MODULE 2

SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

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LOGIC GATES
Positive logic and Negative logic
What is Positive Logic?
In digital electronic systems, if the high value of signal is used to
represent the logic 1 and the low value of signal is used to represent
the logic 0, then it is called a positive logic system.
What is Negative Logic?
In digital electronic systems, if the high value of signal is used to
represent the logic 0 and the low value of signal is used to represent
the logic 1, then it is called a negative logic system.
 Clock pulse
What do you mean by clock signal?

A clock signal oscillates between a high and a low state at a constant

frequency and is used to synchronize actions of digital circuits.

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Types of Triggering
Triggering is the process of making a circuit active. Triggering allows the
circuit to take input and generate output.

There are two types of triggering

Edge triggering

Level triggering
Level triggering
level-triggered circuit will become active when the clock pulse is
at a certain level. Based on which level (HIGH / LOW ) the circuit
is activated level triggering is again classified as negative level
triggering circuits and positive level triggering.
In negative level triggering the circuit become active when the
clock pulse is low. Similarly in positive level triggering the circuit
become active when the clock pulse is high.
Edge triggering
An edge-triggered circuit will become active at a positive or
negative edge of the clock signal. When a clock signal goes
from low to high, it is called a rising edge (positive edge). A
positive edge-triggered circuit will take input on the rising
edge of the clock signal. Similarly, when a clock signal goes
from high to low, it is called a falling edge (negative edge). A
negative edge-triggered circuit will take input on the falling
edge of the clock signal.
 TYPES OF LOGIC CIRCUITS
Types of digital logic circuits are
combinational logic circuits and
sequential logic circuits.

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COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT
The combinational circuits have set of outputs,
which depends only on the present combination of
inputs.
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
A sequential circuit is a logical circuit, where the
output depends on the present value of the input signal as
well as the sequence of past inputs. While a combinational
circuit is a function of present input only. A sequential
circuit is a combination of combinational circuit and a
storage element. the sequential circuits use current input
variables and previous input variables which are stored and
provides the data to the circuit on the next clock cycle.
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
FLIP FLOP
A flip-flop is a circuit that can store a single
bit of binary data (0 or 1) . It has two stable states:
SET and RESET.
Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building
blocks of digital electronics systems used in
computers, communications, and many other types
of systems. Flip-flops and latches are used as data
storage elements. It is the basic storage element in
sequential logic.
 Difference between Flipflop and Latch
Latch
A Latch is an electronic device that instantly changes its output based on the applied input. We use latch to
store either 0 or 1 at any specified time. The "SET" and "RESET" are two inputs in a latch, and there are
two outputs that are complement to each other. We use latch to store one bit of data and it is a memory
device. A latch is just like a flip-flop, but latch is not a synchronous device. The Latch does not work on the
clock edges like the flipflop.

The latch is asynchronous because latch does not work on the basis of the time signal.
Flip-Flop is synchronous because flip-flop work on the basis of the clock signal.

A Latch is a level triggered device.

Flip-flop is an edge triggered device.

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FLIP FLOP
There are majorly 4 types of flip flops,
➔ SR flip flop
➔ D flip flop
➔ JK flip flop
➔ T flip flop
SR FLIP FLOP
➔ SR flip flop is the simplest type of flip flop.
➔ It stands for Set Reset flip flop.
➔ It is a clocked flip flop.

➔
SR FLIP FLOP
➔ Construction of SR Flip Flop By Using NAND
D Flip flop
D Flip flop
D Flip flop

0 1
1
3. 0

1 1
2. 0 4. 1
 J K Flip flop

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J K Flip flop
J K Flip flop
1

0 1
1. 3 0

2. 4 1
1
1
0
T Flip flop
COUNTER
Counter

Counter works in two modes

1.Up counter (0,1,2…..n)

2.Down counter(n,n-1,....0)
Asynchronous Counter(Ripple Counter)
Synchronous Counter
 2 bit Asynchronous up counter

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4 bit Asynchronous up counter
4 BIT ASYNCHRONOUS UP COUNTER
 1 Q1. 1 Q2. 1. Q3. 1. Q4

Clock

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4
2 bit Asynchronous down counter
2 bit Asynchronous down counter
4 bit Asynchronous down counter

Q0 Q1. Q2 Q3
4 bit Asynchronous down counter
Asynchronous up/down counter
Up

Down
Mod n counter
What is a MOD Counter?
A Modulus-M Counter is a counter in which M represents the
number of states present. M = 2n(2 raised to power n), where ‘n’
is the number of flip-flops required to design the modulus-M
counter.
The modulus-6 counter, for example, has six states. The value
of n, in this case, is 3. That means the module-6 counter
requires three flip-flops to be designed.
Mod 3 counter
Mod 12 counter
Mod 12 counter
4 BIT ASYNCHRONOUS DECADE COUNTER
[MOD 10 COUNTER]
SYNCHRONOUS COUNTER
REGISTERS

A register is a form of memory that uses a

series of flip-flops to store the individual bits of a
binary word, such as a byte (8 bits) of data. The
length of the stored binary word depends on the
number of flip-flops that make up the register.
SHIFT REGISTERS
The Shift Register is another type of sequential
logic circuit that can be used for the storage or the
transfer of binary data,and are therefore commonly
used inside calculators or computers to store data
such as two binary numbers before they are added
together, or to convert the data from either a serial to
parallel or parallel to serial format.
SHIFT REGISTERS
Types of Shift Registers
Basically, these registers are classified into four types
➔ Serial in Serial out (SISO) Shift Register
➔ Serial in parallel out (SIPO) Shift Register
➔ Parallel in Serial out (PISO) Shift Register
➔ Parallel in Parallel out (PIPO) Shift Register
SHIFT REGISTERS
Serial in – Serial out Shift Register (SISO)
SHIFT REGISTERS
Serial in – Serial out Shift Register (SISO)
SHIFT REGISTERS
Serial in – Serial out Shift Register (SISO)
SHIFT REGISTERS
Serial in – Parallel out Shift Register (SISO)
This shift register allows serial input and generates a parallel
output, so this is known as serial in parallel out (SIPO) shift register.
SHIFT REGISTERS
Serial in – Parallel out Shift Register (SISO)
.
SHIFT REGISTERS
Parallel in-Parallel out (PIPO) Shift Register
The shift register, which allows parallel input (data is given separately to each flip flop and
in a simultaneous manner) and also produces a parallel output is known as Parallel-In
parallel-Out shift register.
.
SHIFT REGISTERS
Parallel in-Parallel out (PIPO) Shift Register

.
SHIFT REGISTERS
Parallel in serial out
RING COUNTER
 'clock Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3

RING COUNTER
JOHNSON COUNTER
UP COUNTER Q1
Clock Q2 Q1

0 0 0

Q2
1 0 1

2 1 0

3 1 1
DOWN COUNTER
Clk Q2’ Q1’

0 1 1
Q 1 Q2
1 1 0

2 0 1
Q1’
Q1’ Q2’

3 0 0
 UP/DOWN COUNTER
UP/DOWN