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Bibliometric
Bibliometric and content analyses and content
of research on technology use in analyses

real estate facilities management

Chioma Okoro 101
Department of Finance and Investment Management, College of Business and
Economics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Received 2 October 2022
Revised 3 July 2023
2 August 2023
Accepted 19 August 2023

Abstract
Purpose – Technological change drives transformation in most sectors of the economy. Industry 4.0
technologies have been applied at different stages of a building’s lifecycle. However, limited studies exist on
their application in real estate facilities management (REFM). This study aims to assess the existing
knowledge on the topic to suggest further research directions.
Design/methodology/approach – Scopus-indexed literature from 2013 to 2023 was examined and
visualised using VOSviewer software to output quantitative (descriptive) results. Content analysis was used
to complement the quantitative findings.
Findings – Findings indicated a concentration of research in China, Norway and Italy. The knowledge areas
included three clusters: lifecycle integration and management, data curation and management and
organisational and management capabilities. The benefits, challenges and support strategies were highlighted.
Research limitations/implications – More collaboration is needed across countries and territories on
technology integration in REFM. Future research using alternative methodologies is recommended, with a
focus on adopting and non-adopting REFM organisations. Further, implications for facility managers,
employees, technology suppliers or vendors, training, organisations and management exist.
Practical implications – Further, implications for facility managers, employees, technology suppliers or
vendors, training, organisations and management exist.
Originality/value – The study reveals the knowledge base on technology use in REFM. It adds to the
evidence base on innovation and technology adoption in REFM.
Keywords Facilities management, Innovation, Real estate, Sustainability, Technology, 4IR, 5IR,
Industry 4.0
Paper type Literature review

Introduction
Facilities management (FM) practices affect organisations’ functions, profitability and
image (Potkany et al., 2021). Despite contributing 5%–10% to the gross domestic product in
developed countries, FM is the costliest phase of a facility’s lifecycle, as operation and
maintenance functions account for about 80%–85% of capital project costs (Ensafi and
Thabet, 2021). This extended phase of buildings’ life cycle is exacerbated by limited quality
drawings and historical data, resulting in more complicated information flow and inefficient
FM (Duong and Lin, 2022). Two-thirds of the estimated loss in the capital facilities industry

© Chioma Okoro. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and Facilities
Vol. 41 No. 15/16, 2023
create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to pp. 101-128
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0263-2772
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F in the USA is due to operations and maintenance inefficiencies (Li et al., 2019). Effective FM
41,15/16 is, therefore, critical to ensure cost savings and improved quality (Potkany et al., 2021).
Modern FM considers physical, environmental and social interests and is applicable in
various fields, including manufacturing, hospitality, housing/real estate, health and general
infrastructure (Beckers et al., 2015; Macarayan et al., 2019; Nota et al., 2021). Its focal areas
have evolved over the years, from hard services, total FM, value-driven design, intelligent
102 buildings, workplace management, sustainable workspace and customer satisfaction (Nota
et al., 2021). Consequently, changing circumstances and focus demand a move with
technological advancements to align with organisations’ changing needs.
In Industry 4.0 scenario, FM is evolving because of new technologies that can enhance
the capabilities of roles devoted to the management of structures post-construction (Nota
et al., 2021). Research into technologies in various economic sectors has increased
exponentially. The fourth industrial revolution (4IR) era features ubiquitous connectivity of
machines, people and devices and yields unlimited but augmented information in
appropriate ways. In addition, organisations’ stakeholders are realising the possibility of a
fifth industrial revolution (5IR) future, where humans and machines are expected to act in
synergy (Noble et al., 2022). Recent 5IR talks have sparked research interest in ways to
ensure “harmonious human-machine collaborations, focusing on the wellbeing of multiple
stakeholders (society, companies, employees, customers)” (Noble et al., 2022), suggesting an
increased focus on impacts on stakeholders’ well-being and liveability since they contribute
to organisational performance. Understanding how to obtain benefits from new developments
with a minimal negative impact on costs or efficiency (Huisman et al., 2021). Digital
technologies are aligned with FM’s well-being and innovation goals and provide opportunities
for the management of operations for greater efficiency and cost reduction (Ensafi and Thabet,
2021). Organisations are increasingly turning to innovative workplaces to offer employees
more collaborative workspaces to improve productivity and the optimal utilisation of space (De
Bruyne and Gerritse, 2018; Valks et al., 2019; Sim, 2022). Recently, PropTech companies have
introduced digital technologies in operation and maintenance to improve effectiveness, service
efficiency and asset performance (Pomè and Signorini, 2023). Thus, the role of technology in
ensuring efficient and sustainable FM practice is critical.
Although research on technology in FM exists, few studies have focused on real estate.
Studies exist on digital technologies in FM (Nota et al., 2021), advancements and trends in
FM research (Li et al., 2019) and FM challenges and gaps in data management processes and
quality control (Mourtzis et al., 2020; Ensafi and Thabet, 2021). Further, Valks et al. (2019)
assessed the use of smart campus tools to improve the use of campus buildings and space
using interviews among Dutch universities and other organisations. Likewise, Evjen et al.
(2020) examined the effectiveness of integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and building
information modelling (BIM) for real-time monitoring of building condition. Other studies
undertook reviews on the use of smart technologies for urban spatial integration,
sustainable land use and value creation (Temeljotov et al., 2015) and cloud applications in
the field of real estate (Mladenow et al., 2015). Also, Adama and Michell (2018) explored the
influence of technology adoption on the well-being of FM professionals, but with a focus on
social sustainability impacts, including job security, work-life balance, feelings of alienation,
networks and overwork. Therefore, it appears that limited bibliometric studies exist on
technology use and application areas in real estate facilities management (REFM) practice. It
is essential to track research on this topic to identify hotspots and gaps to make future
decisions and policies, especially in 4IR times where digital technologies are ubiquitous.
Moreso, given the recent COVID-19 pandemic, technology adoption was heightened in all
sectors. Organisations had to adapt to the changing circumstances quickly (Nota et al., 2021).
Continuous research on using revolutionary technologies is needed to ensure that related Bibliometric
concerns are clearly and consistently mapped, intellectualised and contextualised to gauge the and content
impact of FM processes and practices and devise suitable sustainable strategies. Moreover,
although much research has been conducted on technology use within organisations, limited
analyses
studies exist that link to real estate FM, a view supported by Valks et al. (2019) and Carbonari
et al. (2018).
Therefore, the current study uses bibliometrics and content analyses to map existing
research and suggest future trends, focusing on REFM. The objectives were to: 103

map the research trajectory on technology use in REFM;

analyse the knowledge structure based on co-authorship among authors,
organisations and countries; and

establish existing themes on technologies used, associated benefits and areas of
application in REFM.

Future research on technologies in REFM is suggested, and practical implications are

proffered. The findings are envisaged to inform further research on technology use in FM
practice and engender more support for innovation and adoption by REFM organisations.

Literature review
Real estate facilities management
Real estate encompasses land and improvements, including buildings, fixtures, infrastructure
and utility systems. Thus, FM is a function within real estate. Thus, in addition to managing
the property portfolio of an organisation, how the physical structure and other business
processes and resources are managed are encompassed in FM functions. Therefore, supporting
the primary activities and business purposes efficiently and effectively is a key issue (Van der
Voordt, 2017).
Facility management is “an integrated approach to operating, maintaining, improving and
adapting buildings and infrastructure of an organisation to create an environment that
strongly supports the primary objectives of that organisation” (Nota et al., 2021:2). It entails an
“integration of processes within an organisation to maintain and develop the agreed services
which support and improve the effectiveness of its primary activities” (Temeljotov et al., 2015;
150). It aims to streamline support processes, harmonise employees, work activities and
environment, incorporating business administration principles, architecture, humanities and
sciences to reduce costs and improve efficiency and quality of life (Janoškova, 2016).
FM focuses on health and productivity, integrated services and work environment in the
UK (Li et al., 2019), facilities managers’ skilling and commitment towards a sustainability
agenda in Australia (Elmualim et al., 2010; Kamarazaly et al., 2013), process quality viz-a-viz
cost savings in Poland (Potkany et al., 2021), management of public facilities in Ghana
(Macarayan et al., 2019) and technology integration in South Africa (Okoro and Musonda,
2019). According to Philbeck and Davis (2019), such technologies and systems as robotics,
autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence (AI), machine visions, augmented reality (AR)
and advanced applications are being integrated into organisational processes and spaces,
thus altering behaviours, relationships and meaning. Therefore, this bibliometric research is
warranted, especially in this Industry 4.0 era, which focuses on the relationship between
digitisation, organisational transformation and productivity enhancement.

Application of technology in real estate facilities management

Different technologies have been applied in various fields and spheres. In the real estate
industry, technology has been used in the valuation and management of high-rise buildings.
F While there is some evidence of the benefits of technology application in REFM, such as in
41,15/16 data management, risk management, cost control and strategic planning, there is marginal
evidence in the current knowledge on how various new technologies can be applied in
REFM (Carbonari et al., 2018; Valks et al., 2019), especially to ensure cost reduction and
value creation, which are broad concerns in FM (Temeljotov et al., 2015).
Data management. The handling of complex information, which is sometimes vast,
104 creates a seemingly insurmountable problem in terms of data management. According to
Munawar et al. (2020), big data is the concept of enormous amounts of data being generated
daily in different fields due to the increased use of technology and internet sources. It
emerged as an amalgam of intersecting fields, including statistics, storage, technology, data
hosting and computing, data management, data refining, data patterns and machine
learning (Munawar et al., 2020). In addition, innovative and smart technologies can improve
the way information is classified, giving the opportunity to aggregate data and visualise
results to effectively communicate complex information (Temeljotov et al., 2015).
Technologies like BIM can help facilitate real-time data access during maintenance and
management processes (Carbonari et al., 2018).
Strategic planning and cost control. Through strategic leveraging of FM, it is possible to
collect, organise, visualise and communicate data as a means for strategic planning and
budgeting (Temeljotov et al., 2015). Knowledge of what it would entail to build and manage a
resultant structure and services therein is relevant at the beginning to reduce costs. These are
possible with BIM applications (Smith et al., 2016). New technologies like BIM can be used in
planning and studying the feasibility of non-capital construction and controlling and
monitoring energy use in buildings (Roka-Madarasz et al., 2016; Carbonari et al., 2018). Further,
telemanagement and light emitting diode (LED) technologies can be used to monitor electricity
consumption, as revealed by Cerezo-Narvaez et al. (2022) in their Spanish study. These
technologies provide wireless data communication systems, which can be remotely controlled
via handheld devices, including smartphones and tablets, to monitor electricity (Sung and Lin,
2013). Other than that, the IoT, which uses smart and non-smart mobile devices (object tags
and beacons), can be used to position and track objects, providing a smart approach to
managing facilities (Evjen et al., 2020). Other information technology (IT) systems, such as
integrated workplace management systems (IWMS) and energy management systems (EMS),
are beneficial in monitoring and reporting environmental building performance (Maslesa,
2019). Further, better cost management and control can be using computer-aided FM during
operation and maintenance (Roka-Madarasz et al., 2016).
Task efficiency. Task efficiency can be improved using technologies such as BIM and
automation. In a study that aimed to implement a BIM model for existing buildings,
Carbonari et al. (2018) found that including information that would support the management
of a single facility/portfolio can be easily performed in such a model. The study identified
tasks that are typically performed inefficiently during a building’s operational phase.
According to the authors, the implementation of new technologies to support business needs
during the occupancy phase of buildings has been lagging compared with other fields or
stages in the construction and building process. The identified areas where BIM can be used
in management processes include locating building components, managing space,
visualising and marketing, checking maintainability, creating and updating digital assets
and personnel training and development. Task efficiency can be improved in these aspects
using technology. These views are supported by Tarek and Marzouk (2022), who developed
and examined the usability of a smart app for utility maintenance and asset management.
Furthermore, the use of cloud computing systems and machine learning could improve
network service in real estate property management (Mladenow et al., 2015; Ye et al., 2022).
 Risk management. New technologies can be used to manage emergencies (Carbonari Bibliometric
et al., 2018). Munawar et al. (2020) developed a merger framework for smart real estate and and content
disaster risk management. The authors demonstrated that big data generated from smart
real estate in the form of occupant data, FM and building integration and maintenance can
analyses
be shared with the disaster risk management and emergency response teams to help
prevent, prepare, respond to or recover from the disaster. Further, technology usage can help
to identify systemic challenges in the quality, access and management of data (Shaw et al.,
2023). This avoids delays in the design of maintenance considerations and risk management 105
plans. Additionally, these help to reduce uncertainties and costs in the operational phase
(Smith et al., 2016).
Therefore, the benefits of incorporating technology in REFM functions are many-fold. These
include cost management, value-add, data or information management, risk management, task
efficiency and productivity improvement, as further highlighted in the literature.

Challenges of technology adoption in real estate facilities management

The real estate sector presents unique challenges with its static, long lifespan (at least
50 years) and cost-intensive nature (Valks et al., 2019). Consequently, the advancements in
technology and ever-changing technical requirements and business ecosystem exacerbate
concerns regarding innovation (Xu et al., 2019). New types of work and work processes are
appearing in the FM space and need to be accommodated (Evjen et al., 2020). However,
although the prospect of adopting technology is promising in many organisations, some
entities are sceptical and face challenges regarding this.
According to Ullah and Sepasgozar (2019), information technologies in property
management fails due to lack of attention to the governance dynamics in implementing
technologies. On their part, Zhang et al. (2015) opined that property management companies
are hesitant to adopt green technologies because of the large investment involved and their
lack of experience. The lack of experience was also highlighted by De Bruyne and Gerritse
(2018). Adaptive capabilities to keep up with new trends are required by organisations. In
addition, the increased autonomy of end-users with working with new technologies could
result in more independence and, in turn, less visibility within the organisation (De Bruyne
and Gerritse, 2018).
Further, digitalisation of the work process requires specific attention in terms of office
space, behaviour and work environment. This will then require digital tools and monitoring of
the work-life balance (De Bruyne and Gerritse, 2018). Other studies suggested sharing the risks
involved to cushion the impact of the large investment, upskilling and training of FM
professionals, appropriate relationship and change management structures (De Bruyne and
Gerritse, 2018; Ullah and Sepasgozar, 2019; Musonda and Okoro, 2022). The relationship
between management and employees also need to change to accommodate change
management issues while implementing new technologies. Moreover, capabilities and
upskilling are, therefore, critical in technology adoption, a view supported by Koch et al. (2019).
Although the above challenges may exist, the benefits outweigh the problems. Moreso,
given the ever-changing world of work, business objectives and globalisation, FM
organisations need to continuously adapt and find ways to mitigate the challenges and any
adverse impacts of adoption.

Gaps in related empirical literature

Studies concur that technology is adaptable by facilities managers for related real estate
activities. For example, Sarkar (2021) undertook a multi-case study of BIM and the
application of other digital technologies in REFM services in the UK built environment (BE).
F Ruan et al. (2022) applied spatial data-driven approaches for research using remote sensing
41,15/16 technologies and data on public facilities’ locations to analyse the impact on housing prices
in China. Further, Shaw et al. (2023) undertook an interview among six facilities managers
and three data managers and found that effective information management can help real
estate operators improve asset performance, reducing environmental impact. These are
most useful considering lifecycle thinking and asset management. This view was supported
106 by Hoeft and Trask (2022), who undertook mixed-method research to examine BIM-based
platforms and barriers in buildings’ lifecycle and stakeholder management among Swedish
construction and real estate practitioners; however, the study focused on the applicability of
one technology at all lifecycle stages.
Similarly, Vigren et al. (2022) explored innovation capabilities and ecosystems in the
Swedish real estate sector among 32 estate owners, associations and digital technology
suppliers. Although the efficacy of digitalisation was demonstrated, the study findings were
silent on the technologies examined and did not include FM professionals. The results,
therefore, only contribute to the understanding of technology integration in real estate
management. Further, review studies used either semi-systematic or integrative approaches
(Ensafi and Thabet, 2021; Mourtzis et al., 2020), which either focused on the applications/
mechanisms of the Industry 4.0 technologies in smart real estate (Ullah et al., 2018), cloud
applications in real estate (Mladenow et al., 2015) or broadly, on urban spatial integration
(Temeljotov et al., 2015). Moreso, Smith et al. (2016) study was from a design and planning
perspective; however, the authors acknowledged that all decisions concerned with cost,
quality, time, value or sustainability are interrelated. Hence, various actors’ values should be
coordinated before designing the project to ensure that their needs/requirements are
addressed (Temeljotov et al., 2015).
Therefore, although there have been contributions to an overview of the current research
status in the FM field, little is known concerning technology use focusing on REFM from
bibliometric and content analyses perspectives. This study, therefore, uses co-occurrence
descriptive and interpretive analysis to uncover the knowledge structure and progress of
research based on the matrices of networks and clusters. Co-word analysis was used to
explore conceptual work and knowledge trends across the REFM arena. As revolutionary
technologies evolve and research interests increase, a higher level of critical thinking about
future directions must be conducted (Li et al., 2019); thus, identifying REFM research and
future directions is crucial.

Methods
In undertaking this study, a systematic review approach was adopted. This involved
multiple review techniques to combine study findings from multiple literature reviews and
stages. According to Low-Choy et al. (2021), literature reviews can be structured as a multi-
method or mixed method. This process entailed selecting studies through scoping,
systematic review, clarifying eligibility by means of qualitative, narrative or model-centric
review; and ending with realist review, interpreting and adjusting review findings as
necessary. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses 2020
guidelines in Page et al. (2021) were followed. The rationale and study objectives were
identified in the existing knowledge context, and the methods (information sources,
eligibility criteria, outcomes, risks/biases and control) were specified. The results and
limitations are also presented in line with systematic reviews in the BE and
multidisciplinary fields where FM is applicable (Parida and Brown, 2018; Núñez-Gonzalez
et al., 2020; Page et al., 2021). The use of a semi-systematic approach was considered;
however, the data obtained through such reviews may have repetitions and inconsistencies Bibliometric
(Li et al., 2019). and content
Based on a systematic search, bibliometric and content analyses were used to elicit
quantitative and qualitative patterns and boundaries, revealing insights into a research
analyses
area. This measured research outputs and in-depth underlying meaning of concepts while
providing a framework of extant knowledge, as was done by Okoro (2023). This three-step
science mapping approach was also used by Tezel and Giritli (2021) in mapping knowledge
in the BIM-FM domain. The data collection and analysis procedures are described further. 107

Selection of database
The Scopus database was used to identify materials for the study. This database was
selected because it contains over 69 million abstract and citation records of peer-reviewed
literature in a wide variety of disciplines (Campedelli, 2020). Records from Scopus can be
generated and exported in a standardised format containing the title, author, year, keyword,
affiliations and citations (Song and Wang, 2020). Therefore, relevant and current literature
was accessible.
Further, although an alternative could have been used, for example, Web of Science, as it
includes important research papers and provides built-in analysis tools to produce similar
exportable files for further analysis, one database was deemed sufficient (Yu et al., 2020).
The “simultaneous use of other databases does not increase the number of relevant
documents due to duplications” (Aparicio et al., 2019). Scopus can give search results that
can be exported to VOSviewer for further analysis and has a similar content coverage as
Web of Science.

Search strategy and eligibility

The initial scoping searches were undertaken for materials in July 2022 using various
databases, including Google, Google Scholar and Scopus. Articles were considered if they
contained the relevant keywords, including real estate, FM and technology. To refine the
search scope and rationale, the researcher included other words related to technology and
innovation in REFM practice. The use of other relevant groups of terms in the innovation
and FM areas, for example, property management, integrated management systems, cloud
computing and computer-aided returned more articles. These were then incorporated in a
follow-up search in Scopus in May 2023.
One hundred and twenty-two documents were obtained for the period 1985–2023. Search
filters were applied to select the most current and relevant articles. The inclusion and
exclusion criteria included publications from 2013 to date. Ten years were considered to give
the most up-to-date evidence and thus an idea of the trajectory of knowledge. In addition, the
current year was included as it had gone halfway and could provide relevant insights into
the knowledge status. To evaluate the direction and maturity of the field, documents
including articles, conference papers and book chapters were included, as supported by
Hoeft and Trask (2022). There were no limitations on the “open access” nature, country/
territory, keywords emerging and funding structure. All articles were in the final
publication stage. Documents in the English language were then selected. Title and abstract
screening resulted in the removal of 25 documents that were full conference proceedings and
not directly related to technologies or FM, for example, housing investment and purchase
and urban planning. The remaining 46 documents were used for the bibliometric analysis.
The entire search string is below:
TITLE-ABS-KEY (“real estate” AND “facilities management” OR “property management”
AND “technology” OR “proptech” OR “smart” OR “digital” OR “innovative technologies” OR
F “industry 4.0” OR “4IR” OR “industrial revolution” OR “integrated management” OR “cloud
41,15/16 computing” OR “computer-aided”) AND (LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2023) OR LIMIT-TO
(PUBYEAR, 2022) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2021) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2020) OR
LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2019) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2018) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR,
2017) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2016) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2015) OR LIMIT-TO
(PUBYEAR, 2014 OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2013) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”) OR
108 LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “cp”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ch”) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE,
“English”).
The search procedure is presented in Figure 1. The export options of Scopus produced
detailed bibliometric information about the documents, which were thereafter exported into
comma-separated values format for further analysis (Campedelli, 2020; Yu et al., 2020).

Visualisation techniques
VOSviewer (version 1.6.16) software package, which has been widely used in bibliometric
analysis, was used. The networks of scientific publications, researchers, organisations,
countries and keywords were visualised and analysed through text-mining to identify
relevant noun expressions in coalition with a unified clustering approach, without additional
plugins in VOSviewer, as opposed to other software like Gephi, Pajek or Cytoscape
(Cherven, 2015).
The characteristics of and links between a set of items (network), such as keywords co-
occurrence, co-citation and co-authorship among authors, sources and organisations, were
analysed (Hosseini and Erfanmanesh, 2015). Such a network is represented as a set of nodes
and links with strength (indicating the strength of the co-authorship links) (Van Eck and
Waltman, 2021). The total link strength (TLS) attribute, which indicates the links of an item
with other items, for example, researchers, countries and institutions, was applied (Yu et al.,
2020). The density (node ties and nature of clustering or extent of relativity) was also viewed
(Hosseini and Erfanmanesh, 2015).
Further, keyword co-occurrence and cluster analyses were used to identify the research
status/trends among the same group of documents (Li et al., 2019). The co-occurrence

Initial scoping search (Google, Google scholar, Scopus)

Keywords - real estate, facilities management, technology

Follow up Scopus search using more keywords; N = 122

Publication year, 2013–2023; N = 82

[
[Excluded 40 documents,, 1985–2012]]
Document type (Articles, conference papers, & book chapters); N = 73 [excl. books & reviews]
Language (English); N = 71

Title and abstract screening; N = 46

[Excluded full conference proceedings, and documents not directly related to the topic; N = 25]

Figure 1. Selection for bibliometrics; N = 46

Search procedure
adopted
Source: Author’s work
network analysis is based on a mixed method of clustering and network mapping built for Bibliometric
data set mining and the selection of keywords (Okoro, 2023). The clustering technique and content
enables highlighting gaps and key findings and keyword ranking to characterise the
research directions and frontiers (Liu et al., 2018). Additionally, the distance-based approach
analyses
indicated the nodes’ relatedness; the smaller the distance, the higher their relatedness (Van
Eck and Waltman, 2014).
109
Content analysis
Content analysis was used to analyse the most cited studies as identified within the selected
documents. Content analysis is a systematic procedure used to examine recorded textual
information through the content, making valid inferences or conclusions (Elango and
Kumaravel, 2022). This provided underlying and in-depth explanations of the concepts
identified in the literature review and consensus in extant studies. The analysis at this phase
was related to the themes or clusters emerging from the study. Although using the most
cited papers may favour older papers, that is, those published more than five years ago
having accrued a smaller number of citations, highly cited ones are important nodes in the
dissemination and scientific information network and show the opinions over the selected
time (Ioannidis et al., 2014). A similar approach was adopted by Okoro (2023). The process
entailed sampling (establishing the criteria and identifying the documents, in this case, the
ten most cited documents), coding (reading and re-reading the selected documents and
grouping of common themes) and quantification or subjective description of features (Okoro,
2023). The integration of findings from both phases was done at the discussion stage.

Results and discussion

Productivity over the years
Figure 2 presents the publication trajectory (frequency) of the retrieved literature. It shows
the level of attention garnered each year (Li et al., 2019). The number of publications on the
use of innovative technologies in REFM fluctuated over the years. The increase in the
number of publications from 2018 suggested enlightenment on other ways of doing things
(culture) in FM at the time, as supported in van Rensburg’s (2018) book review, which
revealed that client satisfaction (not innovation or technology) was a major focus in 2017.
Thus, FM keeps evolving and shifting to accommodate changing environments and

10
9
8 8
7
6
Count

5 5 5
4
3
2 2
1 1
0 0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Year Figure 2.
Trend of publications
over the years
Source: Author’s work
F circumstances (Li et al., 2019). The significant drop in publications in 2021 is surprising
41,15/16 since one would have thought the debate on technology would be at its peak given the
incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic then. However, the awareness of the role of technology
in REFM peaked again in 2022.
Notably, publications on this topic were not indexed in Scopus in 2014, and only one
study was recorded in 2017. This is surprising since housing contributes to meeting the
110 basic physiological needs, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Providing a suitable
living environment through FM is important to sustain the physiological need for shelter
(Zavei and Jusan, 2012). However, the five publications so far, halfway through 2023, may
signify sustained interest in technology use in REFM. More papers will likely be published
on this topic before the end of the year.

Geographical distribution of research

In bibliometric analysis, geographic perspectives show the spatial distribution and country
links in scientific publications. The location variation and connectedness reflect the
country’s contribution and demonstrate where the most significant research interest exists.
Based on the data, researchers from different countries have contributed to the studies over
the selected period.
With at least four documents per country, the most productive countries were China (four
documents, 65 citations), Norway (four documents, 36 citations) and Italy (nine documents,
19 citations). However, there was no collaboration with any other countries, as indicated by
the TLS of zero. Notably, there is a dearth of studies in the African continent.

Document type and source

Out of the 46 documents, most publications were in journals (20 articles), followed by
conference papers (19) and book chapters (seven). Research articles are a notable source of
information dissemination. Conference papers and book chapters were also included as they
provide research ideas and trends on a topic.
The documents’ sources were further analysed using bibliographic coupling to reveal the
number of pairs of cited references in documents that have the same match key (Van Eck
and Waltman, 2021).
Out of 38 sources, the top documents with the highest links emerged. The threshold was
set at two documents and one citation per source. The top five sources were:
(1) Facilities (three documents, 38 citations, TLS ¼ 2);
(2) Journal of Corporate Real Estate (two documents, 37 citations, TLS ¼ 1);
(3) International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial
information sciences (two documents, three citations, TLS ¼ 1);
(4) International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference (two documents, one
citation, TLS ¼ 0); and
(5) Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering (two documents, three citations, TLS ¼ 0).

The TLS of 2.0 for facilities indicated cross-referencing with another journal; the others had
little or no links on the topic.

Analysis of prominent authors and organisations

The analysis of the authors’ documents and citations indicated their prominence. With the
occurrence threshold set to at least two documents and 12 citations per author, the top four
authors out of 122 were A. Mladenow, N. M. Novak, C. Strauss and S.M.E. Sepasgozar. The Bibliometric
strength of the co-authorship network was stronger (TLS ¼ 4) for the first three authors. and content
The last author had no links with authors (TLS ¼ 0), albeit with 21 citations. analyses
The top four organisations out of 76, with at least one document and 25 citations per
organisation were the:
(1) Department of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University;
(2) Department of Public Policy, City University of Hong Kong; 111
(3) School of Construction Management and Real Estate, Chongqing University; and
(4) Department of Built Environment, University of Greenwich, United Kingdom.

The network visualisations showed little links between these organisations. The greatest
TLS was 2.0 among them. An examination of the citation distance (network visualisation)
also revealed little interlinkages outside of the established research groups or organisations.
Industry collaboration is needed as technology adoption is key to business organisations’
functions.

Co-occurrence of keywords
The keyword co-occurrence analysis showed the scope and content of the research on
REFM. An occurrence threshold of two was set to identify the most relevant author
keywords. Out of 167 keywords, 28 were linked. The keywords with the greatest TLS were
collaboration, business models, cloud computing, cloud product, integration and software as
a service, with an occurrence of two and TLS of 14, respectively.
Figure 3 presents the grouping of the keywords) into clusters – purple, green and red. These
showed the relationships between the keywords; The relative importance of each item is reflected
in the circle’s size or weight (Van Eck and Waltman, 2021). These included the following:

Cluster 1 – Eleven items, including building life cycle, construction management,
construction safety, design for safety, digital twin, enterprise resource plan, FM
applications, facility managers, greenhouse gases, occupational health and safety
and workflow technology.

Cluster 2 – Six items, including asset management, benchmarking, BIM, computer-
aided facilities management (CAFM), FM software, hospitals, model-based systems
engineering (MBSE), modelling, operation and maintenance.

Figure 3.
Network of author
keywords
(visualisation results
from VOSviewer)
F
Cluster 3 – Five items, including absorptive capacity, digitisation, flexible work
41,15/16 environment, future of work, innovation, property technology, work support
infrastructure and workplace of the future.

These are named and discussed with the findings from the content analysis.

112 Content analysis of the most cited documents

The most cited documents were analysed using content analysis to reveal in-depth findings
regarding the authors’ perceptions and consensus on the emerging themes from the
bibliometric analysis. The findings from the top ten, with at least eleven citations, are
summarised in Table 1. The key objectives, methods used and findings regarding the
technologies used, applications areas, benefits and challenges are highlighted.
There was agreement on the role of technology in REFM. From the table, the
technologies explored in the most cited studies and thus the most relevant in REFM were
IoT, smart tools (data sensors and devices), AR, CAFM, blockchain, BIM, industry
foundation classes (IFC) data models, green building technology (photovoltaic-LED lighting
system), AI applications, digital twins, digitalisation and IT, indoor positioning systems and
cloud environments and systems. The application areas and benefits of technology adoption
in REFM were highlighted as enhanced data integration, management and transfer, risk and
disaster management, improved building condition assessment and monitoring, improved
task efficiency, cost planning, management and monitoring, improved energy management,
smart building and effective space management.
Challenges to the use or adoption of technologies in REFM were also revealed. These
include the large investment and long payback period involved, incompetence or inadequate
know-how for digitalisation and innovations, managerial concerns about implementation
and monitoring, system incompatibility and poor integration between departments and
actors, data ownership, a lack of good examples or referrals on the appropriate usage and
implementation, incomplete information, poor/inadequate infrastructure and inappropriate
applications/systems and the time spent in collecting information for further processing.
Strategies suggested to alleviate the above challenges include sharing of the risks involved
in the investment, training and upskilling of relevant professionals, structured approaches
for monitoring the condition of existing buildings and updating of relevant infrastructure
and environments (cloud and digital tools) for specific operations and purposes. Others
include national standards, contracts and specifications, involving organisations in the
planning processes for implementing new technologies, implementation structure and
dynamics (flexibility and change management), multidisciplinary and open-oriented
approach (involving all relevant stakeholders in the value chain), combining multiple and
similar functions in one smart tool to improve compatibility and integration, regular follow-
up to evaluate priorities and functionality.
These findings are further discussed and integrated with the clusters emerging from the
quantitative bibliometric phase. This is done in relation to other literature identified from
the initial scoping review.

Discussion and integration of findings

The findings from bibliometric clusters and content analysis are discussed hereunder. The
challenges in the related application areas are also discussed.
Cluster 1 – life cycle integration and management. The first cluster contained items
relevant to the entire lifecycle of a building, including operations and maintenance aspects.
This suggests that technology use in the design of buildings impacts FM functions.
 Key findings
Suggested
Document Citations Objectives and methods Technology identified Benefits Challenges strategies

1 Zhang et al. 63 Explored the use of green PV-LED lighting system Application of green Large investment is Proposed strategy –
(2015) technology contracting technologies in energy involved, facilities sharing of the risks
framework in efficient system retrofit management involved
implementing a PV-LED and new construction professionals’ lack of Training
lighting system in China’s projects experience and long
real estate industry Economic benefits and payback period
Interviews with environmental benefits
representatives from a for the project
real estate developer, stakeholders and society
property management
company and energy
service company and case
study
2 Carbonari 25 Investigated tasks and BIM and Improved task efficiency Some entities within the Strategy –
et al. (2018) data needs for an Industry Foundation during operations and model need supporting structured
integrated BIM and IFC Classes (IFC) data models maintenance BIM can be information, for example, approach for
model used to support building external information like existing buildings
Focused on operations and market analysis
understanding how the maintenance, and Barriers to the uptake of
information included in respond to short-term and BIM in FM – knowledge,
the integrated model can long-term strategy needs software compatibility,
improve task efficiency and managing day-to-day data ownership and
Questionnaire survey; 752 operations reliability of information
responses form
Facilities management
professionals in national
and multinational
organisations
(continued)

documents
Table 1.
Bibliometric

113

from the most-cited

Summary of findings
analyses
and content
 F

114

Table 1.
41,15/16
Key findings
Suggested
Document Citations Objectives and methods Technology identified Benefits Challenges strategies

3 Koch et al. 21 Investigated the role of Digital FM in general Integration between Problems with aligning BIM models and
(2019) digital FM in new (IoT, data sensors, AR, technical digitalisation, BIM models from design other digital
hospital projects in CAFM, Blockchain and competences, and construction to the systems should be
Scandinavia Interpretive BIM) organisation and FM system integrated to align
qualitative approach management of digital Lack of competences for with operations and
using literature review, FM. Information can be digitalisation management
document analysis and imported with data for Lack of good examples or National standards
two case studies; future digital operation referrals on the use of as well as contracts
consultancy reports and and maintenance Re-use BIM regarding and specifications
handbooks of object definitions and documentation for could help
acceleration of later operation and facilities Upskilling of
processes (avoiding management professional who
delays) Incompatibility of use them
systems, for example, Organisations must
different software will be involved in the
communicate, and clients planning processes
and the organisation do of new build
not necessarily have the
same systems
Time spent in collecting
information on
management and
operation and inputting
into relevant software
(for example, from
EXCERL to TIDA),
which is not done in a
seamless manner
(continued)
 Key findings
Suggested
Document Citations Objectives and methods Technology identified Benefits Challenges strategies

4 Roka- 20 To assess how to gather CAFM Cost management and – –

Madarasz and access data in monitoring
et al. (2016) computer aided facility Benchmarking –
management (CAFM) organisations can collect
system during operation benchmark data from
and maintenance their own buildings
management phase Benchmark information
Questionnaire survey available in an easy-to-
among Hungarian understand form
corporate real estate Opportunity to observe
companies on facility the differences of
management factors, sites building’s performance
(n ¼ 76) and buildings on Easy planning and
the sites (n ¼ 207); tracking of activities and
descriptive and inferential costs (equipment and
(correlation analysis, one- tasks including regular
way ANOVA and Box and cyclical)
Plots)
5 Ullah and 20 Developed a system IT Three quality Information technologies Attention to the
Sepasgozar dynamics model for components including in property management implementation
(2019) adoption of real estate system, information and fails structure and
websites service quality can be Dynamics that govern dynamics
Examined perceived improved the adoption are ignored
usefulness, user
satisfaction and
behavioural intention to
use
Literature review
(continued)

Table 1.
Bibliometric

115
analyses
and content
 F

116

Table 1.
Key findings 41,15/16
Suggested
Document Citations Objectives and methods Technology identified Benefits Challenges strategies

6 Xu et al. 15 Explored the use and AI applications Smart building is enabled The development of AI Multidisciplinary
(2019) need for a user-oriented applications often follows and open-oriented
digital service ecosystem a traditional, closed and approach
and business model in the product-oriented Study proposed an
smart building sector approach, which is not extended
A multi-method, suitable in an evolving comprehensive
interpretive case study, and ever-changing digital framework of the
real estate and facility business ecosystem 5 C – connection,
management operators in The delivery of digital content,
Northern Europe information is currently computation,
(Finland) experiencing limited context and
The case was VirpaD improvement in time, commerce
research project – a expenditure or A need for new
Finnish national digital performance value-chain-and
service and innovation ecosystem-oriented
project AI development
and big data
platforms in the
future
7 Valks et al. 14 Assessed the use of smart Smart tools (Wi-Fi, Smart tools support Integration concerns Unified approach –
(2019) campus tools to improve Bluetooth and wearable users, improve the use of among tools combining multiple
the effective and efficient infrared sensors) buildings and reduce the and similar
use of campus buildings energy footprint functions in one
and spaces Real-time space use can smart tool
Compared findings from a help users to make better
two-stage research use of spaces
process among 13 Dutch Better decision-making
universities and other and space management
organisations
Interviews with
structured and semi-
(continued)
 Key findings
Suggested
Document Citations Objectives and methods Technology identified Benefits Challenges strategies

structured questions, 27
cases
8 Evjen et al. 12 Assessing the IoT, which uses smart IoT can be integrated Implementation and Systematic review
(2020) effectiveness of using IoT and non-smart mobile with BIM to monitor the monitoring concerns of results and
for data collection and devices (object tags and condition of buildings regular evaluation
real-time monitoring of beacons) with the aim of and plan for performance to maintain
building condition positioning and objects improvement functionality/
Case study using one tracking that lead to a Enables effective data relevance
hospital in Norway smart approach in FM collection for FM as an
Indoor positioning organisational function in
systems are key to IoT large and complex
applications when buildings
integrated with BIM Improves quality, cost-
(Enterprise BIM – where effectiveness and client
the virtual building and satisfaction
building processes are
used throughout the
lifetime of the building,
and the outdoor
environment is combined
with sensors and the
companies’ own work
processes
9 De Bruyne 12 Explored the future Digitalisation, Increased efficiency of Capabilities to Upskilling
and workplace in The automation and IT organisations accommodate new work Joint priorities for
Gerritse Netherlands’ large Organised and dynamic ways and complex support services
(2018) organisations work processes; reduced systems Providing
Focus groups with office time to conduct admin Digitalisation of the work functional,
end-users and employees tasks process requires specific compatible and
of 11 organisations attention in terms of reliable IT
(public and private behaviour, office and infrastructure
(continued)

Table 1.
Bibliometric

117
analyses
and content
 F

118

Table 1.
41,15/16
Key findings
Suggested
Document Citations Objectives and methods Technology identified Benefits Challenges strategies

partners). Follow-up work environment, Strategic flexibility

Delphi study applied to a digital tools and Relationship
multidisciplinary expert monitoring of the work- management with
group. Results were life balance employees
further developed in a Adaptive challenges to
“pre-design” workshop keep up with new trends
Included knowledge- Increased autonomy of
based and administrative end-users makes them
organisations with more independent and
functions including less visible in the
facilities management organisation
10 Mladenow 11 Analysed the use of Cloud applications Flexibility – cloud usage Poor programming The improvement
et al. (2015) various (types of) cloud (advanced cloud may be quickly adjusted Poor infrastructure of cloud
applications in the field of environments such as to fluctuating demand in Inappropriate infrastructure and
real estate review pervasive cloud and resources, users are in applications cloud environments
intercloud control over both Integration of
infrastructures) performance and costs advanced clouds
Efficiency of processes; and cloud-based
enhanced speed and services with
scalability customised
Information is accessible solutions
to project members
Web-based platforms are
independent from
operating systems and
compatible with almost
every properly
programmed browser

Source: Author’s review

According to Zavei and Jusan (2012), the disconnection between designers and eventual Bibliometric
users is a dimension of the modern era that has resulted in a lack of attention to traditional and content
know-how and its associated skills and innovations. The incorporation of FM requirements
at the design, configuration and visualisation stage is critical to support operations and
analyses
maintenance plans, as well as achieve long-term building performance and enterprise
resource planning in terms of health and safety. Additionally, according to Manganelli and
Tataranna (2020), who developed and tested a software for estimating the depreciated
reproduction costs over time, BIM environments can be used to monitor the service life, 119
maintenance cost or optimal periodicity of maintenance and enable those involved in REFM
to adequately plan and monitor the costs of maintenance work, renovation or eventual
demolition.
However, in this aspect, infrastructure requirements pose a major concern, as identified
by the ninth and tenth most cited studies (Mladenow et al., 2015; De Bruyne and Gerritse,
2018). For example, intelligent and innovative modern access control systems, recreational
facilities and security systems will require more codification, frequent updating and
monitoring to ensure that the functionality and relevance of the systems are maintained
(Evjen et al., 2020). As opined by these studies, providing functional, compatible and reliable
IT infrastructure and updating applications with programmes relevant to specific tasks
within an organisation or department are essential to obtain the benefits from technology
adoption (De Bruyne and Gerritse, 2018).
Other barriers that could threaten the implementation of digital tools (like digital twins)
relevant for use throughout a building’s lifecycle are the incompleteness and unreliability of
information, as identified by Carbonari et al. (2018), the second most cited study. Moreso, the
lack of examples or reference projects where digital and other technology solutions were
successfully implemented was highlighted by Koch et al. (2019). These can be mitigated by
the direct involvement of facilities managers and technology experts in the design stage,
which has the potential to enhance knowledge transfer and reduce maintainability problems
during the operational phase of a facility. Furthermore, structured approaches for
monitoring the condition of existing buildings and for phasing in the implementation of new
technologies can ensure familiarity with tools and efficiency of tasks at the various stages in
a building’s lifecycle.
Cluster 2 – data curation and management. The second cluster revealed items related to
software and applications for data curation and management in FM, such as BIM, CAFM,
and MBSE. As opined by Munawar et al. (2020), data curation is at the intersection of data
analysis, refining, management and hosting, and the enabling technologies to improve these
processes. Likewise, findings from Temeljotov et al. (2015) reiterate the critical role of
innovative and smart technologies in improving information classification and visualisation,
thus enhancing REFM processes. In another study by Pogorelskiy and Kocsis (2023), data
management was found to be critical in improving the profitability and efficiency of
organisations.
According to Koch et al. (2019), the third most cited study, with digital platforms like
BIM and CAFM, information can be imported for future digital operation and maintenance.
BIM models and other digital systems can be integrated to align with operations and
management. This also alleviates the problems with aligning BIM models from design and
construction to the FM system; thus, reducing system incompatibility and poor integration
between departments and actors (Koch et al., 2019; Valks et al., 2019). These views are
consistent with the views expressed in Roka-Madarasz et al. (2016), the fourth most cited
study, which assessed how to gather and access data in CAFM system during the operation
and maintenance management phase. According to the study, the use of technologies allows
F organisations to collect benchmark data from their building easily, thus enabling efficient
41,15/16 planning and tracking of activities and costs for equipment as well as regular and cyclical or
scheduled maintenance. This provides an opportunity to observe the differences in a
building’s performance over time.
Moreover, managing facilities failure using technologies could help to identify recurring
issues, unregistered assets, weaknesses in disposal and maintenance, as well as
120 misappropriated and functionally depreciated assets (Aziz et al., 2016). These views were
consistent with findings by Naticchia et al. (2020) and Duong and Lin (2022), who developed
reality model-based frameworks to enable semantic information input and real-time
updating of data in the digital models for existing building without historical data using
point cloud model. Machine learning and other technologies can also be integrated into real
estate property management to improve the network service of intelligent communities (Ye
et al., 2022).
Further, building management systems help to improve efficiency at the FM stage.
Formalised data systems could be put in place to connect centres from the design to
operational stages and keep employees and stakeholders (Aziz et al., 2016). This will also
allow for the creation of scheduled maintenance and preparation for emergencies. A robust
planning management system that incorporates innovation and new technologies in
delivering expected productivity levels cannot be over-emphasised. Since FM entails
streamlining processes for increased productivity and quality at minimal cost, integrating
new technologies benefits organisations (Potkany et al., 2021).
Therefore, preparation for the proper operation of data centres and the implementation of
any new technology is essential (Pogorelskiy and Kocsis, 2023). According to Sporsem et al.
(2021), facilities managers must ensure that such data curation processes influence how data
comes to be (quality and availability) and the degree of access to the people who need the
information to fulfil their various functions and needs. This ensures that data flow is
maintained and information reaches all the parties or stakeholders involved in the REFM
life cycle.
Cluster 3 – organisational and management capabilities. This cluster contained aspects
relating to an organisation’s systems and relevance of technology in the processes and
products within an organisation, given new or recent developments that could impact the
future workplace. The items included absorptive capacity, digitisation, flexible work
environment, future of work, innovation, property technology, work support infrastructure
and workplace of the future.
Absorptive capacity refers to a firm’s capability to recognise the value of innovation,
which influences its propensity to adopt innovative technologies in its products and
processes (Sancho-Zamora et al., 2021). Organisations increasingly recognised the need for
computerised support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Computerised support improves how
facilities are operated and maintained, thus improving decision-making and management.
For example, adopting BIM in mainstream FM functions that encompass multiple
disciplines ensures higher functionality of the BE by integrating people, places, processes
and technology (Aziz et al., 2016). Innovative methods are particularly of interest in BE
organisations, where intricate cross-disciplinary problems necessitate collaboration and
unified solutions are drawn from various disciplines (Parida and Brown, 2018). According to
Naticchia et al. (2020), manual retrieval of technical specifications and features of building
components and their performance assessment leads to increased cost and time and
efficiency reduction, especially during the FM stage. For example, BIM and cloud computing
tools enable communication and real-time updating of data with repositories in digital
models, which are sharable and accessible via a cloud platform by various actors involved in Bibliometric
FM. These views were supported in the tenth most cited study (Mladenow et al., 2015). and content
Furthermore, IT systems like IWMS and EMS can be used in benchmarking and
monitoring environmental building performance (Maslesa, 2019). These views align with
analyses
findings by De Bruyne and Gerritse (2018), which investigated the future of the workplace
using focus group discussions among office end-users and employees of 11 organisations
and the Delphi study. The study found that digitalisation, automation and IT increase the
efficiency of organisations. Management can use workflow technologies and other database- 121
driven software for space planning (Head, 2018).
Additionally, cloud environments like online databases and computerised methods are
flexible, fast and scalable and provide integrated design and documentation processes that
are relevant to FM at present and in the future. However, these may differ across the real
estate value chain. In keeping with Mladenow et al. (2015) views, advanced cloud
environments such as pervasive cloud and intercloud infrastructures are still in their
infancy but promising for REFM. Thus, the more advanced environments may be difficult
to adopt but should be introduced in certain FM spheres. This implies that training at
different levels is required for different FM needs and functions, a view supported in four of
the most cited studies (Zhang et al., 2015; Carbonari et al., 2018; De Bruyne and Gerritse,
2018; Koch et al., 2019).
This theme also relates to operational knowledge to work with technologies. Operational
knowledge is crucial during the planning and installation of the technologies and
management should be involved. In Sancho-Zamora et al. (2021) view, assimilating external
knowledge from outside the organisation also helps to improve routines and procedures for
analysing, processing, interpreting and understanding information (Sancho-Zamora et al.,
2021).
As opined by Okoro (2023), sustainability is becoming increasingly relevant in FM today.
Investing in technologies helps in cost-effective FM and project management, avoiding
substantial repetitive work that could be costly and time-consuming and enhancing
environmental and energy management (Makosinski, 2023). Therefore, implementing
technologies with a futuristic focus and intent are critical to ensure sustainability of
organisations in terms of cost-effective processes, quality products and time savings.

Implications for future research

Given the dearth of literature indexed in Scopus in African countries, more research is
needed thereof. Also, transdisciplinary research to design innovative workplaces that are
adaptable to economic, social, technological and organisational drivers of change is needed,
as opined by Sim (2022). In addition, only one study, Adama and Michell (2018), was found
through Google Scholar that focused on the adverse impacts of technology adoption on FM
professionals. More studies are needed as the social sustainability of REFM could be
threatened by job insecurities, feelings of alienation and poor work-life balance, a view
supported by Adama and Michell (2018).
Although studies demonstrate the efficacy of these technologies, for example, Valks et al.
(2019) and Evjen et al. (2020), there are no studies on the degree of learning from the
experience of use, that is, from the end-users’ perspectives. This could be the focus of future
studies. In addition, as supported by Nota et al. (2021) and Guerin and Slember (2021), given
the incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to reevaluate business priorities and
constantly monitor performance, the introduction of new technologies and identify
opportunities and areas of technical requirements are now more critical. Organisations will
not only benefit from responding optimally to changing needs but will increase value-add to
F end users, occupants, and employees. As opined by Bakker and Veuger (2021), the value-add
41,15/16 from FM is difficult to measure, except in cost reduction and risk aversion terms. Therefore,
a move with the times towards technological advancement will contribute to delivering
optimal services and experience at lowered costs to relevant stakeholders in line with
changing needs. Moreover, the world is evolving towards a synergy between humans and
machines in the 5IR era, a view supported by Noble et al. (2022). The possibility that
122 organisations’ stakeholders will realise a future where humans and machines act in synergy
is becoming greater, and the FM sector should not be left behind.
Future research could be undertaken to assess the level of use in FM organisations and
for what purposes using primary research techniques. Real estate firms use some form of
technology, but there may be challenges regarding its use. Consequently, a focus on non-
adopting organisations to assess the technology requirements and reasons for lack of (or low
level) of adoption irrespective of the need in business operations will be beneficial in
devising strategies to support such organisations and the FM industry in moving with the
times. As supported by De Bruyne and Gerritse (2018) and Bakker and Veuger (2021), the
future is digital and data-driven, and there are limited studies in this area in the FM arena.
Additionally, quantitative techniques could be used to evaluate the impact of the
identified technologies and benefits on the performance of technology-adopting FM firms.
Previous studies revealed technology adoption influencers among management-level
professionals, for example, Okoro et al. (2023), which identified the determinants of
immersive (advanced) technology acceptance in the construction industry. However, this
was focused on activities in the construction stage. Hence, future studies could deal with
employees’ intention to use and usage attitude in the post-construction (operation and
maintenance) stage.

Practical implications
Digitisation and innovation are key inputs in business processes to ensure continued
operations and management (Fadzil, 2019). Congruent to those, the future of FM requires
expertise in building, installing and applying algorithms and the necessary protocols at an
advanced level (Sarkar, 2021). New technologies are essential in tackling evolving business
challenges and needs in the Industry 4.0, post-COVID-19 and 5IR era. Therefore, the concern
is no longer that of awareness but how to use and integrate the technologies in REFM
activities. Organisations need to understand the impact of the usage or lack thereof on
business objectives, values and competitive advantage going forward, as concurred by
Janoškova (2016). More so, introducing technologies can be done in an integrative and
responsive manner, integrating high and low technology solutions and easing the employees
into it as they familiarise themselves with the new systems in response to their needs, a view
shared by Arabshahi et al. (2017). This is crucial because employees’ behavioural intention
and usage attitude, as well as organisation readiness, can influence innovation diffusion and
technology implementation, and with specific users’ evolving work requirements, complex
and generic solutions may take time to implement in different contexts and practices
(Greenhalgh et al., 2017; Okoro et al., 2023).
Further, since the FM practice is evolving in the light of recent occurrences and
technological advancements, employees in various FM roles should be capacitated to use
technology through training by vendors on the appropriate usage. Moreso, because there
might be difficulties or disillusionment regarding its usage; technology vendors should
guide organisations in appropriate ways to adopt new technologies to their benefit. Other
than that, they should be organisation of usability challenges and choose homogenous
products for similar and adaptable functions, for example, training in technologies for data Bibliometric
centre curation and management and information transfer. and content
Management should introduce new technologies in phases or by degrees. This is
important because the levels of difficulty for individual users and companies may differ. It is
analyses
also important for organisations to deliberate on who will use various tools or technologies
while planning to adopt to ensure relevance and achieve cost reduction, task efficiency and
risk management. These are critical areas in FM (Carbonari et al., 2018; Munawar et al.,
2020; Tarek and Marzouk, 2022). In addition, adopting new technologies may not be well 123
received by the intended users, a view supported by Okoro et al. (2023). Consequently,
attention to how employees perceive changes in the workplace and change management
systems is critical as this may affect adoption, a view supported by Musonda and Okoro
(2022) and Sim (2022). Intended or new users should embrace new learning opportunities to
increase capabilities in their roles in the management of buildings and structures and
ultimately improve productivity.
On the government’s part, cost-sharing avenues could be provided to support real estate
firms in implementing new or innovative technologies for specific FM functions. Supportive
regulations, standards and specifications are critical to encourage technology integration
and ensure sustainability (Koch et al., 2019).
Construction stakeholders and consortiums should involve facilities managers in the
project initiation stage as they are critical to post-construction successes like maintenance
and knowledge transfer. In turn, the sustainability of structures, the BE and FM practice
will be ensured.

Conclusion
The study set out to consolidate information from published research on the use of
technology in FM, with a specific focus on real estate. Relevant information about the
connections and grouping of studies published by various authors, organisations and
countries were produced from bibliometric and content analyses. An author-based
bibliographic co-occurrence analysis, organisation knowledge networks yielded three
clusters of keywords. The emerging themes include lifecycle integration and management,
data curation and management and organisation and management capabilities. These
highlighted the significance of technology adoption, albeit in varying degrees, to ensure
appropriate and assured behavioural intention and usage and sustenance of the FM
workplace in the future. The key stakeholders are facility managers, property owners, real
estate managers and the government, who aim to organisation and improve future practices
in REFM. The findings will also be beneficial to technology suppliers and vendors to
appropriately train organisation personnel according to business objectives and
requirements to improve task efficiency and risk management.
Broadly, the study findings contribute to the dialogue on the subject by using
bibliometrics for the analysis of networks, such as the trends of research work, how these
studies build on each other’s knowledge via co-citation, and the evolution over time. The
authorship or productivity was mostly in China, Norway and Italy, with little collaboration
among the authors. The study also identified the core journals and authors in the
investigated area, which can help future researchers on this topic to locate relevant materials
for gap analysis and critical literature review. They can draw on these findings to further
identify hotspots and collaborative opportunities for real estate innovation and
sustainability research.
Further, based on the findings, more research is needed in other territories or regions,
including Africa. The world is moving on to the 5IR, and no industry, country or economy
F should be left behind. Additionally, enhancing facilities managers’ capabilities to use
41,15/16 technology could be the focus of future research. This is especially important in policymaking
in developing countries (Global South), where the adoption and implementation of various
technologies are still developing, and the contexts do not adequately support awareness and
training of facilities managers.
The first research limitation lies in using one database (Scopus) to identify the documents
124 included in the analysis. However, the search filters applied helped to ensure that a broad range
of articles could still be analysed and organisation for reliable results. The mixed methods
(quantitative bibliometric and qualitative content analyses) also provided useful insights on the
technologies used in various REFM areas, the benefits and challenges thereof. Future studies
using primary research approaches could elicit useful qualitative and quantitative information
to promote increased adoption of technology in REFM organisations. In addition, the use of the
most cited papers, thus favouring older papers, may have unintentionally introduced an
element of bias. Future studies may apply another metric, such as the most recent publications,
to espouse meaning regarding the bibliometric themes and trends.

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Corresponding author
Chioma Okoro can be contacted at: [email protected]

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