a procedure-oriented development, the project team needs
to choose a language or a set of languages from among the
procedural languages discussed in Chapter 10.

Although some languages like C++ are considered to be both

a procedural and an object-oriented language—normally an
implementation uses a purely procedural language such as C.
In the object-oriented case, both C++ and Java are common.
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Software quality
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The quality of software created at the implementation phase
is a very important issue.

A software system of high quality is one that satisfies the

user’s requirements, meets the operating standards of the
organization, and runs efficiently on the hardware for which
it was developed.

However, if we want to achieve a software system of high

quality, we must be able to define some attributes of quality.
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Software quality can be
divided into
operability, maintainability three broad
and transferability.
Each of these measures can be further broken down as
measures:
shown in Figure 10.10.

Figure 10.10 Quality factors

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6 10-5 TESTING PHASE

The goal of the testing phase is to find errors.

There are two types of testing: glass-box and black-box

(Figure 10.11).

Figure 10.11 Software testing

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Glass-box testing
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Glass-box testing (white-box testing) is based on knowing
the internal structure of the software.
The testing goal is to determine whether all components of
the software do what they are designed for.
Glass-box testing assumes that the tester knows everything
about the software. In this case, the software is like a glass
box in which everything inside the box is visible.
 Glass-box testing is done by the software engineer or
a dedicated team.

Several testing methodologies have been designed in the

past. We briefly discuss two of them: basis path testing and
control structure testing.
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Basis path testing was
proposed by Tom McCabe.
This method creates a set of test cases that executes every
statement in the software at least once.

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Basis path testing is a method in which each
statement in the software is executed at least once.
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9 To give the ideaof basis path testing and finding the independent
paths in part of a program, assume that a system is made up of
only one program and that the program is only a single loop with
the UML diagram shown in Figure 10.12.

Figure 10.12 An example of basis path testing

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0Control structure testing
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0 Control structure testing is more comprehensive than basis
path testing and includes it.

This method uses different categories of tests that are listed

below.

 Condition testing
 Data flow testing
 Loop testing
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Black-box testing
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Black box testing gets its name from the concept of testing
software without knowing what is inside it and without
knowing how it works. In other words, the software is like a
black box into which the tester cannot see.

Black-box testing tests the functionality of the software in

terms of what the software is supposed to accomplish, such
as its inputs and outputs. Several methods are used in black-
box testing, discussed below.
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0Exhaustive testing
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2 The best black-box test method is to test the software for all
possible values in the input domain. However, in complex
software the input domain is so huge that it is often
impractical to do so.

Random testing
In random testing, a subset of values in the input domain is
selected for testing. It is very important that the subset be
chosen in such a way that the values are distributed over the
domain input. The use of random number generators can be
very helpful in this case.
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. Boundary-value testing
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3 Errors often happen when boundary values are encountered.

For example, if a module defines that one of its inputs must

be greater than or equal to 100, it is very important that
module be tested for the boundary value 100. If the module
fails at this boundary value, it is possible that some condition
in the module’s code such as x ≥ 100 is written as x > 100.
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4 10-6 DOCUMENTATION

For software to be used properly and maintained efficiently,

documentation is needed. Usually, three separate sets of
documentation are prepared for software:
1.user documentation
2.system documentation
3.technical documentation

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Documentation is an ongoing process.
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User documentation
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To run the software system properly, the users need
documentation, traditionally called a user guide, that shows
how to use the software step by step. User guides usually
contains a tutorial section to guide the user through each
feature of the software.

A good user guide can be a very powerful marketing tool:

the importance of user documentation in marketing cannot
be over-emphasized. User guides should be written for both
the novice and the expert users, and a software system with
good user documentation will definitely increase sales.
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System documentation
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System documentation defines the software itself. It should
be written so that the software can be maintained and
modified by people other than the original developers.

System documentation should exist for all four phases of

system development.
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Technical documentation
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Technical documentation describes the installation and the
servicing of the software system.

Installation documentation defines how the software should

be installed on each computer, for example, servers and
clients. Service documentation defines how the system
should be maintained and updated if necessary.
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11/22/2023 Chapter 1: Software and Software Engineering