PYTHON CHEAT SHEET

100 DAYS OF COD

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BASICS

Print

Prints a string into the console. print("Hello World")

Input

Prints a string into the console,

input("What's your name")
and asks the user for a string input.

Comments

Adding a # symbol in font of text

lets you make comments on a line of code. #This is a comment
The computer will ignore your comments. print("This is code")

Variables

A variable give a name to a piece of

my_name = "Angela"
data. Like a box with a label, it tells you
what's inside the box. my_age = 12

The += Operator

This is a convient way of saying: "take

my_age = 12
the previous value and add to it.
my_age += 4
#my_age is now 16

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DATATYPES P

Integers

Integers are whole numbers. my_number = 354

Floating Point Numbers

Floats are numbers with decimal places.

my_float = 3.14159
When you do a calculation that results in
a fraction e.g. 4 ÷ 3 the result will always be
a floating point number.

Strings

A string is just a string of characters.

my_string = "Hello"
It should be surrounded by double quotes.

String Concatenation

You can add strings to string to create

a new string. This is called "Hello" + "Angela"
concatenation. It results in a new string. #becomes "HelloAngela"

Escaping a String

Because the double quote is special, it

speech = "She said: \"Hi\""
denotes a string, if you want to use it in
a string, you need to escape it with a "\" print(speech)

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#prints: She said: "Hi" P

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F-Strings

You can insert a variable into a string days = 365

using f-strings.
print(f"There are {days}
The syntax is simple, just insert the
variable in-between a set of curly braces {}. in a year")

Converting Data Types

You can convert a variable from 1 data

type to another. n = 354
Converting to float: new_n = float(n)
float()
Converting to int:
print(new_n) #result 354.0
int()
Converting to string:
str()

Checking Data Types

You can use the type() function n = 3.14159

to check what is the data type of a
type(n) #result float
particular variable.

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MATHS P

Arithmetic Operators
You can do mathematical calculations with 3+2 #Add
Python as long as you know the right
4-1 #Subtract
operators.
2*3 #Multiply
5/2 #Divide
5**2 #Exponent

The += Operator

This is a convenient way to modify a

variable.
my_number = 4
It takes the existing value in a variable my_number += 2
and adds to it. #result is 6
You can also use any of the other
mathematical operators e.g. -= or *=

The Modulo Operator

Often you'll want to know what is

the remainder after a division. 5 % 2
e.g. 4 ÷ 2 = 2 with no remainder #result is 1
but 5 ÷ 2 = 2 with 1 remainder
The modulo does not give you the result
of the division, just the remainder.
It can be really helpful in certain situations,
e.g. figuring out if a number is odd or even.

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ERRORS

Syntax Error
Syntax errors happen when your code
print(12 + 4))
does not make any sense to the computer.
This can happen because you've misspelt File "<stdin>", line 1
something or there's too many brackets or print(12 + 4))
a missing comma. ^
SyntaxError: unmatched ')'

Name Error

This happens when there is a variable

my_number = 4
with a name that the computer
does not recognise. It's usually my_Number + 2
because you've misspelt the name of a Traceback (most recent call
variable you created earlier. last): File "<stdin>", line 1,
Note: variable names are case
NameError: name 'my_Number'
sensitive!
is not defined

Zero Division Error

This happens when you try to divide by zero, 5 % 0

This is something that is mathematically Traceback (most recent call
impossible so Python will also complain.
last): File "<stdin>", line 1,
ZeroDivisionError: integer
division or modulo by zero

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FUNCTIONS

Creating Functions
def my_function():
This is the basic syntax for a function in
Python. It allows you to give a set of print("Hello")
instructions a name, so you can trigger it name = input("Your name:")
multiple times without having to re-
print("Hello")
write
or copy-paste it. The contents of the function
must be indented to signal that it's inside.

Calling Functions

You activate the function by calling it.

my_function()
This is simply done by writing the name of my_function()
the function followed by a set of round #The function my_function
brackets. This allows you to determine
#will run twice.
when to trigger the function and how
many times.

Functions with Inputs

In addition to simple functions, you can def add(n1, n2):

give the function an input, this way, each time
print(n1 + n2)
the function can do something different
depending on the input. It makes your
function more useful and re-usable. add(2, 3)

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Functions with Outputs

In addition to inputs, a function can also have def add(n1, n2):

an output. The output value is proceeded by
return n1 + n2
the keyword "return".
This allows you to store the result from a
function. result = add(2, 3)

Variable Scope

Variables created inside a function are n = 2

destroyed once the function has executed. def my_function():
The location (line of code) that you use n = 3
a variable will determine its value.
Here n is 2 but inside my_function() n is 3.
print(n)
So printing n inside and outside the function
will determine its value. print(n) #Prints 2
my_function() #Prints 3

Keyword Arguments
def divide(n1, n2):
When calling a function, you can provide
a keyword argument or simply just the
result = n1 / n2
value. #Option 1:
Using a keyword argument means that divide(10, 5)
you don't have to follow any order
#Option 2:
when providing the inputs.

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divide(n2=5, P
n1=10)

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CONDITIONALS

If
n = 5
This is the basic syntax to test if a condition
if n > 2:
is true. If so, the indented code will be
executed, if not it will be skipped. print("Larger than 2")

Else
age = 18
This is a way to specify some code that will
be executed if a condition is false.
if age > 16:
print("Can drive")
else:
print("Don't drive")

Elif

In addition to the initial If statement weather = "sunny"

condition, you can add extra conditions to
if weather == "rain":
test if the first condition is false.
Once an elif condition is true, the rest of print("bring umbrella")
the elif conditions are no longer checked elif weather == "sunny":
and are skipped. print("bring sunglasses")
elif weather == "snow":

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print("bring gloves") P

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and

This expects both conditions either side

s = 58
of the and to be true. if s < 60 and s > 50:
print("Your grade is C")

or
age = 12
This expects either of the conditions either
side of the or to be true. Basically, both
if age < 16 or age > 200:
conditions cannot be false. print("Can't drive")

not

This will flip the original result of the

if not 3 > 1:
condition. e.g. if it was true then it's
now false. print("something")
#Will not be printed.

comparison operators

These mathematical comparison operators > Greater than

allow you to refine your conditional checks.
< Lesser than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Lesser than or equal to

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== Is equal to P
!= Is not equal to

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LOOPS

While Loop
n = 1
This is a loop that will keep repeating itself
while n < 100:
until the while condition becomes false.
n += 1

For Loop

For loops give you more control than all_fruits = ["apple",

while loops. You can loop through anything "banana", "orange"]
that is iterable. e.g. a range, a list, a
for fruit in all_fruits:
dictionary or tuple.
print(fruit)

_ in a For Loop

If the value your for loop is iterating

through, for _ in range(100):
e.g. the number in the range, or the item in #Do something 100 times.
the list is not needed, you can replace it with
an underscore.

break

This keyword allows you to break free of the scores = [34, 67, 99, 105]
loop. You can use it in a for or while loop. for s in scores:
if s > 100:
print("Invalid")

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break P
print(s)

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continue
n = 1
This keyword allows you to skip this iteration
while n < 100:
of the loop and go to the next. The loop will
still continue, but it will start from the top. if n % 2 == 0:
continue
print(n)
#Prints all the odd numbers

Infinite Loops
while 5 > 1:
Sometimes, the condition you are checking
print("I'm a survivor")
to see if the loop should continue never
becomes false. In this case, the loop will
continue for eternity (or until your computer
stops it). This is more common with while
loops.

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LIST METHODS

Adding Lists Together

list1 = [1, 2, 3]
You can extend a list with another list by
list2 = [9, 8, 7]
using the extend keyword, or the +
symbol. new_list = list1 + list2
list1 += list2

Adding an Item to a List

If you just want to add a single item to a all_fruits = ["apple",

list, you need to use the .append() "banana", "orange"]
method. all_fruits.append("pear")

List Index Start is included, but end is not.

To get hold of a particular item from a

list you can use its index number.
This number can also be negative, if you
want to start counting from the end of the
list.

List Slicing

Using the list index and the colon symbol

you can slice up a list to get only the
portion you want.

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letters = ["a", "b",

"c"] letters[0]
#Result
:"a"
letters
[-1]
#Result
: "c"

#list[start:end]
letters =
["a","b","c","d"]
letters[1:3]
#Result: ["b", "c"]

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BUILT IN FUNCTIONS

Range
# range(start, end, step)
Often you will want to generate a range
of numbers. You can specify the start, end for i in range(6, 0, -2):
and step. print(i)
Start is included, but end is excluded:
start >= range < end
# result: 6, 4, 2
# 0 is not included.
Randomisation
import random
The random functions come from the
random module which needs to be # randint(start, end)
imported. n = random.randint(2, 5)
In this case, the start and end are both
#n can be 2, 3, 4 or 5.
included
start <= randint <= end

Round
This does a mathematical round.
So 3.1 becomes 3, 4.5 becomes round(4.6)
5
and 5.8 becomes 6. # result 5

abs
This returns the absolute value.
Basically removing any -ve signs. abs(-4.6)

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# result 4.6 P

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MODULES

Importing
import random
Some modules are pre-installed with python
e.g. random/datetime n = random.randint(3, 10)
Other modules need to be installed from
pypi.org

Aliasing

You can use the as keyword to import random as r

give your module a different name. n = r.randint(1, 5)

Importing from modules

from random import randint
You can import a specific thing from a
n = randint(1, 5)
module. e.g. a
function/class/constant You do this
with the from keyword.
It can save you from having to type the
same thing many times.

Importing Everything

You can use the wildcard (*) to import from random import *
everything from a module. Beware, this list = [1, 2, 3]
usually reduces code readability.
choice(list)

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# More P
readable/understood
#random.choice(list)

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CLASSES & OBJECTS

Creating a Python Class

class MyClass:
You create a class using the class keyword.
Note, class names in Python are #define class
PascalCased. So to create an empty class □

Creating an Object from a Class

class Car:
You can create a new instance of an
pass
object by using the class name + ()

my_toyota = Car()

Class Methods

You can create a function that belongs class Car:

to a class, this is known as a method. def drive(self):
print("move")
my_honda = Car()
my_honda.drive()
Class Variables

You can create a varaiable in a class. class Car:

The value of the variable will be available colour = "black"
to all objects created from the class. car1 = Car()

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print(car1.colour) P
#black

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The init method

class Car:
The init method is called every time a new
def init (self):
object is created from the class.
print("Building car")
my_toyota = Car()
#You will see "building car"
#printed.
Class Properties

You can create a variable in the init() of class Car:

a class so that all objects created from the def init (self, name):
class has access to that variable.
self.name = "Jimmy"

Class Inheritance
class Animal:
When you create a new class, you
def breathe(self):
can inherit the methods and
properties of another class. print("breathing")
class Fish(Animal):
def breathe(self):
super.breathe()
print("underwater")
nemo = Fish()
nemo.breathe()
#Result:
#breathing

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#underwater P

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