I-You-She-He-It-We-T%ey w d e d yesterday.

I-You-She-He-It-We-Thev did not (didn't) work yesterday.

I QuasnoN 1 Did I-you-she-he-it-we-they work yesterday?
SHORT Yes, I-you-she-he-it-we-they did.
ANSW~R NO, I-you-she-he-it-we-they didn't.

1 s~~rausm 1 I-She-He-It was in class yesterday.

We-You-They were in class yesterday
I-She-HcIt waa not (wasn't) in class yesterday.
We-You-Thw were not (weren't) in class yesterday.
,
", ,,
W s I-she-he-it in class yesterday? '
Hkrrs we-vou-thw in class yesterday?
Yes, I-she-he-it was. Yes, we-you-they were.
No, I-she-he-it wasn't. No, we-you-they weren't.

0 EXERCISE 2. Present and past tlme: statements and negatives.

(Chapter 1 and Charts 2-1 -r 2-3)
Directions: All of the following sentences have inaccurate information. Correct them by
(a) making a negative statement, and
(b) making an affirmative statement with accurate information.

1. Thomas Edison invented the telephone.

-r (a) Thomas Edison didn't immt the telephone.
(b)Alexander *ham Bell itwented the telephone.
2. You live in a tree.
3. You took a taxi to school today.
4. You're sitting on a soft, comfortable sofa.
5. Our teacher wrote Romeo and Juliet.
6 . Our teacher's name is William Shakespeare.
7. You were on a cruise ship inthe Mediterranean
Sea yesterday.
8. Rocks float and wood sinks.
9. The teacher flew into the classroom today.
10. Spiders have six legs.
EXERCISE 3. Present and past time: statements and negatives.
(Chapter 1 and Charts 2-1 + 2-3)
Directions: Correct the inaccurate statements by using negative then f i m a t i v e sentences.
Some verbs are past, and some are present. Work as a class (with the teacher as Speaker
A) or in pairs. Only Speaker A's book is open. ..
Example: ( . . . )* left the classroom ten minutes ago.
SPEAKER A (book open): Rosa left the classroom ten minutes ago.
SPBAKER B (book closed): No, that's not true. Rosa didn't leave the classroom.
Rosa is still here. She's sitting next to Kim.
1. You got up at 4:30 this morning. ,.

2. ( . . . ) is standing in the comer of the classroom.

3. ( . . . ) stands in a comer of the classroom during class each day. ,
4. ( . . . ) stood in a corner during class yesterday.
5. This book has a green cover.
6. Shakespeare wrote novels.
7. A river flows b m the bottom of a valley to the top of a mountain.
8. We cook food in a reffigerator.
(Switch mks ifworking in pairs.1,lit;p ,.,
.
9. ( . . ) taught this class yr lay.
-
10. Butterflies have ten leas.
, * 11. This morning, you drove to school in a (name of a kind of car).
12. ( ...
) takes a helicopter to get to school every day.
13. You speak (French and Arabic). ~1.. : :
14. This room has (supply an incowect number) windows. ,; & ,
. . .
15. ( . ) and you studied together at the library last night.
~ --
'L. ! , , ,,.

JjlilC
. .
16. ( . ) went to (an impossible place) yesterday. , ,:, - 8

.:

-
t '-

EXERCISE 4. Present and past tlme: statements and negatives. :. ,..

(Chapter 1, Charts 2-1 2-3)

Directions: Work in pairs.
Speaker A: Your book is open. Complete each sentence to make an INACCURATE
statement.
Speaker B: Your book is closed. Correct Speaker A's statement, fust by using a negative
sentence and then by giving correct information.
Example: . . .hasihave tails. ...-y-,ini-,fi r;.:::.):..?:
SPEAKER A (book open): People have tails.
,I SPEAWR B (book closed): No, people don't have tails. Dogs have tails. Cats have tails.
B i i s have tails. But people don't have tails.
1. . . . islare blue.
2. You ate . . . for breakfast this morning.

*T%esymbol ( . . . ) means "supply the name of a person."

 3. Automobiles have .. . .
..
4. You. last night.
5. . . . sat next to you in class yesterday.
6. . . . is from Russia. HelShe speaks Russian.
7. . . . is talking to . . . right now.
8. . . . was late for class today.
Switch roles.
9. ...
left class early yesterday.
10. ...
hashave six legs.
.
11. . . was singing a song when the teacher walked into the room today.
. .
12. . wore a black suit to class yesterday.
13. ...
islare watching a video right now.
14. You .. .
last weekend.
15. People ...
in ancient times.
16. . ..
islare delicious, inexpensive, and good for you.

(a) talked = talWtl Final -ed is pronounced It/ after voiceless sounds.
stopped = stoplti You make a voiceless sound by pushing air through your mouth. No
hissed = hisslti sound comes from your throat.
watched = wat&tl Examples of voiceless sounds: IW, /p/, Is/, I&, Ishi.
washed = wash/t/
(b) called = cawdl Final -ed is pronounced I d after voiced sounds.
rained = rainla You make a voiced sound fiom your throat. Your voice box vibrates.
lived = liveid Examples of voiced sounds: N, 1111, Ivl, Ibl, and all vowel sounds.
robbed = robldl
stayed = stayldl
(c) waited = waitladl Final -ed is pronounced /ad/ after "t" and "d" sounds. lad adds a
needed = needad syllable to a word.

EXERCISE 5. Pronunclotion of -ED endings. (Chart 2-4)

Directions: Wjite the correct pronunciations and practice saying the words aloud.
1. cooked = cooW t / 6. dropped = drop/ I 11. returned = return1 I

2. served = serve/ d / 7. pulled = pull/ I 12. touched = touch1 /

3. wanted = want/ a d 1 8. pushed = push1 I 13. waved = wave/ /
4. asked = asW 1 9. added = add1 / 14. pointed = point/ /
5. started = start/ / 10. passed = pass1 15. agreed = agree/ I

28 CHAPTER 2
0 EXERCISE 6. Pronunclatlon of I D endings. (Chart 2-4)
Directions: Practice saying these words. Use them in sentences.
1. answered 6. finished 11. worked
2. arrived 7. fixed 12. invited
3. continued 8. helped 13. suggested
4. ended 9. looked 14. smelled
5. explained 10. planned 15. crossed

1 2-5 SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS

IND Oi DOUBLE THE I SIMPLE
CONSONANT? FORM -ING -ED
NO (a) smile smiling smiled -ing form: Drop the -e,
hope hoping hoped add -ing.
-ed form: Just add -d.
iKo helping helped If the verb ends in two
:onsonants learn learning learned consonants, just add -ing
or -ed.
k o vowels NO (c) rain raining rained If the verb ends in two
- One heat heating heated vowels + a consonant, just
:onsonant add -inn or -ed.
h e Vowel YES ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS If the verb has one syllable
- One ( 4 stop stopping stopped and ends in one vowel +
:onsonant plan planning planned one consonant, double the
consonant to make the -ing
or -ed form.'
lW0-SYLLABLE VERBS If the first syllable of a two-
NO visiting visited syllable verb is stressed, do
offering offered not double the consonant.

YES (0 pref+ preferring preferred If the second syllable of a

admit admitting admitted two-syllable verb is suessed,
double the consonant.

(g) play leg played If the verb ends in a vowel

enjoy enlww enjoyed + y , keep the y . Do not
change the -y to 4.
(h) WOW worrying worried If the verb ends in a
study studying studied consonant + -y, keep the
-y for the -in8 form, but
change the -y to -i to make
the -ed form.

(i) die dying died -ing form: Change the -ie

tie wb tied to -y and add -ins.
-ed form: Just add -d.

*Bxceptions: D o not double "w" m "x": may mowing, maurd,j%%,/i+ing,fi*sd

 EXERCISE 7. -ING and -ED forms. (Chart 2-5)
Diremom: Write the -ing and -ed forms of the following verbs. (The simple past/past
participle of irregular verbs is given in parentheses.)
-1NG

1 . start stavi-iczp]

8. hope
.-- ' 9. hop

-.-
-.,.
-
t. 10. help
1 1 . sleep (slept)
, 12. step
13. tape
14. tap

15. rain
16. run (vadwh)

-..- 17. whine

18. win (WON)

19. explain
, 20. burn

EXERCISE 8. -ING and -ED forms. (Chart 2-5)

rl? Directions: Write the -ing and -ed forms of the following verbs.
1

',I,
-1NG -BD
1 . open
" 2. begin ibe_sawbepd
3. occur
4. happen
 5. refer
6. offer
7. listen
8. admit
9. visit
10. omit

11. hurry
12. study
13. enjoy
14. reply
15. stay
16. buy

18. tie
rn a
:
-

0 EXERCISE 9. -ING and I D forms. (Chart 2-5)

Direcn'ms. Write the -in# and -ed forms of the following verbs.
. ,
-ING -ED
-
1. lift -- li#+kq - 1iFted
2. promise
3. slap
4. wipe
1!,: rl

1' ' 5. carry

&I..*!.
6. cry
'1 7. pray
-. 8. smile.

. ~~~.~
,',
..~
A. ~J

""'Lie is a nguhr verb when ir means 'not &Ithe rmth." L* is an irrtgvlPr w b when it means "pur one's body flat on
Jr.
a bed or anorher d a c e " : k,&y, toin.
 9. fail
10. file
11, drag
12, use
13. prefer
14. sign
15. point
16. appear
17. relax
18. borrow
19. aim
20. cram

- .

SIMPLE FORM SIMPLR PAST PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

RBGUIAR finish finished finished

VERBS stop stopped stopped
hope hoped hoped
wait waited waited
play played played
uv tried tried
IRREGULAR see saw seen seeing
VERBS make made made making
sing sang sung singing
eat ate eaten eating
Put Put Put pu,hg
go went gone Wng
PRINCIPAL PAPTS OF A VERB English verbs have four principal forms or "parts!' The simple form is the
(1) the simple form form that is found in a dictionary. It is the base form with no endings on it
(no final -8, -ed, or -kg).
(2) the simple past The simple pant form ends in -ed for regular verbs. Most verbs are regular,
but many common verbs have irregular past forms. See the reference List of
irregular verbs that follows in Chart 2-7.
(3) the past participle The past participle also ends in -ed for regular verbs. Some verbs are
irregular. It is used in perfect tenses (see Chapter 4) and the passive
(Chapter 10).
(4) the present participle The present participle ends in -ins (for both regular and irregular verbs).
It is used in progressive tenses (e.g., the present progressive and the past
SIMPLE SUlPLE PAST SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST
FORM 'PAST PARTICIPLE FORM PAST PARTICIPLE

awake awoke awoken lie lay lain

be was, were been light liwlighted liwlighted
beat beat beaten lose lost lost
become became become make made made
begin began begun mean meant meant
bend bent .. 'idbent meet met met
bite bit bitten pay paid paid
blow blew blown prove proved prmdlproven
break broke broken Put PU! Put
bring brought brought quit qut quit
broadcast broadcast broadcast read read read
build built built ride rode ridden
burn burnedmurnt burnedmurnt rbg rang -g
buy bought bought me rose risen
catch caught caught run ran run
choose chose chosen say said said
come came come see saw seen
cost cost cost seek sought sought
cut cut cut sell sold sold
dig dug dug send sent sent
dive divedldove dived set set set
do did done shake shook shaken
draw drew drawn shave shaved shavedlshaven
dream dreamedldreamt dreamedldreamt shoot shot shot
drink drank drunk shut shut shut
drive drove driven sing sang sung
eat ate eaten sink sank sunk
fan fell ~.,,,~wfaUen sit sat sat
feed fed fed sleep slept slept
feel felt felt slide slid slid
fight fought fought speak spoke spoken
find found ? , , ,,found spend spent spent
fit fit fit spread spread spread
fly flew flown . stand stood stood
forget forgot Yorgotten steal stole stolen
forgive forgave forgiven stick stuck stuck
freeze froze frozen smke struck struck
9" got gotlgotten swear swore sworn
we Bave . . . given sweep swept swept
go went gone swim swam swum
grow grew grown take took taken
hmg hung hung teach taught taught
have had had tear tore tom
hear heard heard tell told told
hide hid hidden think thought thought
hit hit hit throw threw thrown
hold held held understand understood understood
hurt hurt hurt upset upset upset
keep kept kept wake wokelwaked wokenlwaked
know knew known wear wore worn
lay laid laid weave w m woven
lead led led weep wept wept
leave left left win won won
lend lent lent withdraw withdrew withdrawn
let let let write wrote written
EXERCISE 10. Simple past: Irregular verbs. (Chart 2-7)
~)r&donc Complete each sentence with the simple past of any irregular verb that makes
sense. There may be more than one possible completion.
1. Maria walked to school today. Rebecca Avove her car. Olga
her bicycle. Yoko the bus.

2. Last night I had a good night's sleep. I nine hours.

3. Ann a beautiful dress to the wedding reception.

4. It got so cold last night that the water in the pond

5. Frank was really thirsty. He four glasses of water.

6. Karen had to choose between a blue raincoat and a tan one. She finally
the blue one.

7. My husband gave me a painting for my b i i d a y . I it on a wall

(>dinmy office.
1, ..#I,

8. Last night around midnight, when I was sound asleep, the telephone
. It me up.

9. The sun at 6:04 this morning and will set at 6:59.

10. I an e-mail to my cousin after I finished studying yesterday

evening.

11. Ms. Manning chemistry at the local high school last year.

12. The police the bank robbers. They are in jail now.

13. Oh my gosh1 Call the police! Someone my car!

14. TodayVictor has on slacks and a sports jacket, but yesterday he

jeans and a sweatshirt to work.

15. My friend told me that he had a singing dog.

When the dog ,I
%, i I.
my hands over my
~,?9r.<6t,,< !,
ears. .' ;.i, ,;.
,.I ,.
, , ,,
,,.A . ,

,( .; I.
> ,, r ,,, z!>!!,. ',>.

'. ', .,.

 16. When I introduced Pedro to Ming, they hands and greeted each
other.

17. I the kitchen floor with a broom.

18. A bird into our apartment through an open window.

19. I caught the bird and it gently in my hands until I could put it
back outside.

, T 20. The children had a good time at the park yesterday. They the
ducks small pieces of bread.

21. My dog a hole in the yard and buried his bone.

22. Ahmed . his apartment in a huny this morning because he was

late for school. That's why he to bring his books to class.

- EXERCISE 11. Simple past: Irregular verbs. (Chart 2-7)

w . 1
Directims: Complete each sentence with the simple past of any irregular verb that makes
sense. There may be more than one possible completion.
1. Alex hurt his finger when he was fixing his dinner last night. He accidentally
it with a sharp knife. ..* '

? ' 2. I don't have any money in my pocket. I it all yesterday. I'm flat
I' , ' , . ...,
..:,.rij.:
broke.
i. .!'..
3. Ann didn't throw her old shoes away. She them because they
comfortable.
I ! , ,.
1 - an interesting article in the newspaper yesterday.

. t..~
5. Jack his pocketknife at the park yesterday. This morning he
< -
back to the park to look for it. Finally, he
it in the grass. He was glad to have it back.
> 1 .<:- .- .
6. Mr. Litovchenko was very happy but a little nervous when he ,J ,, his
baby in his arms for the first time.

7. I Jennifer's parents when they visited her. She introduced me to

them.

8. A: Is Natasha still angry with you?

B: No, she me for what I did, and she's speaking to me again.

Pastllrne 35
 . , 9, I dropped my favorite vase. It fell on the floor and into a
hundred pieces.

10. When I went shopping yesterday, I some light bulbs and a

cooking pot.

11. The soldiers the battle through the night and into the morning.

12. I used to have a camera, but I it because I needed the money.

13. Jane didn't want anyone to find her diary, so she it in a shoe box
in her closet.

14. I didn't want anyone else to see the note, so I it into tiny pieces
and them in the wastebasket.
. .>: ,I! ?C fj.: ::,!L. ':
15. The children pictures of themselves in art class yesterday.

16. I have a cold. Yesterday I terrible, but I'm feeling better today.

17. Last night I a strange noise in the house around 2:00 A.M., SO I
up to investigate.
, . ,z.:.&,!/

18. Sam ran the fastest, so he the race.

I, ,: v' 19. My dog isn't very friendly. Yesterday she my neighbor's leg.
Luckily, my dog is very old and doesn't have sharp teeth, so she didn't hurt my
neighbor.
{,I'
.
. 20, Steve on the campfire
to make it burn.

21. When I went fishing yesterday, I

a fish right
., , ..,
away. But the fish was too small to
I, , .
keep. I carefully returned it to the water.
:;i! It quickly away.

37 Amanda a lie. I didn't believe her

. i ,,; i
'

because I the truth. - 1

W!%!
 EXERCISE 12. Simple past. (Charts 2-1 - 2-7)
Directions: Perform the action and then describe the action, using the simple past. Most of
the verbs are irregular; some are regular.
Work in groups or as a class. Only Speaker A's book is open.
Example: Give ( . . . ) your pen.
SPEAKER A (book open): Give Pablo your pen.
SPEAKER B (book closed): (Speaker B petforms the action.)
SPEAKER A (book open): What did you do?
SPEAKER B (bwk dosed): I gave Pablo my pen.
I .>,
1. Give ( . . . ) your dictionary. 17. Throw your pen to ( ...
).
8) 2 >
11 .;, 2. Open your book. 18. Draw a mangle on the board.
3. Shut your book. 19. 'hn to page ten in your book.
/ 4. Stand up. 20. Choose a pen, this one or that one.
5. Hold your book above your head. 21. Invite ( .. .
) to have lunch with you.
6. Put your book in your lap. .
22. Thank ( . . ) for the invitation.
7. Bend your elbow. 23. Steal ( . ..
)'s pen.
8. Touch the tip of your nose. 24. Sell your pen to ( .. .
) for a (penny).
9. Spell the word "happened." 25. Hit your desk with your hand.
10. Shake hands with ( . . . ). 26. Stick your pen in your pocketJpurse.
11. Bite your finger. 27. Read a sentence from your book.
12. Hide your pen. 28. Repeat my sentence: This book is black.
13. Leave the room. 29. Hang your (jacket) on your chair.
14. Speak to ( . . . ). 30. Take ( ...
)'s grammar book.
15. Tear a piece of paper. 31. Write your name on the board.
16. Tell ( . . . ) to stand up.

EXERCISE 13. Slmple past: questions and short answers. (Charts 2-1 - 2-7)
Directions; Use the words in parentheses. Give short answers to questions where necessary.
1. A: (you, sleep) DIAYO& S ~ P well last night? A

B: Yes, IX i I (sleep) slept very welt.

2. A: (Tom's plane, arrive) on time yesterday?

B: Yes, . It (get) in at 6;05on the.-dot.

3. A: go)
(~0% to class yesterday? '.
.I' ' -
B: No . I (SW) home because I
Cfe4not) good.
4 . A: (Mark Twain, write)
Tom Sawyer?
B: Yes, . He also (write)
Huckleberry Finn.
 5. A: (you, eat) breakfast this morning?
,,
B: No, . I (haw, not) enough
time. I was late for class because my alarm clock (ring, not)

0 EXERCISE 14. Slmple past: questions, short answers, and Irregular verbs.
, >, 2
(Charts 2-1 + 2-7)
Directions: Pair up with a classmate.
Speaker A: Ask questions beginning with "LMyou . . . ?" Listen carefully to Speaker B's
answers to make sure he or she is using the irregular verbs correctly. Look at
Chart 2-7 if necessary to check the correct form of an irregular verb. Your
" '' book is open.
Speaker B: In order to practice using irregular verbs, answer "yes" to all of Speaker A's
questions. Give both a short answer and a long answer. Your book is closed.
Ermple: eat breakfast this morning
SPEAKER A (book open): Did you eat breakfast this morning?
';YN:
SPEAKER B (book closed): Yes, I did. I ate breakfast this morning.

.iar 1. sleep well last night 6. lose your grammar book yesterday
2. wake up early this morning 7. find your grammar book
.r .:A .i 3. come to class early today 8. take a bus somewhere yesterday
4. bring your books to class 9. ride in a car yesterday
5. put your books on your desk 10. drive a car : (1 ;.'c, ;<:
Sm'tch roles. .'.< ' ':1'

11. hear about the earthquake 17. have a good time

../ I .;,
12. read the newspaper this morning 18. think about me
meet ( . . . ) the first day of class
,-' .:&', 2
.,. . . -:. 13. catch'a cold last week - 19.
, , '' 14. feel terrible
-
, . . 'I
20. shake hands with ( . . . ) when you fist met
15. see a doctor . -. .,_~
~. himher -,;. ; . , . .i- ;
16. go to a party last night
Switch roles.
ivptnt; i
21. buy some books yesterday 26. send your parents a letter
22. begin to read a new novel 27. lend ( . . . ) some money
23. fly to this city 28. wear a coat yesterday
24. run to class today 29. go to the zoo last week
25. write your parents a letter 30. feed the birds at the park
,I ;,:<,:I ~. .
,,s Switch roles.
f&,.<..:,
, 5 31. make your own d i i e r last night 36. break your arm
"\.: 32. leave home at eight this morning 37. understand the question
!i:3,.,. 33. drink a cup of tea before class 38. speak to ( ...
) yesterday
15 34. fall down yesterday 39. tell himher your opinion of this class
35. hurt yourself when you fell down 40. mean what you said

80 CHAPTER 2