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Basic Electronics

Electronics module 1

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7 views3 pages

Basic Electronics

Electronics module 1

Uploaded by

syedabdulla442
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Electronics OSCILLATORS TRODUCTION Oscillators are electronic circuits used to generate ac voltage with out ac input signal. In jer to generate ac voltage, the energy is supplied to the electronic circuit from a de source Anoscillatorisa useful device which are used in electrical and electronic measurements. er applications include their use in the form of clocks in digital systems like computer, TV, loscopes and in communication systems. Generally, oscillator is said to bea generator, generating sinusoidal signals, however, it not create energy but acts as energy converter, Oscillator converts uni-directional current mi form de source of supply into alternating current of required frequency. Hence oscillator socalled inverter. 1. THE BARKHAUSEN CRITERION FOR OSCILLATION Oscillator is basically an amplifier which does not have any ac input but it generally teson the principle of the feedback to generate a sinusoidal output signal. Thus, itis clear that negative feedback is used in amplifiers for their stability, but ifan sliferis to work as an oscillator then positive feedback should be made to exist. However, sitive feedback not only guarantees for generating oscillations but it has to satisfy a set of ditions called the Barkhausen Criterion. Basic invering ‘Amplifier ‘Ay" 180" phase shift Feedback 1 % network * 180! phase shift Consider an amplifier circuit with open loop gain of 4, the amplifier provides an output Plage of V, with external signal applied V, directly to input terminals of amplifier. The basic [a ’ Basie Electronics ak 0 ick netw es a phase shift of 180 and the feedback network is de: dp amplifier produc iy another 180° vA ae : Building up of Oscillations AB> 1 VA 4 AB 1, the output waveform is of over damped type that is amplitude of waveform il keep on increasing. If 48 <1, under damped that is the amplitude of output waveform will keep on de- ig 1.2, CLASSIFICATION OF OSCILLATORS The oscillators are classified based on the nature of output waveform, the parameters | rangeof frequencies. 1. Based on output waveform. a. Sinusoidal oscillator. b. —_ Non-sinusoidal oscillator. 2. Based on circuit components. a. RCoscillator. b. LC oscillator. 3. Based on range of operating frequency. a. Low frequency or AF (audio frequency) oscillator. b. High frequency or Radio frequency oscillator. 4. Based on feedback used or not. a. Feedback oscillator. b. Non feedback oscillator. 269

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