Water Resources Engineering 3.

Mediterranean and Near East area, dams,

canals, aqueducts, sewer systems
Introduction City of Rome, an irrigation 381 miles of
aqueducts to bring water there
 Hydrology – study of occurrence and 4. 250 BC, Szechuan Province of China, an
distribution of natural waters of the earth irrigation project there is still in use
(involves assessment of probability) 5. AD 1100 by Hohokam Indians, ruins of an
 water resources engineering – branch of civil elaborate and extensive irrigation project
engineering that deals with the conception, constructed (now Arizona, similar Aztec
planning, design, construction, and operation of works in Mexico)
facilities to control and utilize water 6. AD 1500, time of Leonardo de Vinci, idea
 fields of water resources engineering that precipitation was the source of
1. control of water – flood mitigation, land streamflow received any real support and
drainage, sewerage, highway culvert (avoid many years later before it was definitely
excessive damage to property) proved
2. utilization of water – water supply, 7. 1760 of Ecole de Ponts et Chaussees in
irrigation, hydroelectric power development, Paris, first effort at organized engineering
navigation improvements knowledge was the founding of the
3. water quality management – pollution aforementioned
control 8. 1850, engineering designs were based
 quantity of water – how much water is needed? mainly on rules of thumb developed thru
who may use this water? experience
 water quality – pollution and impurities are  the future of water resource engineering
removed thru physical, chemical, biological - modern civilization is far more dependent on
methods water
 hydraulic structures – shape and dimensions - modern standards of personal cleanliness
of structures (topographic controls are a problem require vastly more water than was used a
so geologic investigations are needed) century ago
 economics in water resources engineering – - increasing population requires expanded
economic analysis to determine project cost acreage for agriculture and more attention to
sufficiently less than the expected benefits to drainage, water supply, and sewerage
warrant required investments - industrial progress finds increasing uses for
 social aspects of water resources water in process industries and for electric
engineering – take firm position in the public power production
interest
 planning of water resources projects
1. political incentive (recognition of the need
of project)
2. definition of alternative
3. technical feasibility
4. economic feasibility
5. social & environmental acceptability
6. financial feasibility
7. political practicability (is the project
acceptable to the public?)
 history of water resources engineering
1. ancient men conceived the idea of diverting
streamflow from natural channel to artificial
one for crops and humans
2. 300 BC, earliest large-scale drainage and
irrigation works are attributed to Menes
(founder of first Egyptian dynasty)
Hydrology and Water Supply Table for Projected Water Consumption for
Various Purposes
 hydrology - scientific study of movement,
distribution, and quality of water Use Liters/Capita/Day % of Total
 hydrologic cycle - sum total of all processes in Domestic 300 12.82
which water moves from the land and ocean Industrial 160 6.83
surface to the atmosphere and back in the form Commercial 100 4.27
of precipitation Public 60 2.56
Loss & Waste 50 2.14
2 Kinds of Hydrology Fire Demand 1670 71.37
Total Demand 2340 100
 descriptive - characterized by deserving to
3 Methods of Calculation
describe the movement and distribution of water
in the surface of the earth; refers to the  arithmetic mean method
hydrologic cycle, precipitation, stream flow,
evaporation, transportation, and collection of 𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 + 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥̅
data to measure the amount of water that falls on 𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
the earth's surface
 quantitative - description of hydrologic 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
processes and are used to understand and
𝑥𝑥̅ = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎. 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
predict precipitation and water yield, stormwater,
runoff, flood routing, groundwater flow, and 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
water quality (using rain gauge)
 geometric method
Design of Rain Gauge
𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
Conditions 𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 𝑃𝑃0 �1 + �
100
 be placed in a stable condition 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (%)
 check at the same time
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Different Methods of Determining Rainfall Depth
 incremental increase
 arithmetic mean method
 Thiessen polygon method (using [𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 1)]
𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛 = 𝑃𝑃0 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦
planimeter/triangulation) 2
 isohyetal method (isohyet - line on a map
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
connecting points having the same amount of
rainfall in a given period, using satellite sensing) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Water Supply Dams
 water supply - provision of water by water  dam - massive barrier built across a river &
utilities, commercial organizations, community stream to confine and utilize the flow of water for
endeavors, or individuals usually by pumps and human purposes (irrigation, generation,
pipes; supply drinking water to the population electricity); this confinement of water created
including consumption for various purposes lakes/reservoirs; structure seen in nature
(beavers build dams to keep water deep enough
Water Quantity Estimation
to cover the opening to their homes protecting
 water consumption rate (per capita demand as them from predators)
liters/day/per capita)  the first known dam was built 2900 BC across the
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 × 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 Nile river to protect the city from flooding
 population to be served (population projection,  dam building was continued into the time of the
calculation of future birth rate, death rate based Roman Empire after which dam construction
on their past & present conditions) was literally lost until the 1800s
common design horizon years = 20/25 years
Reasons to Build a Dam
 generation of electricity 2. water pressure
 irrigation (often diversion dams which stops a 3. uplift pressure
river's natural course so that water can be sent 4. wave pressure
off to a different place) 5. earth/silt pressure
 control flooding (detention dams, stop/slow the 6. ice pressure
amount of water in a dam) 7. wind pressure
8. earthquake pressure
Types of Dams
9. thermal loads
Hydraulics
 density (𝜌𝜌)
𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝜌 =
𝑉𝑉
 specific weight (𝛾𝛾)
𝑊𝑊
𝛾𝛾 =
𝑉𝑉
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 = 150 3
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 = 62.4 3
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡
 specific volume (𝑣𝑣)
𝑉𝑉
𝑣𝑣 =
𝑚𝑚
 specific gravity
𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 =
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
To Be Determined in a Dam
Gravity Dam Definitions  factor of safety against overturning
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
 axis of dam – line of upstream edge of ≥2
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
top/crown of dam (if upstream of dam is vertical,  factor of safety against sliding
axis of dam coincides with plan of upstream edge 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠
of the top of the dam ≥1
𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻
 length of dam – distance from 1 abutment to the 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 = 0.65(𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 + 𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 − 𝑢𝑢)
other, measured along the axis of dam at the  compressive stresses @ heel & toe
level of top of the dam 𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑏𝑏ℎ3
 structural height of dam – difference in 𝜎𝜎 = ∓ ; 𝐼𝐼 =
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼 12
elevation of top of dam and lowest point in the Allowable Compressive Stresses for Formula
excavated foundations (does not include depth Materials
of special geological features, narrow fault material psi 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
zones)
𝑚𝑚2
 max base width of dam – maximum horizontal granite 600-1000 4000-6000
distance between heel and toe of maximum limestone 400-800 2500-5000
erection of dam sandstone 400-600 2500-4000
 toe – downstream edge of dam gravel 40-80 250-500
 heel – upstream edge of base sand 20-60 150-400
 hydraulic height of dam – difference in firm clay 40-50 250-300
elevation of the controlled water surface and soft clay 10-20 50-100
lowest point in original streambed
 shearing stresses parallel to the side of the dam
Forces Acting on the Gravity Dam
@ upstream level
1. weight of the dam
 𝜎𝜎  sub-irrigation - water is delivered to the field in
𝜎𝜎 ′ =
cos −1 𝛽𝛽 ditches spread at 50-100 feet (15-30 m) apart is
 lateral shearing @ the face of the dam @ allowed to seep into the ground to maintain the
upstream level water table at height such that water from the
𝜎𝜎 capillary fringe is available to the crops
𝜎𝜎 ′ =
cos 2 𝛽𝛽  trickle/drip irrigation - perforated plastic pipe is
Actions of Water Against Dam laid along the ground at the base of a row of
plants; the perforations are designed to emit a
action water purpose trickle or drip (5 liters/hour or less) to provide a
structure wetted strip along the crop rows
spilling spillway discharge major floods
without damage to the Irrigation Engineering Problems
dam or appurtenant
 water requirement and irrigable area
structure and at the
same time keeping the  design of canal
reservoir level below Water Requirement
some predetermine
max level  water duty (WD) - water required to irrigate a
sluicing gate below the spilling crest; number of hectares based on rainfall depth (p)
sluiceway a pipe/tunnel with a and evaporation/transpiration (𝐸𝐸𝑇𝑇0 ) of the place
gate that passes standard water duty = 1.6 L/s/hectare (if WD >
through a dam and standard WD, use standard)
discharges into stream 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝐸𝐸𝑇𝑇0 − 0.7𝑃𝑃
below 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
dissipating dissipators water flowing over a 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
spillway or through a 𝐸𝐸𝑇𝑇0 = 7.5
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
sluiceway is capable of 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
sever erosion of the 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � �
stream, banks below 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
the dam; designed to 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
prevent/minimize 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑛
erosion 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 =
0.60
Irrigation Engineering 𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 × 𝐴𝐴
𝑄𝑄 � � = + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻 × 60 × 60
 irrigation engineering - deals with the analysis
and design of irrigation systems which include Canal Losses
dams, weir, barrage, canals, drains and other
 for 1.5 m width of water surface will give an
supporting systems
evaporation of 48 mm/hour
 irrigation - application of water to soil to 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
supplement deficient rainfall to provide moisture 1.5 × 48
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = ℎ𝑟𝑟 × 1 𝑚𝑚
for plant growth 𝐿𝐿
60 × 60 � �
𝑠𝑠
Irrigation Methods 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 1.5 × 48
ℎ𝑟𝑟
 flooding - consist in turning water into natural
slopes without much control 𝐿𝐿
 furrow irrigation - widely used for raw crops and 𝑠𝑠
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴
small furrows (corrugations), being used for 𝐴𝐴
forage crops; furrow - narrow ditch between rows
𝐿𝐿
of plants 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
 sprinkler irrigation - lightweight pipes with 𝑠𝑠
quick couplers resulting in rapid increase in Canal Design
sprinkler irrigation for the purpose of irrigating
areas which are irregular that they prevent the 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
use of any surface irrigation methods Open Channel – by use of Manning’s Formula
 1  uniform flow – velocity is the same at any given
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐶𝐶(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)2
instant and point in the fluid
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓  continuous flow – flow in direction
perpendicular parallel to the flow of water without
𝑅𝑅 = ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 interruption
𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, Bernoulli Equation
1000
Chezy’s Formula 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎2 𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏2
+ 𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 + 𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑎 = + 𝑦𝑦𝑏𝑏 + 𝑧𝑧𝑏𝑏 − ℎ𝐿𝐿
2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔
English Metric
1.49 1 1 1 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎2 𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏2
𝐶𝐶 = 𝑅𝑅 6 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑅𝑅 6 ℎ𝐿𝐿 = + 𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 + 𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑎 − � + 𝑦𝑦𝑏𝑏 + 𝑧𝑧𝑏𝑏 �
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔
1.49 2 1 1 2 1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑅𝑅 3 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑅𝑅 3 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 = 𝑦𝑦𝑏𝑏 ; 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎 = 𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏 ; 𝑧𝑧𝑎𝑎 − 𝑧𝑧𝑏𝑏 = ℎ𝐿𝐿
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
1.49 2 1 1 2 1
𝑄𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅 3 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅 3 𝑠𝑠 2 Flow Areas of 3 Hydraulic Sections
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 rectangle trapezoid circle
𝐴𝐴 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑏𝑏 + 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)𝑦𝑦 𝐷𝐷 2
 hydraulic radius (R) – measure of channel flow (𝜃𝜃 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
8
efficiency; ratio of the cross-section area of fluid 𝑃𝑃 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦�1 + 𝑚𝑚2 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
flow A to the length of wetted perimeter P 2
𝑅𝑅 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑏𝑏 + 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)𝑦𝑦 𝐷𝐷 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝒃𝒃 �1 − �
Ratio of Relative to Canal 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦√1 + 𝑚𝑚2 4 𝜃𝜃
𝒚𝒚
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜃𝜃
canal range of
𝑏𝑏 canal range of
𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝐷 �sin �
2
discharge 𝑦𝑦 discharge 𝑦𝑦
Best Hydraulic Section
𝑚𝑚3 𝑚𝑚3
( ) ( )
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠  isosceles trapezoid > rectangle – best
0.10 1 15 3.5 hydraulic trapezoid
0.50 1.25 20 3.75
𝑎𝑎 = 90°
1 1.5 25 4
𝑏𝑏 = 2𝑦𝑦
2 2 50 4.5
5 2.5 75 5
10 3 100 5.50
Hydraulics of Open Channels
Types of Conduits
 open channel – may take the form of canal,
flume, tunnel, or partly filled pipes; displays
laminar flow (streamlined flow, smooth &
layered and exhibits uniform velocity profile
across channel)
 pressured conduit – pipe which runs under
pressure, runs full and characterized by
turbulent flow; has shortened routes
Kinds of Flow
 laminar flow – smooth and in regular paths or
straight lines
 turbulent flow – irregular movement of particles
in random/chaotic flow
 steady flow – quantity of liquid per second
through any section is constant
 Water Resources Engineering  compressive 𝝈𝝈 @ heel, toe: 𝜎𝜎 = ∓ ; 𝐼𝐼 =
𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼 12
𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑏𝑏ℎ 3

 shearing stresses parallel to the side of the

Formula Sheet 𝜎𝜎
dam @ upstream level: 𝜎𝜎 ′ = −1
cos 𝛽𝛽
Dams
 lateral shearing @ the face of the dam @
𝜎𝜎
1. Consider 1-unit length of dam. upstream level: 𝜎𝜎 ′ = 2
cos 𝛽𝛽
2. Find the forces acting:
 vertical force Hydraulic Sections
weight of the dam: 𝑊𝑊1,2,3 = 𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 𝑉𝑉1,2,3
weight of water (if any): 𝑊𝑊4 = 𝛾𝛾𝑉𝑉4 1. Find area, perimeter, hydraulic radius, and
weight on the dam base.
hydrostatic uplift: 𝑢𝑢1,2 = 𝛾𝛾𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢.1,2
Flow Areas of 3 Hydraulic Sections
 horizontal force rectangle trapezoid circle
hydrostatic force (submerged portion of dam):
𝐴𝐴 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑏𝑏 + 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)𝑦𝑦 𝐷𝐷2
𝐹𝐹 = 𝛾𝛾ℎ�𝐴𝐴 (𝜃𝜃 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
wind pressure 8
𝑃𝑃 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦�1 + 𝑚𝑚2 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
wave action
floating bodies 2
𝑅𝑅 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑏𝑏 + 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)𝑦𝑦 𝐷𝐷 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
earthquake load �1 − �
3. Solve for reactions. 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦√1 + 𝑚𝑚2 4 𝜃𝜃
 vertical reaction 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜃𝜃
𝐷𝐷 �sin �
𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 = � 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 2
2. Find discharge (Chezy’s Formula)
𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 = 𝑊𝑊1 + 𝑊𝑊2 + 𝑊𝑊3 + 𝑊𝑊4 − 𝑢𝑢1 − 𝑢𝑢2
 horizontal reaction English Metric
1.49 1 1 1
𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 = � 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑅𝑅 6 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑅𝑅 6
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 = 𝑃𝑃 1.49 2 1 1 2 1
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑅𝑅 3 𝑠𝑠2 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑅𝑅 3 𝑠𝑠2
4. Find moment about the toe. 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
 righting moment (RM) – rotation towards the 1.49 2 1 1 2 1
𝑄𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅 3 𝑠𝑠2 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅3 𝑠𝑠2
upstream side 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑊𝑊1 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑊𝑊2 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑊𝑊3 𝑥𝑥3 + 𝑊𝑊4 𝑥𝑥4 3. Find hectares it could irrigate.
 overturning moment (OM) – rotation towards 𝐿𝐿 𝑚𝑚3
𝑄𝑄 1.6 0.0016
the downstream side ; 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝑠𝑠 = 𝑠𝑠
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 𝑢𝑢1 𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑢𝑢2 𝑧𝑧2 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
5. Find location of 𝑹𝑹𝒚𝒚 (𝑥𝑥̅ ). Best Hydraulic Sections
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑥𝑥̅ = 𝑄𝑄
𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 1. Find area (A): 𝐴𝐴 =
𝑉𝑉
6. Find factors of safety (FS) 2. Substitute base: 𝑏𝑏 = 2𝑦𝑦
𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅
 factor of safety against sliding: 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅 𝑦𝑦 > 1
𝑥𝑥 Channels
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠
≥ 1; 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠 = 0.65(𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 + 𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 − 𝑢𝑢) 1. Find height of water: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝑑𝑑 − 𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻
𝑉𝑉
 factor of safety against overturning: 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑂𝑂 = 2. Find slope: 𝑚𝑚 = ; 𝑉𝑉 < 𝐻𝐻
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐻𝐻
>1 3. Find area, perimeter, and hydraulic radius ( ).
𝐴𝐴
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑃𝑃
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 4. Find discharge.
𝛾𝛾 = 9.81 3
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1000 3 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 62.4 3 𝒃𝒃
5. Find ratio by interpolation.
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝒚𝒚

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 canal 𝑏𝑏 canal 𝑏𝑏

𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 = 2.4𝛾𝛾 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 23.5 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 150 3 range of range of
𝑚𝑚 3 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 discharge 𝑦𝑦 discharge 𝑦𝑦

0.10 1 15 3.5
7. Find foundation pressure (𝑞𝑞).
𝐵𝐵 𝑅𝑅 6𝑒𝑒
0.50 1.25 20 3.75
 for 𝑒𝑒 ≤ : 𝑞𝑞 = − 𝑦𝑦 �1 ± � 1 1.5 25 4
6 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵

𝐵𝐵
for 𝑒𝑒 > : 𝑞𝑞𝑒𝑒 =
2𝑅𝑅𝑦𝑦 2 2 50 4.5
6 3𝑥𝑥̅ 5 2.5 75 5
To Be Determined 10 3 100 5.50