CHAPTER 1: What is

Globalization?
MULTIPLE GLOBALIZATIONS
● Anthropologist Arjun Apparudai’s scapes:
A Contemporary World A. Ethnoscape - refers to the global
(SOC SCI 3) SEM 1 - Prelims movement of people.
B. Mediascape – is about the flow of
culture.
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION C. Technoscape – refers to the circulation
of mechanical goods and software.
According to Manfred Steger, “Globalization is the D. Financescape – denotes the global
process of expansion and intensification of social circulation of money.
relations and consciousness across world-time and E. Ideoscape – is the realm where
across world-space” political ideas move around.
● Represents the many processes that allow for
the expansion and intensification of global

CHAPTER 2: The
connections.

EXPANSION Globalization of World

● Creation of new social networks and the Economics
multiplication of existing connections that cut A Contemporary World
across traditional political, economic, cultural,
and geographic boundaries.
(SOC SCI 3) SEM 1

INTENSIFICATION
● Expansion, stretching, and acceleration of ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
these networks.
According to (Shangquan, 2000), it refers to the
increasing interdependence of world economies as a
TIME AND SPACE result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of
● “Globalization processes do not occur merely commodities and services, flow of international capital
at a material level, objective but they also and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
involve the subjective plane of human ● Mahalaga ang pagdepende natin sa
consciousness”. globalization dahil sa:
● Meaning: Globalization affects us not only in ○ Advancement ng mga technology.
material ways, but also in how we think about
ourselves and the world around us. It exposes us to According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
new cultures and ideas, which can challenge our it is a historical process representing the result of
assumptions and beliefs. It also makes us more human innovation and technological progress. It is
aware of global problems and our characterized by the increasing integration of
interconnectedness with people around the world. economies around the world through the movement of
goods, services, and capital across Borders.
GLOBALISM VS. GLOBALIZATION
● Globalization represents the many processes
that allow for the expansion and INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM
intensification of global connections.
● Globalism is a widespread belief among ● Ancient Silk Road one of the oldest way of
powerful people that the global integration of globalization back during the days
economic markets is beneficial for everyone
since it spreads freedom and democracy HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
across the world.
Globalization began when all populated continents
began trading goods with each other on a large scale,
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION & which had a significant impact on all involved. -Dennis
GLOBALISM Flynn and Arturo Giraldez
● Globalization is a PROCESS
A. GALLEON TRADE (16th-18th CENTURY)
● Globalism is a BELIEF
● Countries, primarily in Europe, competed with
one another to sell more goods as a means to
boost their country’s income.
 B. GOLD STANDARD (19th CENTURY)
NEOLIBERALISM
● Following the lead of the United Kingdom, the
United States, and other European Nations ● The policies of neoliberalism typically support
adopted the gold standard at an international fiscal austerity, deregulation, free trade,
monetary conference in Paris. privatization, and a reduction in government
○ Ginamit nila ang gold as a status of richness. spending.
○ Gold na galing/ninakaw sa ibang bansa. ● Neoliberalism is often associated with the
economic policies of Margaret Thatcher in the
C. THE GREAT DEPRESSION (20th CENTURY) United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the
● This depression was the worst and longest United States.
recession ever experienced by the Western ● There are many criticisms of neoliberalism,
world. Some economists argued that it was including its:
largely caused by the gold standard. ○ Tendency to endanger democracy;
● Barry Eichengreen argues that the recovery of ○ Workers’ rights and;
the United States really began when, having ○ Sovereign nations’ right to
abandoned the gold standard, the US self-determination.
government was able to free up money to
spend on reviving the economy. At the height of KEYNESIANISM
World War II, other major industrialized ● The high point of global Keynesianism came in
countries followed suit. the mid-1940s to the early 1970s.
● During this period, governments poured money
into their economies, allowing people to
FIAT CURRENCY purchase more goods and, in the process,
● Currencies that are not backed by precious increase demand for these products.
metals and whose value is determined by their ● Western and some Asian economies like Japan
cost relative to other currencies. accepted this rise in prices because it was
● Any money declared by a government to be accompanied by general economic growth and
legal tender. reduced unemployment.

THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM OPEC OIL EMBARGO IN 1973

● Inaugurated in 1944 during the United Nations ● On October 17, 1973, the Organization of
Monetary and FInancial Conference to prevent Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) declared
the catastrophes of the early decades of the an embargo (banning of trade with another
century from reoccurring and affecting country) that drastically limited the shipment
international ties. of oil to the United States.
● It was largely influenced by the ideas of British ● It was in response to the decision of the US and
economist John Maynard Keynes who believed other countries to resupply the Israeli military
that economic crises occur not when a country with the needed arms during the Yom Kippur
does not have enough money, but when money War.
is not being spent and, thereby, not moving.
● Delegates at Bretton Woods agreed to create STAGFLATION
two (2) financial institutions:
1. International Bank for Reconstruction ● is a macroeconomic condition characterized
and Development (IBRD, or World Bank) by high inflation, slow economic growth, and
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) high unemployment. It is a rare but serious
economic phenomenon that can be difficult to
combat.
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE
(GATT)
● Shortly after the Bretton Woods, various
countries also committed themselves to
further global economic integration through
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) in 1947.
● GATT’s main purpose was to reduce tariffs and
other hindrances to free trade.
 CHAPTER 3: A History of
Global Politics: Creating
WASHINGTON CONSENSUS
● Dominated global economic policies from the
1980’s until early 2000s.
an International Order
● Its advocates pushed for minimal government A Contemporary World
spending to reduce government debt. They also (SOC SCI 3) SEM 1
called for privatization of
government-controlled services like water,
power, communications, and transport.
WORLD GOVERNMENTS “INTERNATIONALIZATION”
REAGAN-THATCHER
● The world is composed of many countries or
● President Ronald Reagan and British Prime states, all of them having different forms of
Minister Margaret Thatcher justified their government. Some scholars of politics are
reduction in government spending by interested in individual states and examine
comparing national economies to households. the internal politics of these countries.
● Thatcher, in particular, promoted an image of
herself as a mother, who reined in THE ATTRIBUTION OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM
overspending to reduce the national debt.
1. There are countries or states that are
independent and govern Themselves.
BREAKUP OF USSR 2. These countries interact with each other
● After Communism had collapsed in the 1990s, through diplomacy.
the IMF called for the immediate privatization 3. There are international organizations, like the
of all government industries. United Nations, that facilitate these
● It was only the individuals and groups who had interactions.
accumulated wealth under the previous 4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings between
communist order had the money to purchase states, international organizations also take on
these industries. lives of their own.

GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS & THE CHALLENGE TO ORIGINS OF THIS SYSTEM

NEOLIBERALISM A good start is by unpacking what one means when
they say a “country”, or what academics also called the
● Neoliberalism came under significant strain nation-state.
during the global financial crisis of 2007-2008
when the world experienced the greatest NATION VS. STATE
economic downturn since the Great
Depression. ● The nation-state is composed of two
● The crisis can be traced back to the 1980s noninterchangeable terms. Not all states are
when the United States systematically nations and not all nations are states
removed various banking and investment
restrictions. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION & STATE
● STATE
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION TODAY ○ State refers to a country and its
government.
● The global financial crisis will take decades to ○ Four (4) attributes: citizen, territory,
resolve. government, and sovereignty
● Exports, not just the local selling of goods and ● NATION
services, make national economies grow at ○ “A nation is an imagined community...”
present. – Benedict Anderson
● In the recent decades, partly as a result of ○ Nations often limit themselves to
these increased exports, economic people who have imbibed a particular
globalization has ushered in an unprecedented culture, speak a common language,
spike in global growth rates. and live in a specific territory.
● It remains an uneven process, with some ○ Calling it “imagined” does not mean
countries, corporations and individuals that the nation is made-up. Rather the
benefiting a lot more than others. The series of nation allows one to feel a connection
trade talks under the WTO have led to with a community of people even if
unprecedented reductions in tariffs and other he/she will never meet all of them in
trade barriers, but these processes have often his/her lifetime.
been unfair.
 THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM INTERNATIONALISM
● The origins of the present-day concept of ● The belief that countries should work together
sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty of to solve common problems and create a better
Westphalia, which was a set of agreements world.
signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years’ War
between the major continental powers of TWO MAIN TYPES OF INTERNATIONALISM
Europe. A. Liberal internationalism emphasizes free
trade, democracy, and human rights.
THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR (1618-1648) B. Socialist internationalism emphasizes social
● The war had a devastating impact on Central justice and equality.
Europe, with millions of people killed and
displaced. LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
● The war caused widespread economic damage 1. Immanuel Kant
and social disruption. ● The first major thinker of liberal
● The war led to the establishment of the internationalism.
principle of sovereignty, which meant that ● Imagined a form of global government.
each state had the right to determine its own He Likened states in a global system to
religion and form of government. people living in a given territory.
● The war marked the end of the Holy Roman 2. Jeremy Bentham
Empire as a major political force in Europe. ● Coined the word “international” in 1780
● The Thirty Years' War was a complex and bloody and advocated the creation of
conflict that had a profound impact on the “international law” that would govern
course of European history. It is still studied by the inter-state relations.
historians today to understand the causes and ● He believed that objective global
consequences of religious conflict, the rise of legislators should aim to propose
the modern state system, and the impact of legislation that would create “the
war on society. greatest happiness of all nations taken
together.”
NAPOLEONIC WARS (1803-1815) 3. Giuseppe Mazzini
● “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” ● The first thinker to reconcile
nationalism and liberal
NAPOLEONIC CODE internationalism.
● The French Revolution abolished the privileges ● He believed in a Republican
of the nobility and clergy, established freedom government and proposed a system of
of religion, and promoted meritocracy in free nations that cooperated with each
government service. other to create an international system.
● This system shocked the monarchies and 4. Woodrow Wilson
hereditary elites of Europe, and they formed an ● US president (1913-1921), became one of
alliance to overthrow the French emperor. the 20th century’s most prominent
internationalists.
● He saw nationalism as a prerequisite
CONCERT OF EUROPE (1815-1914)
for internationalism.
● An alliance of “great powers” – the UK, Austria, ● Wilson believed that all nations had
Russia, and Prussia—that sought to restore the the right to self-determination and
world monarchial, hereditary, and the religious democracy. He hoped that this would
privileges of the time before the French lead to a more peaceful and
Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. cooperative world order based on
international law.
BATTLE OF WATER (1815) ● He became the most notable advocate
● Napoleon lost the Battle of Waterloo for the creation of the League of
Nations.
 SOCIALISTS INTERNATIONALISM
1. Karl Marx (1818-1883)
● Any true form of internationalism
should deliberately reject nationalism,
which rooted people in domestic
concerns instead of global ones.
● Placed a premium on economic
equality; he did not divide the world
into countries, but into classes
(capitalist vs. proletariat).
● With his co-author (Friedrich Engels),
they opposed nationalism because
they believed it prevented the
unification of the world’s workers.
2. Socialist International (1889)
● International organization
● a union of European socialist and labor
parties established in Paris in 1889.
3. Russian Revolution (1917)
● Czar Nicolas II was overthrown and
replaced by a revolutionary government
led by the Bolshevik Party and its
leader, Vladimir Lenin, who later
founded a new state called the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
● The Bolsheviks did not believe in
obtaining power for the working class
through elections. Rather, they
exhorted the revolutionary “vanguard”
parties to lead revolutions across the
world, using methods of terror if
necessary. Today, parties like th
● To encourage these socialist
revolutions across the world, Lenin
established the Communist
International (Comintern) in 1919.
● Many of the world’s states feared the
Comintern, believing that it was
working in secret to stir up revolutions
in their countries.
● Stalin dissolved the Comintern in 1943
to appease his allies, who feared the
Soviet Union was trying to promote
communism in their countries during
World War II.
● After World War II, Stalin re-established
the Cominform to direct the
communist parties in Eastern Europe,
which the Soviet Union had taken over.
● After the collapse of the Soviet Union in
1991, communist internationalism
disappeared. Socialist
internationalism remained confined to
Europe, while liberal internationalism
became ascendant, with the UN at its
center.
GRP 1: The United Nations WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION (IO)
and Contemporary
Global Governance ● Scholars usually refer to groups such as the UN
or institutions such as the IMF and the World
A Contemporary World Bank as international organizations (IOs).
(SOC SCI 3) SEM 1 - Midterms ● Also, NGOs are sometimes considered as IOs.
However, the term is commonly used to refer to
international intergovernmental organizations
or groups that are primarily made up of
INTRODUCTION
member-states.
Internationalists such as Kant and Bentham ● One major fallacy about IOs is that they are
envisioned a worldwide government, but until now, merely an amalgamation of various state
none exists. interests. In the 60s and 70s, many scholars
believed that IOs were just venues where
There is no single entity to whom all states must contradicting but sometimes intersecting
answer. Furthermore, no organization can compel a agendas of various countries were discussed.
state to follow predefined global regulations through ● What has become more evident is the fact that
military force. IOs can take on lives of their own. IOs can thus
become influential as independent
However, there is a consistent behavior of the majority organizations.
of states. For instance, they largely adhere to global
navigation routes and, in most cases, respect each POWER OF IOS
other’s territorial borders.
International relations scholars, Michael N. Barnett and
In the instance that they do not, just like when Russia Martha Finnemore listed the following Powers of IOS:
invaded Crimea (a country under Ukraine) in 2014, it
caused global worry and controversy. 1. Power of Classification
● Nagkakaroon ng oneness, specially sa
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE pagbibigay ng kahulugan sa mga terms na
ginagamit sa mundo ngayon. Ex: “Refugee”
Despite the lack of a single world authority, states ● Because IOs can invent and apply categories,
under an international order continue to adhere to they create powerful global standards.
some global rules, implying that there is some ● For example, it is the UN High Commissioner
semblance of world order. for Religion (UNHCR) that defines what a
refugee is. Since states are required to accept
The multiple intersecting processes that generate refugees entering their borders, this power to
world order are referred to as global governance. establish identity has concrete effects.
Global Governance can come from a variety of sources. 2. Power to Change Meanings
Nations establish treaties and form organizations,
● This is more generalized and is linked to the
enacting public international law.
first power.
● IOs are seen as legitimate sources of
KEY FIGURES information for states, organizations, and
1. Public International Law is an international individuals. As a result, the meanings they
standard that regulates relations between generate have an impact on a variety of
states rather than, for example, private policies.
enterprises.
2. International Non-governmental
3. Power to Diffuse Norms
Organizations (NGOs), though not having
● SIla yung nagtatakda ng tama o mali
formal state power, can lobby individual states
● IOs do not simply classify and fix meanings;
to act in a certain way.
they also spread their ideas across the world,
3. Powerful Transnational Corporations (Such
thereby establishing global standards. Their
as Apple, Microsoft, etc.) can likewise have
power to diffuse norms stems from the fact
tremendous effects on global labor laws,
that IOs are staffed with independent
environmental legislation, trade policy, and
bureaucracies who are considered experts in
more
various fields.
● Even ideas such as the need for “global
● Norms are accepted codes of conduct that may
democracy” or the clamor for “good
not be strict laws but produce regularity in
governance” can influence the way
behavior.
international actors behave.
 CHALLENGES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Because of these immense powers, IOs can be sources ● The greatest difficulty may be attributed to
of great good and/or great harm. They have the ability issues of security.
to promote important standards, such as
● The council finds it difficult to issue a formal
environmental conservation and human rights.
resolution.
However, they can become closed communities that ● Kosovo war. Hundreds and thousands of
refuse to question their views. Albanians were victims of massacres, mass
deportations, and internal displacement.
THE UNITED NATIONS ● North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
intervened in the Kosovo war on humanitarian
● Founded in 1945
● Successful international organization grounds.
● Purpose is to create one world ● The UN has done very little to stop
● Peace, Dignity & Equality on a healthy planet state-sanctioned violence against opponents
of the government.
5 ORGANS ● The UN is ineffectual.
● It remains important for the SC to place a high
1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY bar on military intervention.
● UN’s main organ
● 193 states
RESPONSES TO GLOBALIZATION
● One country, one vote
● Provides a unique forum ● The process of increased interconnectedness
and integration of economies and cultures
2. SECURITY COUNCIL worldwide. Different countries adopt various
● International peace and security strategies in response to globalization, driven
● Determining the existence of threat by their size, wealth, and geographical
● 15 members advantages.
● Veto Power - use to reject the council’s ● China, being large and economically robust,
resolution leverages its vast labor force and low
● Allied Powers: China, Russia, France, UK, USA production costs to attract foreign companies
and expand its commerce with countries it
once considered adversaries, such as the
3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL United States and Japan
COUNCIL
● Smaller countries like Singapore and
● Principat body for cooperation Switzerland compensate for their limited size
● 54 members by capitalizing on their advantageous
● UN;s central platform for debate on geographic locations. Singapore, for instance,
sustainable development. invested in harbor facilities to become a
leading transit port for shipping commodities
4. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF between various regions.
JUSTICE
● UN;s judicial organ
FORMATION OF REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
● Consists of 15 judges
● Not assisted by UN secretariat ● North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
● Composition of the Court: ● Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
○ 3 Africa Countries (OPEC)
○ 2 Latin America and Caribbean ● Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
○ 3 Asia
○ 5 Western Europe and Western States EVOLUTION OF ASEAN
○ 2 Eastern Europe
● Association of Southeast Asian Nations
5. SECRETARIAT (ASEAN), which started as a coalition of
pro-American countries during the Vietnam
● Carries work of the UN directed by GA and other
War. Over time, ASEAN evolved into an
organs/agencies.
economically unified entity, fostering better
● Organized along departmental lines
coordination and leading to the emergence of
● Keep the public informed about the work of the
ASEAN Studies as a regional perspective.
United Nations.
● The rise of ASEAN Studies, supported by
member countries, may replace Western
originated "Southeast Asian" studies. However,
 this perspective may have limitations
CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGE TO REGIONALISM
regarding critical analysis of ASEAN and its
member nations.
RESURGENCE OF MILITANT NATIONALISM AND
COUNTRIES, REGION, AND GLOBALIZATION POPULISM
● The rise of nationalism and populism in recent
● Regional Trade Bloc years has impacted international politics, the
○ There are other countries that form environment, wealth inequality, and
regional blocs to protect their economics.
independence. ● Nationalism is an idea and movement that
● Non - Aligned Movement holds that the nation should be congruent with
○ Not formally aligned with or against the state.
any major power bloc. ● Populism is a philosophy that refers to the
○ 120 countries needs of the common people.
● Asian Financial Crisis
○ July 1997–December 1998 ANTI-NATO RHETORIC OF VLADIMIR PUTIN
○ Thailand, bumaba value ng money nila. ● In particular, the failure to dismantle NATO
Nagcollapse economy nila then job following the fall of the Soviet Union has given
losses. rise to Vladimir Putin's anti-NATO rhetoric in
Russia.
NON-STATE REGIONALISM ● Since Donald Trump characterized NATO as
simply siphoning off American military
● Says that not only do states work together for a strength without providing anything in return,
cause but also communities. even the relationship between the United
States, a founding member of the alliance, and
NEW REGIONALISM NATO has grown tense.
1. Varies in form. from small local communities
CHINA’S OCCUPATION TO THE WEST
or large continental unions.
PHILIPPINE SEA
2. Reformists - people who share “values, norms,
institutions, and systems that exist outside of ● Recently, ASEAN countries also disagreed over
the traditional, established mainstream how to relate to China , with the Philippines
institutions and systems.” unable to get other countries to support its
3. These organizations have high moral standing condemnation of China’s Occupation of the
and have the notable ability to lobby and West Philippine Sea.
pressure politics but have limited pressure on ● Cambodia and Laos Led the opposition
global politics. favoring diplomacy over confrontation, but the
real reason was the dramatic increase of
Chinese investments and economic aid to
NEW REGIONALISM VS. TRADITIONAL REGIONALISM these countries.
● EEZ - 200 nautical miles
New Regionalism differs from traditional
state-to-state regionalism when it comes to
identifying problems. CONCLUSION
1. New Regionalism sees economic issues and Global governance is such a complex issue. It’s so
other such major problems as the result of evident that international organizations and the
flawed economic development and United Nations are playing an important role in our
environmental models. World, especially in globalization. These organizations
2. Differing opinions and views among the ranks have their own agenda and rationalities. The UN is the
of new regionalist organizations may lead to closest to a world government.
disagreement which will lead to them breaking
away from the civil society groups they should
serve.
3. New regionalist groups may work with the
government, however, the latter may set up
obstacles that inevitably hinder the
achievement of their goals.
GRP 2: Globalization of ● The measure of globalism is how much human
Religion actions can or may lead to the highest level of
material satisfaction.
A Contemporary World
(SOC SCI 3) SEM 1 - Midterms RELIGIOUS PEOPLE VS GLOBALISTS
● Religious people are less concerned with
wealth and everything that comes with it.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBALISM, ● Globalists are less concerned about whether
GLOBALIZATION & RELIGION they will spend an eternity in heaven or hell as
their abilities are more mundane. Their goal is
to attempt to complete trade deals, increase
DEFINING RELIGION private sector profits, boost government
● "Religion usually has to do with man's revenue collections, shield the wealthy from
relationship to the unseen world, to the world excessive government taxation, and of course,
of spirits, demons, and gods. A second element enrich themselves.
common to all religions ...is the term salvation.
All religions seek to help man find meaning in IN A NUTSHELL
a universe that all too often appears to be ● A religious person strives to be a “saint”
hostile to his interests. The word salvation whereas a globalist aspires to be a successful
means, basically, health. It means one is saved business person.
from disaster, fear, hunger, and a meaningless
life. It means one is saved for hope, love,
WHY DO THEY COLLIDE?
security, and the fulfillment of purpose. " - F. H.
● Because religious evangelism is a sort of
Bradley
globalization in and of itself.
● "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature...
● The globalist ideal is concerned with the global
a protest against real suffering... it is the opium
expansion of products and services whereas
of the people... the illusory sun which revolves
the religious ideal is concerned with the global
around man for as long as he does not evolve
dissemination of sacred ideals.
around himself. " - Karl Marx
○ E.g. the missionaries being sent by Born-Again
Christian churches, Sufi and Shiite Muslim orders.
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
Another example, the Buddhist institutions and
● “Globalization is the process of expansion and Catholic, Protestant, and Mormon churches are
intensification of social relations and efforts at “spreading the word of God”
consciousness across world-time and across
world-space” –Manfred Steger
● Occurs on multiple and intersecting REALITIES
dimensions of integration that anthropologist
Arjun Apparudai calls “scapes”: ethnoscapes, COMPLICATED REALITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP
mediascape, technoscape, financescape, OF RELIGION AND GLOBALIZATION
ideoscape.
● Peter Berger argues that far from being
secularized, “the contemporary world is
DEFINING GLOBALISM furiously religious”. There are genuine religious
● The widespread belief among powerful people fervor explosions happening in all the major
that the global integration of economic religions, including Christianity, Judaism,
markets is beneficial for everyone since it Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and even
spreads freedom and democracy across the Confucianism, in one way or another.
globe.
● The belief that economic and foreign policy HOW RELIGION BRINGS PEOPLE TOGETHER AND
should be planned globally, rather than serving ASSIST GLOBALIZATION
the interests of individual crises.
● Religion brings people together by allowing
them to interact and communicate.
RELIGION VS GLOBALISM ● It benefits globalization because religious
● Religion is concerned with “the sacred”, while groups are able to take advantage of modern
globalism is preoccupied with material gain. technology.
● Globalism follows human-made laws while, as
we all know, religion follows “heavenly RELIGION BEING PART OF THE GOVERNMENT
precepts” REPUBLICS
● Religion assumes that there is a possible
● They are the foundations of modern republics.
connection or a possibility of communication
● The Malaysian government places religion at
with humans and the transcendent.
the center of its political system.
RELIGION ARE PART OF A POLITICAL AUTHORITY to the civil rights movement, religion had
● The relationship between religion and political always been at the center of these conflicts but
authority varies significantly across different also on both sides of the political barricades."
countries and regions. In some cases, religion It remains the case until today with the power
plays a significant role in shaping political the Christian Right has on the Republican
authority, while in others, there is a clear Party.
separation between religion and the state. ● Examples:
● Here are some key points to consider: Sogie Bill Abortion
i. Theocratic States: In some countries,
religious institutions hold significant Same-Sex Marriage Divorce
political power. These are known as
theocratic nations, where religious RH Law
leaders or organizations have a direct ● Teenage Pregnancy
involvement in governing. ● HIV/AIDS
ii. Religious Influence in Politics: ● Population Growth
Religious organizations and leaders ● Sex Education
may have sway over politicians and ● Family Planning
political decision-making. This
influence might show itself through
lobbying, endorsements, or voter LOCALIZED VERSION OF RELIGION AND
mobilization based on religious POLITICS
causes. ● Numerous religious organizations ran for office
iii. Secular States: In contrast, several using the party-list system during the 2016
nations have embraced a secular style Presidential Elections and the 2019 Midterm
of administration in which religious Elections.
organizations and political power are ● These organizations included the Jesus is Lord
clearly separated. These governments (JIL) Movement with its CIBAC Party, the El
often preserve religious freedom Shaddai with its Buhay Party, the Iglesia ni
values, ensuring that no single faith Cristo (INC) with its Alagad Party, and the
has a monopoly on governance. Kingdom of Jesus Christ, which endorsed all of
iv. National Identity: Even in secular the candidates sponsored by the Duterte
regimes, religion may be a significant administration.
aspect of a nation's identity. In such
instances, religion may not directly
USING RELIGION TO RESIST GLOBALIZATION
impact political decisions, but it can
influence cultural and social norms, ● Religion despise the materialistic worldview of
which affect political power indirectly. globalization
v. Conflict and Tensions: Conflicts and ● Globalization liberated communities from
tensions can arise when religion and national-state limitations, at the expense of
politics collide, particularly in areas the cultural framework that binds them
with a mixed religious population. together.
Conflicting religious and political ● Religious movements are formed to resist the
views can cause divides and, in certain globalist mentality
cases, bloodshed and instability.
vi. Global Diplomacy: Religion may have
USING GLOBALIZATION TO EXPAND RELIGION
an impact on a country's foreign policy
decisions, especially when interacting ● Christianity and Islam views globalization as
with neighboring countries where an opportunity rather than a threat
religion is important in politics. ● Religious organization use their religion as
Considerations such as the treatment moral standard in the rapidly changing world
of religious minorities or the ● Religions utilize the products of globalization
importance of religious groups in a to reach more people
foreign state, for example, might have
an impact on diplomatic relations. HOW MUSLIMS VIEW GLOBALIZATION AS TROJAN
HORSE OF WESTERN PRINCIPLES
RELIGIONS AS PART OF POLITICAL CONFLICT
● Jose Casanova noted that "historically, religion ● While faiths may profit from globalization
has always been at the very center of all great processes, this does not guarantee that their
political conflicts and movements of social conflicts with globalist ideology will go away.
reform. From independence to abolition, from Some Muslims see "globalization" as a Trojan
nativism to women's suffrage, from prohibition horse that hides followers of Western
 principles, such as secularism, liberalism, and
CATHOLICS VIEW RELIGION AS A THROW-AWAY
even communism, who are eager to promote
CULTURE
these concepts in their territories and
eventually replace Islam. ● The Catholic Church and its dynamic leader,
Pope Francis, likewise condemned
GLOBALIZATION OR WESTERNIZATION? globalization's throw-away culture" that is
● "Globalization is an aspect of human life that "fatally destined to suffocate hope and
has always been there since the beginning of increase risks and threats.
humanity. It corresponds with the natural ● A throwaway product is intended to be used
human instinct and man's tendency towards only for a short time, and then to be thrown
being a 'social animal.' It is the tendency with away.
which God has created man to live on ● “We must never allow the throwaway culture to
exchanging his sources and experiences with enter our hearts, because we are brothers and
others around him, in order to achieve and sisters. No one is disposable! Let us always
realize the best chances of life." remember this: Only when we are able to share
● The westernization of a country, place, or do we become truly rich; everything that is
person is the process of them adopting ideas shared is multiplied!”
and behavior that are typical of Europe and ● In a speech to the association of Italian
North America, rather than preserving the cooperative movements, he pointed to the
ideas and behavior traditional in their culture. “dizzying rise in unemployment” and the
problems that existing welfare systems had in
ISLAM IS NOT ANTI-GLOBALIZATION meeting healthcare needs.
● First of all, it is important to note that Islam ● “It’s hunger, hunger that makes us accept what
orders people to cooperate, to be helpful to one they give us,” he said.
another according to goodness and piety, and ● But his overall message was that economic
not to be helpful in evil and malice (Qur'an 5:2). rationale had to be secondary to the wider
● "For several centuries, Arabic was the world's needs of human society. “When money
leading language in sciences. Muslims made becomes an idol, it commands the choices of
important advances in mathematics, man. And thus it ruins man and condemns
astronomy, and medicine -- a legacy from him. It makes him a slave.”
which European scholars derived great
benefit," THE WORLD BANK AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS
● "The agents of globalization are neither
European nor exclusively Western nor are they
necessarily linked to Western dominance. WORLD FAITHS AND DEVELOPMENT DIALOGUE
Indeed, Europe would have been a lot poorer -- ● In 1998, the World Bank brought in religious
economically, culturally, and scientifically -- leaders in its discussions about global poverty.
had it resisted the globalization of ● It was evident enough that institutional
mathematics, science, and technology [from advocates of globalization could be responsive
the East]..." to the “liberationist, moral critiques of
● We have to differentiate between the gifts of economic globalization coming from the
globalization and the products of religious.
Westernization. ● Although it only yielded insignificant results
● "The Islamic world has been convulsed by the
modernization process. Instead of being one of HOW DIFFERENT WORLD VIEWS/POLITICAL IDEAS
the leaders of world civilization, Islamdom was VIEW RELIGION
quickly and permanently reduced to a
dependent bloc by European powers."
● For Islamic society, the underlying concerns SECULARISM
regarding globalization are: ● It is generally understood that secularism is an
○ How to protect a unique heritage in the “anti-religion” edict; it is seen as a philosophy
face of global pressure; that contradicts or opposes religious dogma
○ To uphold religious traditions; ● “The concept of secularism is not to rid the
○ To preserve linguistic purity; world of religion, but instead to separate the
○ To defend social institutions; state from religious policy and allow it to
○ To maintain a viable identity in the govern with principles taken “from this world”
midst of a rapidly changing global ● The key principle of secularism is the
environment. separation of the church and state.
 LIBERALISM GRP 3: Globalization of
● Committed to protecting the freedom of Media
persons to live and think as they choose
without interference from the state, provided
A Contemporary World
they do no harm to others. (SOC SCI 3) SEM 1 - Midterms
● It is an attitude towards one's own religion
which contrasts with a traditionalist or
orthodox approach, and it is directly opposed INTRODUCTION
by trends of religious fundamentalism.
● Related to religious liberty, which is the ● The spread of culture and ideas is a result of
tolerance of different religious beliefs and globalization.
practices, but not all promoters of religious ● Media is the main means of mass
liberty are in favor of religious liberalism, and communication using platforms such as
vice versa broadcasting, publishing, and the internet. In
its simplest form, media is a means of
communication, such as radio and television,
COMMUNISM
newspapers, magazines, and the internet, that
● A form of government that is associated with
reaches or influences people widely.
the ideas of Karl Marx
● Globalization relies on the media as its primary
● Based on the goal of eradicating
means of disseminating global culture and
socioeconomic class struggles by creating a
ideas.
classless society wherein everyone shares the
● According to Jack Lule (2014), Globalization and
benefit of labor and the state controls all
Media create a global village.
property and wealth
● In connection with religion, Karl Marx views it
as a form of “Social Control” MEDIA AND ITS FUNCTIONS
● “In 1844, He wrote, “Religion is the sigh of the ● Lule describes media as a “means of conveying
oppressed creature...” something, such as a channel of
● He believed that “if the comfort blanket of communication.”
religion was taken away, at last the workers
would have to do something about their
WHO IS JACK LULE?
terrible condition.
● Dr. Jack Lule is Iacocca Professor and Chair of
Journalism and Communication, and Professor
CONCLUSION and Founding Director of Global Studies and
● Globalization is oddly seen as having little to the Globalization and Social Change Initiative
do with religion. at Lehigh University.
● A reason for this is because globalization is ● His research interests include globalization
connected with modernization. and media, international communication,
● Let’s talk about secularization theory media and sports, cultural and critical studies
of news, online journalism, and teaching with
● Religious people are able to defend their
technology.
political participation using moral
considerations.
A person’s voice is a medium. However, when
● Religious leaders have used religion to wield
commentators refer to “media” (plural of medium),
influence on the political arena.
they mean the technologies of mass communication.
THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION
AND CAPITALISM TYPES OF MEDIA
● Calvinism. also called Reformed Christianity,
is a major branch of Protestantism that follows PRINT MEDIA
the theological tradition and forms of Christian
● Are traditional mass media published on
practice set down by John Calvin and various
paper. The concept not only includes the
other Reformation-era theologians. It
published products but also regards the
emphasizes the sovereignty of God and the
organizational context shaping the journalistic
authority of the Bible.
routines and norms behind the printed
● Looking at the history
products. (Newspaper, Books, Magazines)
● Max Weber had ideas
BROADCAST MEDIA
● Involves electronically and simultaneously
sending information containing signals, print
 messages and audio or video content to a vast NICOLAS TESLA
group of recipients. (Radio, TV, Film) ● “When wireless is perfectly applied the whole
earth will be converted into a huge brain, which
INTERNET MEDIA in fact it is, all things being particles of a real
● Is a means of communicating using the and rhythmic whole. We shall be able to
internet. This can include personal communicate with one another instantly,
communication with text, images, links, videos irrespective of distance. Not only this, but
and voice. through television and telephony we shall see
and hear one another as perfectly as though we
MARSHALL MCLUHAN were face to face, despite intervening
distances of thousands of miles; and the
● A media theorist once said that “the medium is instruments through which we shall be able to
the message.” do this will be amazingly simple compared
● He did not mean that ideas (“messages”) are with our present telephone. A man will be able
useless and do not affect people. His to carry one in his vest pocket.“
statement was an attempt to draw attention to
how media, as a form of technology, reshape Many of the pioneering thinkers believed that global
societies. media tended to homogenize culture.
● According to McLuhan, different media
simultaneously extend and amputate human Herbert Schiller (American critic and sociologist)
senses. stated that not only was the world becoming more
○ An example of this is how a television americanized, but that this process was also resulting
shapes the social behavior of users in the spread of “American” capitalist principles such
and reorient family behavior. Thus, as consumerism
television is not just a simple bearer of
messages. John Tomlinson stated that cultural globalization is
○ New technologies may broaden just a cover for “Western cultural Imperialism” as it
communication’s reach, but they also promotes “homogenized, Westernized consumer
impair an individual’s communicative culture”
abilities.
○ Before people wrote things down on CRITIQUES OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
parchment, exchanging stories was
mainly done orally. ● Cultural imperialism proponents overlooked
○ Papyrus began to become more the reality that media messages are not only
prevalent in Egypt after the fourth created by producers but also consumed by
century BCE, allowing more individuals viewers.
to record their stories.
○ What is “Papyrus”? The word papyrus IMPERIALISM
refers both to the writing support ● Cornell Law School defined imperialism as a
invented by the ancient Egyptians and doctrine, political strategy, practice, state
the plant from which they made this policy, or advocacy that consists in extending
material. power by territorial acquisition or by extending
political and economic control outward over
GLOBAL VILLAGE AND CULTURAL IMPERIALISM other areas.

A global village is a situation where modern CULTURAL IMPERIALISM

technologies would connect all people worldwide. This ● in anthropology, sociology, and ethics, the
interconnectedness implies that people worldwide can imposition by one usually politically or
connect and share information and experiences even economically dominant community of various
when they are not physically close. aspects of its own culture onto another
● The idea of the global village was born in nondominant community (Tobin, 2016).
McLuhan after the observation of how the
media had been able to overcome any physical
distance HISTORY OF MEDIA
● The television was transforming the world into
a "global village" just as how tribal formerly sat 1980
in front of fires to listen to collective stories ● Media researchers began to pay attention to
● McLuhan compares the global village to the how audiences perceived and interpreted
central nervous system explaining that society media messages.
is interconnected by the influence of electronic ○ Media consumers
technology.
 1985 accessible and easier for the general public.
● Ien Ang, an Indonesian cultural critic and a People can now become both consumers and
distinguished professor of cultural studies, providers of information with the help of social
researched how various viewers in the media
Netherlands reacted to the American soap
opera Dallas. “SPLINTERNET” OR “CYBERBALKANIZATION”
● Rather than merely accepting American culture ● Like all things though, it has its dark side.
in a passive and resigned manner, she Commentators have alluded to “splinternet”
observed that viewers invested a lot of and the phenomenon of “cyberbalkanization”
emotional energy in the process, and they felt in the early 2000s to describe the many
joy as a result of how the program resonated bubbles people create when they are online.
with them. “Splinternet” or also referred to as
“cyberbalkanization” is when the internet is
1990 controlled by individual governments like a
● Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes wanted to expand state-affair.
on Ang’s research by looking at how viewers
from various cultural groups understood HOW SOCIAL MEDIA GHETTOS ARE MADE
Dallas.
● Folks from various cultural backgrounds had
their own interpretations of the show. HOMOPHILY
○ Russians were dubious of the show’s ● is the tendency of individuals to associate and
content. bond with similar others. The presence of
○ American viewers felt it was mostly homophily has been discovered in a vast array
about the lives of the wealthy. of network studies.

The cultural imperialism concept has been debunked SOCIAL MEDIA ECHOCHAMBER
by the renewed strength of regional patterns in the ● An echo chamber on social media is when one
globalization process. is exposed to biased, specialized media that
excludes diverse voices and opposing ideas.
Through the globalization of media, Asian culture
has spread around the world. CYBERBALKANIZATION
● Japan: Hello Kitty, Mario Brothers, Pokemon ● is the segregation of the Internet into smaller
● Korea: Kpop idols and kdrama groups with similar interests, to a degree that
they show a narrow-minded approach to
The observation applies to culinary tastes outsiders or those with contradictory views.
● Most obvious case of globalized asian cuisine ● Cyber: refers to the digital world
is sushi. ● Balkanization: refers to Balkans, a political
region in southeastern Europe with a history of
Given these trends, it is no longer plausible to argue partitioned cultures, languages and religion.
that globalization is a one-way process in which
foreign cultures overpower local ones. Globalization DEMAGOGUE
will continue to be an uneven process that produces ● is someone who becomes a leader largely
disparities; but, it allows potential for dynamism and because of skills as a speaker or who appeals
cultural transformation. This is not a contradiction; to emotions and prejudices
rather, it demonstrates the phenomenon's ● Demagogues as well as politicians with less
complexities. democratic intent use this segmentation
because they are aware of how social media
SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE CREATION OF CYBER bubbles can generate herd mentality.
GHETTOES
2016 ELECTIONS
● The proliferation of misinformation, troll farms,
SOCIAL MEDIA
and the use of social media as a weapon are
● It is a collective term for websites and
not new to Filipinos. In the 2016 presidential
applications that focus on communication ,
elections, social media was a major factor in
community based input, interaction, content-
Rodrigo Duterte's triumph which made it as the
sharing, and collaboration.
Philippines' most heavily social media
influenced election ever.
SOCIAL MEDIA POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES
● Social media has negatives and positives. It
has allowed for communication to be more
 2022 ELECTIONS
● Marcos replicated what Rodrigo Duterte did in
the 2016 election. The Marcos Sr. era was
rebranded using social media to portray it as a
golden age that was affluent, crime-free, and
free of oppression rather than a time of martial
law, terrible human rights violations,
corruption, robbery of public coffers, and an
economy on the verge of collapse.

CONCLUSION
● Different media have diverse effects on the
globalization process
● Fact-checking before consuming different
information on media
● Be critical thinker
● Be a social media literate person