MODULE-3

1. CONSTRAINED
MOTION
2. FORCE & NEWTON'S
LAWS OF MOTION
3. FRICTION
1. CONSTRAINED MOTION :

1.1 String constraint :

When the two object are connected through a string and if the string have the following properties :
• The length of the string remains constant i.e., it is inextensible string
• Always remains taut i.e., does not slacks.
Then the parameters of the motion of the objects along the length of the string have a definite relation
between them.
Ist format : - (when string is fixed)

A s B v

The block B moves with velocity v. i.e. each particle of block B moves with velocity v.
If string remain attached to block B it is necessary that velocity of each particle of string is same = v
(vs = v)
Now we can say that Block A also moves with velocity v.
v v
A B

vA = vB = v

: If pulley is fixed then the velocity of all the particles of string is same along the string.

v
B

Ex.1
A vA =?

Sol. In the above situation block B is moving with velocity v. Then speed of each point of the string is v
along the string.
∴ speed of the block A is also v
v
B

A vA=v

Ex.2

A
VA = 8 m/s

37°
vB=? B
A
Sol. ∵ Block A is moving with velocity 8 ms–1. 8 m/s
∴ velocity of every point on the string must be 8m/s along the string. 8 m/s
The real velocity of B is vB. Then the string will not break only 8 m/s
when the compoent of vB along string is 8 m/s.
37°
8 vB B
⇒ vB cos 37° = 8 ⇒ vB = = 10 m/sec
cos 37°
Ex.3 Find out the velocity of block B in a pulley block system as shown in figure.

53° 37°
10 m/s A B

Sol. In a given pulley block system the velocity of all the particle of string is let us assume v then.

v v
53° 37°
10m/s A B
53°
10cos53°
10 m/s is the real velocity of block A then its component along string is v.
⇒ 10 cos 53° = v ...(1)
v
If vB is the real velocity of block B then it component along string is v then
37°
vBcos37° = v ...(2)
vB B
from (1) & (2) vB cos37° = 10 cos53°
10 × 3 / 5 30 15
⇒ vB = = = m / sec
4/5 4 2

50/3 m/s

53°

Ex.4

What is the velocity of block A in the figure as shown above.

Sol. The component of velocity of ring along string = velocity of A
50
= cos 53° = vA ⇒ vA = 10 m/s
3

: In the first format only two points of string are attached or touched to moving bodies.
 IInd format (when pulley is also moving)

To understand this format we consider the following example vP

in which pulley is moving with velocity vp and both block
have velocity vA & vB respectively as shwon in figure.
If we observe the motion of A and B with respect to pulley.
Then the pulley is at rest. Then from first format.
vA vB
vAP = – vBP
A B

(–ve sign indicate the direction of each block is opposite with respect to Pulley)
vA – vp = – vB + vP
v A + vB
⇒ vP =
2

:- To solve the problem put the values of vA, vB, & vP with sign.

10 m/s
vP

Ex.5

A v=?
A

v A + vB
Sol. vP =
2
Putting vp = 10 ms–1, vB = 0,
we get
vA = 20 ms–1 (upward direction)

vP= 10m/s

Ex.6

5m/s
A B v=?
B

Sol. If we take upward direction as +ve then

–5 + vB
10 =
2
vB = 25 m/sec (in upward direction)
 7 m/s

E F

8m/s
Ex.7
2m/s A B C D
5m/s

Find out the velocity of Block D

Sol. From 2nd format of constrained motion
v A + vB
vE =
2
2–5
vE = = –3/2 (If upward direction is taken to be +ve)
2
vE = –3/2 m/s
vE + vF –3 / 2 + vF 31
Now = 7 m/s ⇒ 7 = ⇒ 14 + 3/2 = vF ⇒ vF =
2 2 2
v C + vD 8 + vD 31
Now = vF ⇒ = ⇒ vD = 31 – 8
2 2 2
vD = 23 m/s (upward direction)

B C

E
Ex.8 G
m
A H F

10 m/sec

Find the velocity of point G.

Sol. In string ABCD from first format of constrain
VD = 10 m/s↑
vH + vE
Now vD =
2
vH = 10 m/s ↓ if upward direction is taken to be positive
−10 + v E
+ 10 = ⇒ vE = 30 m/s ↑
2
vF + v G –10 + v G
Now = vE ⇒ 30 =
2 2
60 + 10 = vG
vG = 70 m/s↑

: In IInd format three or four Points of the string is attached to the moving bodies.
 III format :

SOLVING STRATEGY :
1. First choose the longest string in the given problem which contains the point of which velocity/
acceleration to be find out.

2. Now mark a point on the string wherever it comes in contact or leaves the contact of real bodies.

3. If due to motion of a point, length of the part of a string with point is related, increases then its speed
will be taken +ve otherwise –ve.

A
D E H I

J
C vC=?
Ex.9 B C F G
5m/s
A B 2m/s

Sol.
Step 1. We choose a longest string ABCDEFGHIJ in which we have to find out velocity of point J (vc)
Step 2. Mark all the point A, B ................
Step 3. Write equation
vA + vB + vC + vD + vE + vF + vG + vH + vI + vJ = 0
vA = vD = vE = vH = vI = 0
(No movement of that point because attached to fixed objects)
⇒ vB + vc + vF + vG + vJ = 0 ...(1)
vB = vC = 5 m/s (increases the length)
vF = vG = 2m/s (It also increases the length)
Let us assume C is moving upward with velocity vc so vc negative because it decreasing the length
⇒ 5 + 5 + 2 + 2 – vc = 0
vC = 14 m/sec (upward)

Ex.10
4m/s
F

c ↑ 2m / sec

E
8m / s↑ A B ↓ 2m / s
1 m / s↓ D
Find out the velocity of block E as shown in figure.
Sol.
Step-1 We first choose the longest string in which point j (block E) lie. (abcdefghij)
4m/s
c d F
b e
x
a h y i
c ↑ 2m / s
k
j
f g E
8m / s ↑ A B ↓ 2m / s
1m / s ↓ D z
Step 2 : Now write equation according to the velocity of each point (either increase or decrease the length)
va + vb + vc + vd + ve + vf + vg + vh + vi + vj= 0 ...(1)
Now find value of va, vb ..... in a following way
v A + vB
vk = (from second format)
2
8–2
= = 3 m/sec. (upward)
2
vK + v C
va = (from 2nd format)
2
3+2
= = 5/2 m/sec. (upward)
2
vx = 4m/s (from first format of constrain)
vy + vz
from 2nd format of constrain vx = ∴ vz = 0 (fixed)
2
⇒ vy = 2 vx = 8 m/s (upward)
⇒ Now va = – 5/2 m/s (decreases the length)
vb = vc = vd = ve = 0 (attached to fixed object)
vf = vg = 1m/s (increases the length)
vh = vi = vy = 8 m/s (increase the length)
Let us assume block E move upward then vj = – vE (decrease the length)
Puting the above values in eq. (1)
⇒ –5/2 + 1 + 1 + 8 + 8 – vE = 0
vE = 31/2 m/s (upward)

: In the following figure pulley is moving with velocity v at an angle θ with the horizontal.

v sin θ
v
v
A B A
θ B
θ
C C v cos θ

D D
Only v cos θ is responsible to increase or decrease the length AB and v sin θ is responsible to either
decrease or increase the length CD.
* Further solving strategy is same as 3rd format
Ex.11 Find out the relation between acceleration a and b as shown in following figure.

b
A a
B
θ

Sol.
Step 1. Mark the points on the string which is attached to the real object (e.f,g,h)

b cos θ
f b f
e
g
b θ g

bc
h
b

os
A a

θ
B θ h
θ b
a
Step 2. Acceleration of each point which are responsible to effect the length of string
ae = 0 (because it is attached to fixed object)
af = –b (attach to pulley which is moving with wedge's acceleration & –ve because it decreases the
length)
ag = b cos θ (only this component is responsible to effect the length of string)
ah = (a – b cos θ) (resultant velocity at point h along the string)
So now from 3rd format
ae + af + ag + ah = 0
⇒ 0 + (–b) + b cos θ + (a – b cos θ) = 0
a–b=0
⇒ a=b

2. WEDGE CONSTRAINT :

Conditions :
(i) Contact must not be lost between two bodies.
(ii) Bodies are rigid.
The relative velocity / acceleration perpendicular to the contact surface of the two rigid object is
always zero. Wedge constraint is applicable for each contact.

v3

v1
v3 v 1 sin θ
v2
θ
Contact
Plane
v 3 = v1 sin θ
In other words,
Components of velocity and acceleration perpendicular to the contact surface of the two objects is
always equal if there is no deformation and they remain in contact.
Ex.12 Find the relation between velocity of rod and that of the wedge at any instant in the figure
shown.

v
θ u

Sol. Using wedge constraint.

Component of velocity of rod along perpendicular to inclined surface is equal to velocity of wedge
along that direction.
u cos θ = v sin θ
u
= tan θ
v
u = v tan θ
1. FORCE

A pull or push which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion or direction of
motion of any object is called force. Force is the interaction between the object and the source
(providing the pull or push). It is a vector quantity.
Effect of resultant force :
• may change only speed
• may change only direction of motion.
• may change both the speed and direction of motion.
• may change size and shape of a body
kg.m
unit of force : newton and (MKS System)
s2
g.cm
dyne and (CGS System)
s2
1 newton = 105 dyne
Kilogram force (kgf)
The force with which earth attracts a 1 kg body towards its centre is called kilogram force, thus
Force in newton
kgf =
g
Dimensional Formula of force : [MLT–2]
• For full information of force we require
→ Magnitude of force
→ direction of force
→ point of application of the force

Force

Electromagnetic Gravitational Contact Nuclear

force force force force

Normal Tension friction

reaction

1.1 Electromagnetic Force

Force exerted by one particle on the other because of the electric charge on the particles is called
electromagnetic force.
Following are the main characteristics of electromagnetic force
• These can be attractive or repulsive
• These are long range forces
• These depend on the nature of medium between the charged particles.
• All macroscopic force (except gravitational) which we experience as push or pull or by contact are
electromagnetic, i.e., tension in a rope, the force of friction, normal reaction, muscular force, and
force experienced by a deformed spring are electromagnetic forces. These are manifestations of the
electromagnetic attractions are repulsions between atoms/molecules.
1.2 Gravitational force :
It acts between any two masses kept anywhere in the universe. It follows inverse square rule (F ∝
1
) and is attractive in nature.
dis tan ce2
GM1M2
F=
R2
The force mg, which Earth applies on the bodies, is gravitational force.

1.3 Nuclear force :

It is the strongest force. It keeps nucleons (neutrons and protons) together inside the nucleus inspite
of large electric repulsion between protons. Radioactivity, fission, and fusion, etc. result because of
unbalancing of nuclear forces. It acts within the nucleus that too upto a very small distance.

1.4 Contact force :

Forces which are transmitted between bodies by short range atomic molecular interactions are called
contact forces. When two objects come in contact they exert contact forces on each other.

1.4.1 Normal force (N) :

It is the component of contact force perpendicular to the surface.

It measures how strongly the surfaces in contact are pressed
against each other. It is the 2
electromagnetic force. A table is placed on Earth
as shown in figure. 1
3 4
• Here table presses the earth so normal force exerted by four legs of table on earth are as shown in
figure.

N1 N2
ground
N3 N4
• Now a boy pushes a block kept on a frictionless surface.

Block

Here, force exerted by boy on block is electromagnetic interaction which arises due to similar charges
appearing on finger and contact surface of block, it is normal force.
(by boy) N
Block

• A block is kept on inclined surface. Component of its weight presses the surface perpendicularly due
to which contact force acts between surface and block.

θ
Normal force exerted by block on the surface of inclined plane is shown in figure.

N
θ
 Force acts perpendicular to the surface

:
• Normal force acts in such a fashion that it tries to compress the body
• Normal is a dependent force, it comes in role when one surface presses the other.

Ex.1 Two blocks are kept in contact on a smooth surface as shown in figure. Draw normal force
exerted by A on B.

A B

Sol. In above problem, block A does not push block B, so there is no molecular interaction between A and B.
Hence normal force exerted by A on B is zero.

Ex.2 Draw normal forces on the massive rod at point 1 and 2 as shown in figure.

Sol. Normal force acts perpendicular to extended surface at point of contact.

N2

N1

50N
30°
Ex.3 Two blocks are kept in contact as shown in figure. Find
(a) forces exerted by surfaces (floor and wall) on blocks 100N
10kg 20kg
(b) contact force between two blcoks.

N1
Sol. F.B.D. of 10 kg block
100 N
N1 = 10 g = 100 N ...(1) N2
N2 = 100 N ...(2)
10 g

N4 50 N
F.B.D. of 20 kg block
30°
N2 = 50 sin 30° + N3
∴ N3 = 100 – 25 = 75 N ...(3)
N2 N3
and N4 = 50 cos30° + 20 g
N4 = 243.30 N
20 g
 R=5m
B 3m
A 1m
Ex.4

Find out the normal reaction at point A and B if the mass of sphere is 10 kg.

N2 N1
y
N2 N1
O

5m3m 37° B 37° 53°

Sol. A 53°
1m 4m Now F.B.D. x' O x
10 g
y'

Now resolve the forces along x & y direction

3N2
N2sin37°=
5
y
N1sin53° = 4N1/5
N2 N1

37° 53°
3N1
4N2 O N1cos53°=
N2cos37°= 5
5
100

∵ The body is in equilibrium so equate the force in x & y direction

3N1 4N2
In x-direction = ...(1)
5 5
3N2 4N1
In y-direction + = 100 ...(2)
5 5
after solving above equation
N1 = 80 N, N2 = 60 N

1.4.2 Tension :
Tension in a string is an electromagnetic force. It arises when a string is pulled. If a massless string is
not pulled, tension in it is zero. A string suspended by rigid support is pulled by a force ‘F’ as shown in
figure, for calculating the tension at point ‘A’ we draw F.B.D. of marked portion of the string; Here string
is massless.

F.B.D of marked portion

A T
A

F F
 ⇒ T=F
String is considered to be made of a number of small segments which attracts each other due to
electromagnetic nature. The attraction force between two segments is equal and opposite due to
newton’s third law.
Conclusion :
T = mg
(i) Tension always acts along the string and in such a direction that it tries
to reduce T
the length of string
(ii) If the string is massless then the m
tension will be same along the string but if the string have some mass
then the tension will continuously change along the string. mg

Ex.5 The system shown in figure is in equilibrium. Find the magnitude of tension in each string ;
T1, T2, T3 and T4. (g = 10 m/s–2)

60°
T4
T3 30° B
T
T1 A 2
10 kg

Sol. F.B.D. of block 10 kg F.B.D. of point ‘A’

y
T0 T2
30°
T0=10 g T1 x
T0=100N A

10g T0

∑ Fy = 0
T2 cos30° = T0 = 100 N
200
T2 = N
3
∑ Fx = 0
200 1 100
T1 = T2 sin 30° = . = N
3 2 3
y

F.B.D of point of ‘B’ T4

60°
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ T4 cos60° = T2 cos 30°
T3 x
and ∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ T3 + T2 sin 30° = T4 sin 60° B
°
30
200 T2
∴ T3 = N , T = 200 N
4
3
1.4.3 Frictional force :
It is the component of contact force tangential to the surface. It opposes the relative motion (or
attempted relative motion) of the two surfaces in contact. (which is explained later)
2. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION :
According to this law “A system will remain in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless a net external
force act on it.
1st law can also be stated as “If the net external force acting on a body is zero, only then the body
remains at rest.”
The word external means external to the system (object under observation), interactions within the
system has not to be considered.
The word net means the resultant of all the forces acting on the system.
Newton’s first law is nothing but Galileo’s law of inertia.
Inertia means inability of a body to change its state of motion or rest by itself.
The property of a body that determines its resistance to a change in its motion is its mass (inertia).
Greater the mass, greater the inertia.
An external force is needed to set the system into motion, but no external force is needed to keep a
body moving with constant velocity in its uniform motion.
Newton’s laws of motion are valid only in a set of frame of references, these frames of reference are
known as inertial frames of reference.
Generally, we take earth as an inertial frame of reference, but strictly speaking it is not an inertial
frame.
All frames moving uniformly with respect to an inertial frame are themselves inertial.
We take all frames at rest or moving uniformly with respect to earth, as inertial frames.

3. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION :

Newton’s second law states, “The rate of change of a momentum of a body is directly proportional to
the applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts”

 dp  dp
i.e., F ∝ or F = k
dt dt
where k is a constant of proportionality.
   
p = mv, So F = k (dmv)
dt
For a body having constant mass,
 
dv 
⇒ F = km = k ma
dt
From experiments, the value of k is found to be 1.
 
So, Fnet = ma
Force can’t change the momentum along a direction normal to it, i.e., the component of velocity
normal to the force doesn’t change.
Newton’s 2nd law is strictly applicable to a single point particle. In case of rigid bodies or system of
 
particles or system of rigid bodies, F refers to total external force acting on system and a refers to
acceleration of centre of mass of the system. The internal forces, if any, in the system are not to be

included in F .
Acceleration of a particle at any instant and at a particular location is determined by the force (net)
acting on the particle at the same instant and at same location and is not in any way depending on the
history of the motion of the particle.
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY :
Newton’s laws refer to a particle and relate the forces acting on the particle to its mass and to its
acceleration. But before writing any equation from Newton’s law, you should be careful about which
particle you are considering. The laws are applicable to an extended body too which is nothing but
collection of a large number of particles.
Follow the steps given below in writing the equations :
Step 1 : Select the body
The first step is to decide the body on which the laws of motion are to be applied. The body may be a
single particle, an extended body like a block, a combination of two blocks-one kept over another or
connected by a string. The only condition is that all the parts of the body or system must have the
same acceleration.
Step 2 : Identify the forces
Once the system is decided, list down all the force acting on the system due to all the objects in the
environment such as inclined planes, strings, springs etc. However, any force applied by the system
shouldn’t be included in the list. You should also be clear about the nature and direction of these
forces.
Step 3 : Make a Free-body diagram (FBD)
Make a separate diagram representing the body by a point and draw vectors representing the forces
acting on the body with this point as the common origin.
This is called a free-body diagram of the body.

Tb Ts
R
B
5
C R
m/sec2

Wp Wm
100kg platform man
F.B.D of Diagram
50 kg
Look at the adjoining free-body diagrams for the platform and the man. Note that the force applied by
the man on the rope hasn’t been included in the FBD.
Once you get enough practice, you’d be able to identify and draw forces in the main diagram itself
instead of making a separate one
Step 4 : Select axes and Write equations
When the body is in equillibrium then choose the axis in such a fashion that maximum number of force
lie along the axis.
If the body is moving with some acceleration then first find out the direction of real acceleration and
choose the axis one is along the real acceleration direction and other perpendicular to it.
Write the equations according to the newton’s second law (Fnet = ma) in the corresponding axis.
4. APPLICATIONS :
4.1 Motion of a Block on a Horizontal Smooth Surface.
Case (i) : When subjected to a horizontal pull :
The distribution of forces on the body are shown. As there is no motion along vertical direction, hence,
R = mg
For horizontal motion F = ma or a = F/m R
a

m F

mg
Case (ii) : When subjected to a pull acting at an angle (θ) to the horizontal :
Now F has to be resolved into two components, F cosθ along the horizontal and F sin θ along the
vertical direction.
Fsinθ
R
F
θ
m Fcosθ

mg
For no motion along the vertical direction.
 we have R + F sin θ = mg
or R = mg – F sin θ

: Hence R ≠ mg. R < mg

For horizontal motion

F cos θ
F cos θ = ma, a =
m

Case (iii) : When the block is subjected to a push acting at an

angle θ to the horizontal : (down ward) R
The force equation in this case θ
F
R = mg + F sin θ

θ
F cos θ

: R ≠ mg, R > mg
mg F
For horizontal motion

F cos θ F sin θ
F cosθ = ma, a =
m

4.2 Motion of bodies in contact.

Case (i) : Two body system :
Let a force F be applied on mass m1

B
A
F
f f
m1 m2

Free body diagrams :

(vertical force do not cause motion, hence they have not been shown in diagram)

F m 2F
⇒ a = m +m and f = m + m
1 2 1 2

(i) Here f is known as force of contact. f

m1 m2
(ii) Acceleration of system can be found simply by F f

force
a=
total mass

: If force F be applied on m2, the acceleration will remain the same, but the force of contact will be

different

m1F
i.e., f’ = m + m
1 2
Ex.6 Find the contact force between the 3 kg and 2kg block as shown in figure.
B
A F2 = 25N
F1 = 100N 3kg 2kg

Sol. Considering both blocks as a system to find the common acceleration

Fnet = F1 – F2 = 100 – 25 = 75 N
common acceleration Fnet = 75 N
5kg a
Fnet 75 2
a= = = 15 m / s
5kg 5
To find the contact force R
between A & B we draw a
F.B.D of 2 kg block N 2kg 25 N
from (∑Fnet)x = max
⇒ N – 25 = (2) (15)
⇒ N = 55 N 2g

Case (ii) : Three body system :

C
A B

F m m2 m3
1

Free body diagrams :

For A For B For C
F
⇒ a = m +m +m
1 2 3

(m 2 + m 3 ) F m1 m2 m3
F f1 f1 f2 f2
and f1 = (m + m + m )
1 2 3

m 3F F – f1 = m1a f1 – f2 = m2a f2 = m3a

f2 = (m + m + m )
1 2 3
f1 = contact force between masses m1 and m2
f2 = contact force between masses m2 and m3
Remember : Contact forces will be different if force F will be applied on mass C
Ex.7 Find the contact force between the block and acceleration of the blocks as shown in figure.
C
B
A
F1 = 50N 3kg F2 = 30N
2kg 5kg

Sol. Considering all the three block as a system to find the common acceleration
Fnet = 50 – 30 = 20 N
20 Fnet=20N
a= = 2m / s2 10kg a
10
To find the contact force
R
between B & C we draw F.B.D.
of 3 kg block.
N1 3kg 30N
(∑ F )
net
x
= ma
a
⇒ N1 – 30 = 3(2) ⇒ N1 = 36 N mg
To find contact force between A & B we draw a
F.B.D. of 5 kg block
N2 5kg N1
⇒ N2 – N1 = 5a
N2 = 5 × 2 + 36 ⇒ N2 = 46 N
4.3 Motion of connected Bodies
Case (i) For Two Bodies :
F is the pull on body A of mass m1. The pull of A on B is exercised as tension through the string
connecting A and B. The value of tension throughout the string is T only.
B A
T T
m2 m1 F

Free body diagrams :

For body A For body B

R1 a R2 a

T A F B T

m1g m2g

R1 = m1g R2 = m2g
F – T = m1a T = m2a

F
⇒ a = m +m
1 2

Case (ii) : For Three bodies :

a
A B C →
T1 T2 F
m1 m2 m3

Free body diagrams :

For A For B For C

R1 R2 R3

A T1 B C
T1 T2 T2 F

m1g m2g m3g

R2 = m2g R3 = m3g
R1 = m1g
T2 – T1 = m2a F – T2 = m3a
T1 = m1a
⇒ T2 = m2a + T1 ⇒ F = m3a + T2
T2 = (m2 + m1)a =m 3 a+(m 1+m2 )a

F=(m1+m2+m3)a

F
⇒ a = m +m +m
1 2 3
Ex.8 A 5 kg block has a rope of mass 2 kg attached to its underside and a 3 kg block is suspended
from the other end of the rope. The whole system is accelerated upward is 2 m/s2 by an external
force F0.
F0
5 kg
2 kg
3 kg
(a) What is F0?
(b) What is the force on rope?
(c) What is the tension at middle point of the rope?
(g = 10 m/s2)
Sol. For calculating the value of F0, consider two blocks with the rope as a system.
F.B.D. of whole system

F0

(a)
2m/s2
10 g = 100N

F0 – 100 = 10 × 2
F = 120 N ...(1)
(b) According to Newton’s second law, net force on rope.
F = ma = (2) (2) = 4 N ...(2)
(c) For calculating tension at the middle point we draw T
F.B.D. of 3 kg block with half of the rope (mass 1 kg) as
shown.
T – 4g = 4.(2) = 48 N 4g

4.4 Motion of a body on a smooth inclined plane :

Natural acceleration down the plane = g sin θ

Driving force for acceleration a up the plane, F=m(a+ gsinθ)
and for an acceleration a down the plane, F=m(a – gsinθ)

mg sin mgcos
mg

Ex.9 Find out the contact force between the 2kg & 4kg block as shown in figure.
g
4k
g
2k

37º

Sol. On an incline plane acceleration of the block is independent of mass. So both the blocks will move with
the same acceleration (gsin 37º) so the contact force between them is zero.
Ex.10 Find out the contact force between 2kg & 3kg block placed on the incline plane as shown in
figure.

g
3k
g
2k
N
20
37º
Sol. Considering both the block as a 5kg system because both will move the same acceleration.

g
5k
N
20
37º
Now show forces on the 5 kg block
N

g
5k
N
20

37º 5g

∵ Acceleration of 5kg block is down the incline.

N
So choose one axis down the incline and other

g
a

5k
3 7 0N
perpendicular to it

2
From Newton’s second Law

º
5gcos 37º
s in 37º 5g
N = 5g cos 37º ...(i) 5g
5gsin 37º – 20 = 5a ..(ii)
30 – 20 = 5a
a = 2m/s2 (down the incline)
F o r c o n ) between 2kg & 3kg block
t a
1
c t f o r c e ( N
1
N

we draw F.B.D. of 3kg block

From
g
2

3k
/s

Fnet = ma
2m

7º
n3

⇒ 3gsin 37º – N1 = 3 × 2
si
3g

18 – N1 = 6
N1= 12 N

4.5 Pulley block system :

Ex.11 One end of string which passes through pulley and connected to 10 kg mass at other end is
pulled by 100 N force. Find out the acceleration of 10 kg mass. (g = 9.8 m/s2)

Sol. Since string is pulled by 100N force.

100 N
So tension in the string is 100 N.
F.B.D. of 10 kg block
100 – 10 g = 10 a
100 N
100 – 10 × 9.8 = 10 a
10 g
a = 0.2 m/s2 10 kg
Ex.12 In the figure shown, find out acceleration of each block.

10kg

2kg 4kg

Sol. Now F.B.D. of each block and apply Newton’s

second law on each F.B.D
10kg
a1
2T

(1) 10 kg a1 ⇒ 10g –2 T = 10a1 ...(i) a2 2kg 4kg a3

10g

(2) 2kg a2 ⇒ T – 2g = 2a2 ...(2)

2g

(3) 4kg a3 ⇒ T – 4g = 4a3 ...(3)

4g

from constrain relation 2a1 = a2 + a3 ...(4)

Solving equations (1), (2), (3) and (4) we get
800
T= N
23
a1 = 70/23 m/s2 (downward), a2 = 170/23 m/s2 (upward), a3 = 30/23 m/s2 (downward)
Ex.13 Find the acceleration of each block in the figure shown below; in terms of their masses m1,
m2 and g. Neglect any friction.
m1

m2
Sol. Let T be the tension in the string that is assumed to be massless. N1
For mass m1, the FBD shows that
N1 = m1g T
Where N1 is the force applied upward by plane on the mass m1.
If acceleration of m1 along horizontal is a1. then
m1g
T = m1a1 ...(i)
For mass m2, the FBD shows that
m2g – 2T = m2a2 ...(ii)
Where a2 is vertical acceleration of mass m2.
Note that upward tension on m2 is 2T applied
by both sides of the string. T T
from constrain relation 2T
a
a2 = 1
2
Thus, the acceleration of m1 its twice that of m2. m2g
with this input, solving (i) and (ii) we find
a2
2m 2 g
a1 = 4m + m m2g
1 2
m2g
a2 = 4m + m
1 2

Ex.14 Two blocks A and B each having a mass of 20 kg, rest on frictionless surfaces as shown in the
figure below. Assuming the pulleys to be light and frictionless, compute :
(a) the time required for block A, to move down by 2m on the plane, starting from rest,
(b) tension in the string, connecting the blocks.
A

B
37º
Sol.
Step 1. Draw the FBDs for both the blocks. If tension in the string is T, then we have

NA T
NB
T
and
mAg mB g
Note that mAg, should better be resolved along and perpendicular to the plane, as the block A is moving
along the plane.
T
NA

mAg sin mAg cos

Step 2. From FBDs, we write the force equations ‘

for block A where
NA = mA g cos θ = 20 × 10 × 0.8 = 160 N
and mAg sin θ – T = mA a ... (i)
Where ‘a’ is acceleration of masses of blocks A and B.
Similarly, force equations for block B are
NB = mBg = 20 × 10 = 200 N
and T = mBa ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
 m A g sin θ 20 × 10 × 0.6
a = m +m = = 3 ms–2
A B 40
T = mBa = 20 × 3 = 60 N

Step 3. With constant acceleration a = 3 ms–2, the block A moves down the inclined plane a distance S =
2 m in time t given by
1 2 2S 2
S= at or t = = sec onds.
2 a 3

Ex.15 Two blocks m1 and m2 are placed on a smooth inclined

plane as shown in figure. If they are released from rest.
Find : m1
(i) acceleration of mass m1 and m2 √3kg m2 1kg
(ii) tension in the string
(iii) net force on pulley exerted by string 30° 60°
Sol. F.B.D of m1 : N1 T
m1g sin θ – T = m1a
a
m1
3
g – T = 3a ...(i)
2 θ=30°
m1g
F.B.D. of m2 :
a
T – m2g sin θ = m2a T N2

3 m2
T – 1. g = 1.a ...(ii)
2 θ
Adding eq. (i) and (ii) we get a = 0
m2g
Putting this value in eq. (i) we get

3g
T= ,
2

F.B.D. of pulley
FR = 2T
T T
3
FR = g FR
2

5. NEWTONS’ 3RD LAW OF MOTION :

Statement : “To every action there is equal and opposite reaction”.

But what is the meaning of action and reaction and which force is action and which force is reaction?
Every force that acts on body is due to the other bodies in environment. Suppose that a body A
 
experiences a force FAB due to other body B. Also body B will experience a force FBA due to A.
According to Newton third law two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction Mathematically
we write it as
 
FAB = –FBA
 
Here we can take either FAB or FBA as action force and other will be the reaction force.
 : (i) Action-Reaction pair acts on two different bodies.

(ii) Magnitude of force is same.

(iii) Direction of forces are in opposite direction.
(iv) For action-reaction pair there is no need of contact

Ex.16 A block of mass ‘m’ is kept on the ground as shown in figure.

m
(i) Draw F.B.D. of block
(ii) Are forces acting on block action - reaction pair
(iii) If answer is no, draw action reaction pair.
Sol. (i) F.B.D. of block

N (Normal)

mg (field force)
(ii) ‘N’ and Mg are not action - reaction pair. Since pair act on different bodies, and they are of same
nature.
(iii) Pair of ‘mg’ of block acts on earth in opposite direction.

earth
mg
and pair of ‘N’ acts on surface as shown in figure.

5.1 Climbing on the Rope :

F.B.D of man
Rope
T

a a

mg

Now three condition arises.

if T > mg ⇒ man accelerates in upward direction
T < mg ⇒ man accelerates in downward direction
T = mg ⇒ man’s acceleration is zero
* Either climbing or decending on the rope man exerts force downward
Ex.17 If the breaking strength of string is 600N then find out
the maximum acceleration of the man with which he
can climb up the road
600N
(50 kg)
Sol. Maximum force that can be exerted on the man by the rope is 600 N.
F.B.D of man a
⇒ 600 – 50 g = 50 a
amax = 2 m/s2
50 g

Ex.18 A 60 kg painter on a 15 kg platform. A rope attached to the platform and passing over an
overhead pulley allows the painter to raise himself along with the platform.

400 N

(i) To get started, he pulls the rope down with a force of 400 N. Find the acceleration of the platform
as well as that of the painter.
(ii) What force must he exert on the rope so as to attain an upward speed of 1 m/s in 1 s ?
(iii) What force should apply now to maintain the constant speed of 1 m/s?
Sol. The free body diagram of the painter and the platform as a system can be drawn as shown in the
figure. Note that the tension in the string is equal to the force by which he pulles the rope.
(i) Applying Newton’s Second Law
2T – (M + m)g = (M + m)a TT
2T – (M + m)g
or a= a
M+m
Here M = 60 kg; m = 15 kg ; T = 400 N
g = 10 m/s2
2( 400) – ( 60 + 15)(10 ) (M+m) g
a= = 0.67 m/s2
60 + 15
(ii) To attain a speed of 1 m/s in one second the acceleration a must be 1 m/s2
Thus, the applied force is
1
F= (M + m) (g + a) = (60 + 15) (10 + 1) = 412.5 N
2
(iii) When the painter and the platform move (upward) together with a constant speed, it is in a state
of dynamic equilibrium
Thus, 2F – (M + m) g = 0
(M + m)g (60 + 15)(10)
or F = = = 375 N
2 2

6. SPRING FORCE :

Every spring resists any attempt to change its length; when it is compressed or extended, it exerts
force at its ends. The force exerted by a spring is given by F = –kx, where x is the change in length and
k is the stiffness constant or spring constant (unit Nm–1)
When spring is in its natural length, spring force is zero.
 
0 0+x

F=0 Fext F = –kx
F

Graph between spring force v/s x

Ex.19 Two blocks are connected by a spring of natural length 2 m. The force constant of spring is 200
N/m. Find spring force in following situations.
2m

A B

(a) If block ‘A’ and ‘B’ both are displaced by 0.5 m in same direction.
(b) If block ‘A’ and ‘B’ both are displaced by 0.5 m in opposite direction.
Sol. (a) Since both blocks are displaced by 0.5 m in same direcetion, so change in length of spring is zero.
Hence, spring force is zero.
(b) In this case, change in length of spring is 1 m. So spring force is F = –Kx
= – (200). (1)
F = –200 N
2m

A B Natural length

3m 1m

A B When spring A B When spring

is extended is compressed
F F F F

Ex.20 Force constant of a spring is 100 N/m. If a 10 kg block attached

with the spring is at rest, then find extension in the spring
(g = 10 m/s2)
Sol. In this situation, spring is in extended state so spring force acts in
upward direction. Let x be the extension in the spring.
F.B.D. of 10 kg block :
Fs
Fs = 10 g 10 kg
⇒ Kx = 100
⇒ (100)x = (100)
⇒ x=1m
10g

6.1 SPRING FORCE SYSTEM :

Initially the spring is in natural length at A with block m. But when the block displaced towards right
then the spring is elongated and now block is released at B then the block move towards left due to
spring force (kx).
Analysis of motion of block :

Natural Length
v a v a
v=0
m m Initial position

C v a Av a B

(i) From B to A speed of block increase and acceleration decreases. (due to decrease in spring force kx)

kx a
m
v
(ii) Due to inertia block crosses natural length at A.
From A to C speed of the block decreases and acceleration increases.(due to increase in spring force
kx)

m kx
a
v
(iii) At C the block stops momentarily at this instant and since the spring is compressed spring force is
towards right and the block starts to move towards right. From C to A speed of block increases and
acceleration decreases.(due to decrease in spring force kx)

m kx a
v
(iv) Again block crosses point A due to inertia then from A to B speed decreases and acceleration increases.

kx
a
m v

In this way block does SHM (to be expalined later) if no resistive force is acting on the block.
Note :
N.L.

Release
A
(i)

B
when the block A is released then it take some finite time to reach at B. i.e., spring force doesn’t
change instantaneously.

N.L.

Release
A
m
(2)

When point A of the spring is released in the above situation then the spring forces changes
instantaneously and becomes zero because one end of the spring is free.
(3) In string tension may change instantaneously.
Ex.21 Find out the acceleration of 2 kg block in the figures shown at the instant 1 kg block falls from
2 kg block. (at t = 0)

1kg 1kg

A 2kg 2kg B

Sol. F.B.D.s before fall of 1kg block

1kg 30N (kx) 30N (T)

1kg
2kg
2kg
30(mg)
30(mg)

after the fall of the 1 kg block tension will change instantaneously but spring force (kx) doesn’t
change instantaneously. F.B.D.s just after the fall of 1 kg block

30N (kx) 20
(A) 2kg B 2kg
20 20

30 – 20
aA = = 5 m/s2 (upward) aB = 0 m/s2
2

Ex.22 Two blocks ‘A’ and ‘B’ of same mass ‘m’ attached with a
light spring are suspended by a string as shown in
A m
figure. Find the acceleration of block ‘A’ and ‘B’ just after
the string is cut.

Sol. When block A and B are in equilibrium position

F.B.D of ‘B’ B m
T0

T0=mg
...(i)

mg
 F.B.D of ‘A’

T = mg + T0 .....(ii)
T = 2 mg

mg T0

when string is cut, tension T becomes zero. But spring does not change its shape just after cutting. So
spring force acts on mass B, again draw F.B.D. of block A and B as shown in figure
F.B.D of ‘B’
T0=mg

T0 – mg = m.aB
aB = 0

mg
F.B.D. of ‘A’

mg + T0 = m. aA
2 mg = m. aA
aA = 2g (downwards)
mg T0=mg

Ex.23 Find out the acceleration of 1kg, 2kg and 3kg block and
tension in the string between 1 kg & 2 kg block just after A 1kg
cutting the string as shown in figure.

B 2kg
Sol. F.B.D before cutting of string

6gN
C 3kg
A 1kg
1gN (mg)
5gN
B 2kg
3gN 2gN

3gN(spring force)
C 3kg

3gN(mg)

Let us assume the Tension in the string connecting blocks A & B becomes zero just after cutting the
string then.
 2 kg
1 kg
1g 5g
a1 = = g ms–2 a2 = = 2.5 g ms–2
1 2g + 3g 2
1g (weight) (spring force)

∵ a2 > a1 i.e., ∴ T≠0

If T ≠ 0 that means string is tight and Both block A & B will have same acceleration. So it will take as a
system of 3 kg mass.

1 kg
10N

T
3kg a
2 kg
≡
30N 20N 60N

System T
Total force down ward = 10 + 30 + 20 = 60 N 20m/s
2

60 2kg
Total mass = 3 kg ⇒ a = = 20 m/s2 50 – T = 2 × 20
3
Now apply Fnet = ma at block B. T = 10 N
50

∵ the spring force does not change instantaneously the F.B.D of ‘C’
3g

2
3kg ac= 0 m/s

3g
Reference Frame :
A frame of reference is basically a coordinate system in which motion of object is analyzed. There are
two types of reference frames.
(a) Inertial reference frame : Frame of reference moving with constant velocity or stationary
(b) Non-inertial reference frame : A frame of reference moving with non-zero acceleration

: (i) Although earth is a non inertial frame (due to rotation) but we always consider it as an inertial
frame.
(ii) A body moving in circular path with constant speed is a non intertial frame (direction change cause
acceleration)

7. PSEUDO FORCE :
Consider the following
example to understand the pseudo force concept
support a
B
m A

The block m in the bus is moving with constant acceleration a with respect to man A at ground. Force
 required for this acceleration is the normal reaction exerted by the support
So, N = ma ..(i)
This block m is at rest with respect to man B who is in the bus (a non intertial frame). So the
acceleration of the block with respect to man B is zero.
N = m(0) = 0 ..(ii)
But the normal force is exerted in a non-inertial frame also. So the equation (ii) is wrong therefore we
conclude that Newton’s law is not valid in non-inertial frame.
If we want to apply Newton’s law in non-inertial frame, then we can do so by using of the cencept
pseudo force.
Pseudo force is an imaginary force, which in actual is not acting on the body. But after applying it on
the body we can use Newton’s laws in non-inertial frames.
This imaginary force is acting on the body only when we are solving the problem in a non-inertial frame
of reference.
In the above example. The net force on the block m is zero with respect to man B after applying the
pesudo force.

ma N
m

N = ma

1. Direction of pseudo force is opposite to the acceleration of frame

2. Magnitude of pseudo force is equal to mass of the body which we are analyzing multiplied by acceleration
of frame
3. Point of application of pseudo force is the centre of mass of the body which we are analysing

Ex.24 A box is moving upward with retardation ‘a’ < g, find the direction and
magnitude of “pseudo force” acting on block of mass ‘m’ placed inside
the box. Also calculate normal force exerted by surface on block 'm'

'Ma' N
Sol. Pseudo force acts opposite to the direction of

acceleration of reference frame. N + ma = mg

(Pseudo
N = mg – ma
pseudo force = ma in upward direction force)

F.B.D of ‘m’ w.r.t box (non-inertial)

mg
Ex.25 Figure shows a pendulum suspended from the roof of a car that has a constant acceleration a
relative to the ground. Find the deflection of the pendulum from the vertical as observed from
the ground frame and from the frame attached with the car.

a
 T
θ
ax=a
θ a
Sol. mg
ay= 0
mg

Figure represents free Body diagram of the bob w.r.t ground.

In an inertial frame the suspended bob has an acceleration a caused by the horizontal component of
tension T.
T sin θ = ma ...(i)
T cosθ = mg ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
a  a
tan θ = ⇒ θ = tan–1  
g  g
In a non-inertial frame
T
θ a=0
x
ma a
θ ma
mg
a=
y 0
mg
Figure represents free Body diagram of bob w.r.t car.
In the non-intertial frame of the car, the bob is in static equilibrium under the action of three froces, T,
mg and ma (pseudo force)
T sin θ = ma ...(iii)
T cos θ = mg ....(iv)
From equation (iii) and (iv)

a  a
tan θ = ⇒ θ = tan–1  
g  g
Ex.26 A pulley with two blocks system is attached to the ceiling of a lift moving upward with an
acceleration a0. Find the deformation in the spring.

K
a0

m2
m1
Sol. Non-Inertial Frame

T T
K
a0 a a
2T

m2T T
m1 m2g m2a0 m g m a (pseudo)
1 1 0
(pseudo)

Let relative to the centre of pulley, m1 accelerates downward with a and m2 accelerates upwards with
a. Applying Newton’s 2nd law.
m1a + m1a0 – T = m1a ...(i)
T – m2g – m2a0 = m2a ...(ii)
 On adding (iv) and (v) we get

 m1 – m 2 
a =  m + m  (g + a0) ...(iii)
 1 2

Substituting a in equation (i)

2m1m 2 (g + a 0 ) F 2T 4m1m 2 ( g + a 0 )
We get T = m1 + m 2 ∴ x= = = (m + m ) k
k k 1 2

Ex.27 All the surfaces shown in figure are assumed to be frictionless. The block of mass m slides on
the prism which in turn slides backward on the horizontal surface. Find the acceleration of the
smaller block with respect to the prism.
A
m
a0

α
B C
Sol. Let the acceleration of the prism be a0 in the backward direction. Consider the motion of the smaller
block from the frame of the prism The forces on the block are (figure)

N'
a
a0 N

α α ma0
N α
α
mg α
Mg

(i) N normal force

(ii) mg downward (gravity),
(iii) ma0 forward (Psuedo Force)
The block slides down the plane. Components of the forces parallel to the incline give
ma0 cosα + mg sin α = ma
or, a = a0 cos α + g sin α ...(i)
Components of the forces perpendicular to the incline give
N + ma0 sin α = mg cos α ...(ii)
Now consider the motion of the prism from the ground frame. No pseudo force is needed as the frame
used is inertial. The forces are (figure)
(i) Mg downward
(ii) N normal to the incline (by the block)
(iii) N’ upward (by the horizontal surface)
Horizontal components give,
N sin α = Ma0 or N = Ma0 / sin α, ...(iii)
Putting in (ii)
Ma 0
+ ma0 sin α = mg cos α
sin α
mg sin α cos α
or, a0 =
M + m sin 2 α
mg sin α cos 2 α (M + m) g sin α
From (i) a = + g sin α =
M + m sin α2
M + m sin 2 α
8. WEIGHING MACHING :
A weighing machine does not measure the weight but measures the force. exerted by object on its
upper surface or we can say weighing machine measure normal force on the man.

8.1 Motion in a lift :

(A) If the lift is unaccelerated (v = 0 or constant)
In this case no pseudo force act on the man
N
In this case the F.B.D. of the man
N = mg weighing
In this case machine read the machine
actual weight

(B) If the lift is accelerated upward.

(where a = constant) mg

a
N
weighing
machine

F.B.D of man with respect to lift

So weighing machine read
N = m(g + a)
Apparent weight
N > Actual weight (mg) mg ma(pseudo)

(c) If the lift is accelerated down ward.

a
N ma (pseudo)
weighing
machine

F.B.D of man with respect to lift

So weighing machine read

mg
N = m(g - a)
Apparent weight
N < Actual weight (mg)
Note :
(i) If a = g ⇒ N = 0
Thus in a freely falling lift, the man will experience a state of weightlessness
(ii) If the lift is accelerated downwards such that a > g : So the man will be accelerated upward and
will stay at the ceiling of the lift.
(iii) Apparent weight is greater than or less than actual weight only depends on the direction and
magnitude of acceleration. Magnitude and direction of velocity doesn’t play any roll in apparent weight.
1. FRICTION :
Friction is a contact force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of relative motion of two
bodies.
Mg

F F

f
N
Consider a block on a horizontal table as shown in the figure. If we apply a force, acting to the right,
the block remains stationary if F is not too large. The force that counteracts F and keeps the block in
rest from moving is called frictional force. If we keep on increasing the force, the block will remain at
rest and for a particular value of applied force, the body comes to state of about to move. Now if we
slightly increase the force from this value, block starts its motion with a jerk and we observe that to
keep the block moving we need less effort than to start its motion.
So from this observation, we see that we have three states of block, first, block does not move,
second, block is about to move and third, block starts moving. The friction force acting in three states
are called static frictional force, limiting frictional force and kinetic frictional force respectively. If we
draw the graph between applied force and frictional force for this observation its nature is as shown in
figure.

1.1 Static frictional force

f
flim b
c d
fkin

a Static region Kinetic region

F
When there is no relative motion between the contact surfaces, frictional force is called static
frictional force. It is a self-adjusting force, it adjusts its value according to requirement (of no relative
motion). In the taken example static frictional force is equal to applied force. Hence one can say that
the portion of graph ab will have a slope of 45º.

The Direction of Static Friction

The direction of static friction on a body is such that the total force acting on it keeps it at rest with
respect to the body in contact.
The direction of static friction is as follows. For a moment consider the surfaces to be frictionless. In
absence of friction the bodies will start slipping against each other. One should then find the direction
of friction as opposite to the velocity with respect to the body applying the friction.

1.2 Limiting Frictional Force

This frictional force acts when body is about to move. This is the maximum frictional force that can
exist at the contact surface.
(i) The magnitude of limiting frictional force is proportional to the normal force at the contact surface.

flim ∝ N ⇒ flim = µsN

Here µs is a constant the value of which depends on nature of surfaces in contact and is called as
‘coefficient of static firction’.
1.3 Kinetic Frictional Force
Once relative motion starts between the surface in contact, the frictional force is called as kinetic
frictional force. The magnitude of kinetic frictional force is also proportional to normal force.
fk = µkN
From the previous observation we can say that µk < µs
Although the coefficient of kinetic friction varies with speed, we shall neglect any variation
i.e., when relative motion starts a constant frictional force starts opposing its motion.

Direction of Kinetic Friction

The kinetic friction on a body A slipping against another body B is opposite to the velocity of A with
respect to B.
It should be carefully noted that the velocity coming into picture is with respect to the body applying
the force of friction.
f
f v

Suppose we have a long truck moving on a horizontal road. A small block is placed on the truck which
slips on the truck to fall from the rear end. As seen from the road, both the truck and the block are
moving towards right, of course the velocity of the block is smaller than that of the truck. What is the
direction of the kinetic friction acting on the block due to the truck ? The velocity of the block as seen
from the truck is towards left. Thus, the friction on the block is towards right. The friction acting on
the truck due to the block is towards left.

Ex.1 Find the direction of kinetic friction force F=1N

(a) on the block, exerted by the ground. 1 kg V=5m/s
(b) on the ground, exerted by the block. ///////////////////////////////////
5m/s
F=1N w.r.t to block
Sol. (a) 1 kg 5 m/s (b)
f1 w.r.t to ground f2

where f1 and f2 are the friction forces on the block and ground respectively.

Ex.2 The correct relation between magnitude of f1 and f2 in above problem is :

(A) f1 > f2 (B) f2 > f1 (C) f1 = f2
(D) not possible to decide due to insufficient data.
Sol. By Newton’s third law the above friction forces are action-reaction pair and equal but opposite to each
other in direction. Hence (C)
Also note that the direction of kinetic friction has nothing to do with applied force F.

A 10 m/s
Ex.3 B 20m/s

All surfaces are rough. Draw the friction force on A & B

fkBA
A fkAB B
Sol.
fkBG
Kinetic friction acts to reduce relative motion.
Summary
We can summarise the laws of friction between two bodies in contact as follows:
(i) If the bodies slip over each other, the force of friction is given by
fk = µk N
where N is the normal contact force and µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the surfaces.
(ii) The direction of kinetic friction on a body is opposite to the velocity of this body with respect to the
body applying the force of friction.
(iii) If the bodies do not slip over each other, the force of friction is given by
fs ≤ µs N
where µs is the coefficient of static friction between the bodies and N is the normal force between
them. The direction and magnitude of static friction are such that the condition of no slipping between
the bodies is ensured.
(iv) The frictional force fk or fs does not depend on the area of contact as long as the normal force N is
same.

Ex.4 A block of mass 5 kg is resting on a rough surface as shown in the figure. It is acted upon by a
force of F towards right. Find frictional force acting on block when (a) F = 5N (b) 25 N (c) 50 N (µs =
0.6, µk = 0.5) [g = 10 ms–2]

Sol. Maximum value of frictional force that the surface can offer is
fmax = flim = µsN F Mg
= 0.6 × 5 × 10 = 30 newton
Therefore, it F ≤ fmax body will be at rest and f = F
f
or F > fmax body will more and f = fk
(a) F = 5N < Fmax N
So body will not move hence static frictional force will act and ,
fs = f = 5N
(b) F = 25 N < Fmax ∴ fs = 25 N
(c) F = 50 N > Fmax
So body will move and kinetic frictional force will act, its value will be
fk = µk N = 0.5 × 5 × 10 = 25 newton

Ex.5 A block having a mass 3 kg is initially at rest on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of static
friction µs = 0.3 between the block and the surface and µk is 0.25. A constant force F of 50 N, acts
on the body at the angle θ = 37º. What is the acceleration of the block ?
F
θ

x
Sol. We have two possibilities here, the block may remain at rest, or it may accelerate towards the right.
The decision hinges on whether or not the x-component of the force F has magnitude, less than or
greaer than the maximum static friction force.
The x-component of F is
Fx = Fcos θ = (50 N ) (0.8) = 40 N
To find fs, max, we first calculate the normal force N, whether or not the block accelerates horizontally,
the sum of the y-component of all the forces on the block is zero. N
N - F sin θ – mg = 0
f x
or N = F sin θ + mg=(50 N) (0.6) + (3 kg)(9.8ms–2) = 59.4 N θ
The maximum static frictional force
mg F
fs,max = µsN = (0.3) (59.4 N) = 17.8 N
This value is smaller than the x-component of F, hence the block moves. We now interpret the force f
in the figure as a kinetic frictional force. This value is obtained as
fK = µk N = (0.25) (59.4 N) = 14.8 N
 Therefore resultant force in the x-direction is

∑F x = F cos θ − f = 40 N –14.8 N = 25.2 N

Then the acceleration ‘a’ of the block is
25.2 N
a= = 8.4 ms −2
3 kg
Think : What would happen if the magnitude of Fx happened to be less than fs.max but larger
than fk ?

Ex.6 In the previous example, suppose we move the block by pulling it with the help of a massless
string tied to the block as shown here. What is the force F required to produce the same
acceleration in the block as obtained in the last example ?
F
θ
m a

Sol. We are given that,

N F sin
m = 3kg, µs = 0.3, µk = 0.25, θ = 37º,
and a = 8.4 ms–2
F cos
In order to determine the force F, we first draw the FBD as shown below
The equations of motion therefore, are f
N + Fsin θ = mg mg
N = mg – Fsin θ
F cos θ – f = ma
and where f = µs N before the start of the motion, once motion is set, f = µkN.
Hence, force F which produces a = 8.4 m/s2 is given by
Fcosθ – µk (mg – F sin θ) = ma

ma + µkmg 3(0.4 + 0.25 × 9.8)

or F = = = 34.26N
cos θ + µk sin θ 0.8 + 0.25 × 0.6

: Fsin θ works out to be less than mg. Otherwise we would lift the block up in the above analysis

COMMENT
It is easier to pull then to push. Only about 34 N force is required to pull than 50 N required during
pushing why ?
Because, when we pull at an angle, the effective normal force N by which block is pressing down on
surface is reduced and consequently friction is reduced. Just the contrary happens when you are
pushing.

2. MINIMUM FORCE REQUIRED TO MOVE THE PARTICLE :

A body of mass m rests on a horizontal floor with which it has a coefficient of static friction µ. It is
desired to make the body slide by applying the minimum possible force F.
F
m φ

Fig. A
Let the applied force F be at angle φ with the horizontal
 R F
φ
R m
R = Normal force
mg

Fig. B
For vertical equilibrium,
R + F sin φ = mg or, R = (mg – F sinφ) ...(i)
For horizontal equilibrium i.e. when the block is just about to slide,
F cos φ = µR ...(ii)
Substituting for R,
F cosφ = µ (mg – F sinφ) or F = µmg / (cos φ + µ sinφ)
for minimum F (cosφ + µsinφ) is maximum,
⇒ Let x = cos φ + µ sinφ
dx
= − sin φ + µ cos φ
dφ

for maximum of x, dx = 0
dφ
tan φ = µ and at this value of φ

µmg
Fmin =
1 + µ2

3. FRICTION AS THE COMPONENT OF CONTACT FORCE :

When two bodies are kept in contact, electromagnetic forces act between the charged particles at
the surfaces of the bodies. As a result, each body exerts a contact force on other The magnitudes of
the contact forces acting on the two bodies are equal but their directions are opposite and hence the
contact forces obey Newton’s third law.
N=normal force
Fc=contact force

f=friction

The direction of the contact force acting on a particular body is not necessarily perpendicular to the
contact surface. We can resolve this contact force into two components, one perpendicular to the
contact surface and the other parallel to it. The perpendicular component is called the normal contact
force or normal force and parallel component is called friction.

Contact force = f 2 + N2
Fc min = N {when fmin = 0}

Fc max = µ 2N2 + N2 {when fmax = µN}

N ≤ Fc ≤ (µ 2 + 1) N
0 ≤ λ ≤ tan–1µ
Ex.7 A body of mass 400 g slides on a rough horizontal surface. If the frictional force is 3.0 N, find (a)
the angle made by the contact force on the body with the vertical and (b) the magnitude of the
contact force. Take g = 10 m/s2.
Sol. Let the contact force on the block by the surface be Fc which makes an angle λ with the vertical
(shown figure)
Fc N

The component of Fc perpendicular to the contact surface is the normal force N and the component of
F parallel to the surface is the firction f. As the surface is horizontal, N is vertically upward. For vertical
equilirbrium,
N = Mg = (0.400 kg) (10 m/s2) = 4.0 N
The frictional force is f = 3.0 N
f 3
(a) tan λ == or, λ = tan–1 (3/4) = 37º
N 4
(b) The magnituded of the contact force is

F = N2 + f 2 = (4.0 N) 2 + (3.0N) 2 = 5.0 N

4. MOTION ON A ROUGH INCLINED PLANE

Suppose a motion up the plane takes place under the action of pull P acting parallel to the plane
N = mg cos α P
Frictional force acting down the plane N
F = µN = µ mg cos α
Appling Newton’s second law for motion up the plane mg sin α mg cos α
P – (mg sin α + f) = ma f α mg
P – mg sin α – µ mg cos α = ma
If P = 0 the block may slide downwards with an acceleration a. The frictional force would then act
up the plane
mg sin α – F = ma
or, mg sin α – µ mg cos α = ma

Ex.8 A 20 kg box is gently placed on a rough inclined plane of inclination 30° with horizontal. The
coefficient of sliding friction between the box and the plane is 0.4. Find the acceleration of the
box down the incline.
N Y X
F = µN
O
mgsinα
mg mgcosα
Y'
X'
Sol. In solving inclined plane problems, the X and Y directions along which the forces are to be considered,
may be taken as shown. The components of weight of the box are
(i) mg sin α acting down the plane and
(ii) mg cos α acting perpendicular to the plane.
N = mg cos α
mg sin α – µ N = ma ⇒ mg sin α – µ mg cos α = ma
a = g sin α – µg cos α = g (sin α – µ cos α)
1 3
= 9.8 2 – 0.4 × 2  = 4.9 × 0.3072 = 1.505 m/s2
 
The box accelerates down the plane at 1.505 m/s2.
Ex.9 A force of 400 N acting horizontal pushes up a 20 kg block placed on a rough inclined plane which
makes an anlge of 45° with the horizontal. The acceleration experienced by the block is 0.6 m/
s2. Find the coefficient of sliding friction between the box and incline.
Sol. The horizontally directed force 400 N and weight 20 kg of the block are resolved into two mutually
perpendicular components, parallel and perpendicular to the plane as shown.
N = 20 g cos 45° + 400 sin 45° = 421.4 N
The frictional force experienced by the block
2 400 cos45°
a=0.6 m/s
F = µN = µ × 421.4 = 421.4 µN.
R
As the accelerated motion is taking placed up the plane.
400 N
400 cos 45° – 20 g sin 45° – f = 20a

400 20 × 9.8 400 sin45°

– – 421.4 µ = 20a = 20 × 0.6 = 12 20g sin45°
2 2 45°20 g 20 cos 45°

 400 196  1 282.8 – 138.6 – 12

µ= =– – 12 ×
 2 2  4214. = 4214.
= 0.3137

The coefficient of sliding friction between the block and the incline = 0.3137

5. ANGLE OF REPOSE :

Consider a rough inclined plane whose angle of inclination θ with ground can be changed. A block of
mass m is resting on the plane. Coefficient of (static) friction between the block and plane is µ.
For a given angle θ, the FBD (Free body diagram) of the block is

f
N

mg cos
mg sin

Where f is force of static friction on the block. For normal direction to the plane, we have N=mg cosθ
As θ increases, the force of gravity down the plane, mg sin θ, increases. Friction force resists the slide
till it attains its maximum value.
fmax = µN = µ mg cos θ
Which decreases with θ (because cos θ decreases as θ increases)
Hence, beyond a critical value θ = θc, the blocks starts to slide down the plane. The critical angle is the
one when mg sin θ is just equal of fmax, i.e., when
mg sin θc = µ mg cosθc
or tan θc = µ
where θC is called angle of repose
If θ > θc, block will slide down.For θ < θc the block stays at rest on the incline.
6. TWO BLOCKS ON AN INCLINED PLANE :
Consider two blocks having masses m1 & m2 placed on a rough inclined plane. µ1 & µ2 are the friction
coefficient for m1 & m2 respectively. If N is the normal force between the contact surface of m1 & m2

2
m
N
1
m
N
θ
Now three condition arises.
(i) If µ1 = µ2 = µ then
N = 0 because, Both the blocks are in contact but does not press each other.
a1 = a2 = g sin θ – µ mg cos θ
(a1,a2 are acceleration of block µ1 & µ2 respectively)
(ii) If µ1 < µ2 then
N = 0 because, there is no contact between the blocks.
a1 = g sin θ – µ1 g cos θ
a2 = g sin θ – µ2 g cos θ
⇒ a1 > a2
(iii) If µ1 > µ2 then N≠0
a1 = a2

Ex.10 Mass m1 & m2 are placed on a rough inclined plane as shown in figure. Find out the acceleration
of the blocks and contact force in between these surface.

m2
2kg
m1
1kg
µ2=0.2
µ1=0.5
37°

Sol. As we know if µ1 > µ2 both will travel together so

a1 = a2 = a
F.B.D
.2
=3

°
37
os
gc
m2
=µ
2
m2
f2
m1 f1 = µ1m1gcos37°=4
°
37
s in
g °
m2 37
i n
gs
1 37°
m
f1 + f2
g

which is equivalent to
3k

3g sin 37°–(f1 + f2 ) 18 – 7.2

a= a= = 3.6 m/sec2 7°
3 2 in3 37°
Now F.B.D of 1 kg block is 3 gs
 N
4N 2
c
m/se
3. 6
a=
7°
sin3
g

gsin37° + N – 4 = (1) a
N = 3.6 + 4 – 6 = 1.6 Newton

7. RANGE OF FORCE F FOR WHICH ACCELERATION OF BODY IS ZERO.

F
g
2k

Ex.11
37º

Find out the range of force in the above situation for which 2kg block does not move on the
incline.
Sol. F.B.D of 2 kg block
F
=8N
7º
s3

x
o

fma
gc
m
F

2kg
5)
0.
=(
g

ax
2k

fm
º
37
in

N
gs

37º
12
m

Now take different value of F

Force (F) F.B.D. Acceleration Direction & magnitude Friction Type
Fnet
a=
m
8N

(i) F = 0N 2m/s2 8N Kinetic

N
12
4N
8N

(ii) F = 4N 0m/s2 8N Static

N
12
8N
4N

(iii) F = 8N 0m/s2 4N Static

N
12
 N
12
0
f=
(iv) F = 12N 0m/s2 0 Static
N
12

N
16
(v) F = 16N 0m/s2 4N Static

N
12
4N
f=

(in this condition friction change its direction to stop relative slipping)
N
20

(vi) F = 20N 0m/s2 8N Static

N
12
8N

N
24

(vii) F = 24N 2m/s2 8N Kinetic

N
12
8N

From the above table block doesn't move from F = 4N (mgsinθ – µmgcosθ) to F = 20N (mgsinθ +
µmgcosθ). So friction develope a range of force for which block doesn't move

: If Friction is not present then only for F = 12N the block will not move but friction develop a range of
force 4N to 20N to prevent slipping. So we can write the range of force F for which acceleration of the
body is zero.
mg sin θ – µmg cos θ ≤ F ≤ mg sin θ + µ mg cosθ .

Ex.12 In the following figure force F is gradually increased from zero. Draw the graph between applied
force F and tension T in the string. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the
ground is µs.

F M

µs
Sol. As the external force F is gradually increased from zero it is T
compensated by the friction and the string beares no tension. 45°
When limiting friction is achieved by increasing force F to a
value till µs mg, the further increase in F is transferred to the F
string. µsmg

Ex.13 Fig. shows two blocks tied by a string. A variable force F = 5t is applied on the block. The coefficient
of friction for the blocks are 0.6 and 0.5 respectively. Find the frictional force between blocks
and ground as well as tension in the string at
 (A) t = 1 s (B) t = 2s (C) t = 3s
B A
1kg 2kg
F=5t
µ=0.6 µ=0.5

10N 20N

T
T 5t
Sol. fA
fB

10N 20N

(a) At t = 1s, F = 5 × 1 = 5 N
Maximum value of friction force
fA = µN = 0.5 × 20 = 10 N
To keep the block stationary the magnitude of frictional force should be 5N. So
fA = 5 N
Now from the figure it becomes clear that if
fA = 5N & F = 5 N, Tension T = 0
Since tension is not in application so frictional force on block B is 0 i.e.,
fB = 0
(b) At t = 2s, F = 5 × 2 = 10 N
Maximum value of friction force
f = µN = 0.5 × 20 = 10 N
To keep the block stationary the magnitude of friction force should be 10 N. So
fA = 10 N
From the figure it is clear that if
fA = 10 N and F = 10 N
Tension T = 0
Hence friction force on block B is fB = 0
(c) At t = 3s, F = 5 × 3 = 15 N
Maximum value of friction force
f = µN = 0.5 × 20 = 10 Newton
Again applying the same analogy fA = 10 N
From the figure it is clear that if
fA = 10 N and F = 15 N
Tension T = 5 N
So frictional force on block B is fB = 5 Newton
Ex.14 Find the tension in the string in situation as shown in the figure below. Forces 120 N and 100 N
start acting when the system is at rest.

120 N 10 20 100N

fsmax=90 N
fsmax=60 N

Sol. (i) Let us assume that system moves towards left then as it is clear from FBD, net force in horizontal
direction is towards right. Therefore the assumption is not valid.
 120 N 10 20 100N

90 N 60 N
Above assumption is not possible as net force on system comes towards right. Hence system is not
moving towards left.
(ii) Similarly let us assume that system moves towards right.

120 N 10 20 100N

90 N 60 N
Above assumption is also not possible as net force on the system is towards left in this situation.
Hence assumption is again not valid.

Therefore it can be concluded that the system is stationary

T
120 N 10 20 100N
Fmax=90 N fmax=60 N
Assuming that the 10 kg block reaches limiting friction first then using FBD’s

10 T T 20
120 N 100N
90N
f
120 = T + 90 ⇒ T = 30 N
Also T + f = 100
∴ 30 + f = 100 ⇒ f = 70 N
which is not possible as the limiting value is 60 N for this surface of block.
∴ Our assumption is wrong and now taking the 20 kg surface to be limiting we have

10 T T 20
120 N 100N
f 60 N
T + 60 = 100 N ⇒ T = 40 N
Also f + T = 120 N ⇒ f = 80 N
This is acceptable as static friction at this surface should be less than 90 N.
Hence the tension in the string is T = 40 N

8. PULLEY BLOCK SYSTEM INVOLVING FRICTION :

• If friction force is acting and value of acceleration of a particle is negative, then it means direction of
friction force is opposite to that what we assumed and acceleration would be having a different
numerical value.

Ex.15 Two blocks of masses 5 kg and 10 kg are attached with the help of light string and placed on a
rough incline as shown in the figure. Coefficients of friction are as marked in the figure. The
system is released from rest. Determine the acceleration of the two blocks.
 10kg 5kg

37° 50°
Fixed

Sol. Let 10 kg block is sliding down, then acceleration of both the blocks are given by,

10g sin 37°– µ1 × 10g cos 37°–5g sin 53°

– µ 2 × 5g cos 53°
a= = – ve
15
It means our assumed direction of motion is wrong and 5 kg block is going to slide down, if this would
be the case, the direction of friction force will reverse and acceleration of blocks would be given by :

5g sin 53°– µ 2 × 5g cos 53°– µ1 × 10g cos 37°

– 10g sin 37° = –ve
a1 =
15
It means in this direction also there is no motion. So we can conclude that the system remains at rest
and friction force is static in nature.

9. TWO BLOCK SYSTEM :

Ex.16 B 2kg
A 4kg F

frictionless
Find out the maximum value of F for which both the blocks will move together
Sol. In the given situation 2kg block will move only due to friction force exerted by the 4 kg block
F.B.D.

B 2kg f
f A 4kg F

The maximum friction force exerted on the block B is

fmax = µN
fmax = (0.5) (20) = 10 N
So the maximum acceleration of 2 kg block is
2kg fmax = 10N
10
a 2 max = = 5m / s 2
2

amax is the maximum acceleration for which both the block will move together. i.e., for a ≤ 5 ms–2
acceleration of both blocks will be same and we can take both the blocks as a system.
 F.B.D

a 2
5m/s
6kg Fmax

Fmax = 6 × 5 = 30 N
for 0 < F < 30
Both the block move together.

Ex.17 In the above question find the acceleration of both the block when
(i) F = 18 N (ii) F = 36 N
Sol. (i) Since F < 30 both the blocks will move together
F.B.D

6kg F = 18N

18
a= = 3 m / s2
6
(ii) When F = 36 N
When F > 30 both the blocks will move separately so we treat each block independently
F.B.D of 2 kg block

B 2kg f = 10N (Friction force)

aB = 5 m/s2
F.B.D of 4 kg block
f = 10N 4kg F = 36N
A

36 − 10 26
aA = = m / s2
4 4

B 2kg

A 4kg F
Ex.18

Find out the range of force in which both the blocks move together
Sol. If f1 is friction force between block A & lower surface and f2 is friction force between both the block’s
surface.
F.B.D
B 2kg f2=10N
f2=10N
6N = f1 A 4kg F

f1 max = µ1N1 = (0.1) (60) = 6 N

f2 max = µ2N2 = (0.5) (20) = 10 N

Upper 2kg block is move only due to friction force so maximum acceleration of that block is

2kg f2 =10N
 10
amax = = 5 m / s2
2
This is the maximum acceleration for which both the blocks will move together.
Therefore for a ≤ 5ms–2 we can take both the blocks as one system.
F.B.D.
2
5m/s
6kg F
f1=6N

For F < 6 N. Blocks will not move at all.

Now the value of Fmax for which both the blocks will move together.
Fmax – 6 = 6 × 5
Fmax = 36 N
Conclusion if
0N < F < 6N No blocks will move
6N < F < 36 N Both blocks will move together
F > 36 N Both move separately.

Ex.19 B 2kg F

A 4kg
frictionless

The lower block A will move only due to friction force

F.B.D.
f 2kg F

4kg f(frictional force)

fmax = µN = (0.5) (20) = 10 N

F.B.D. of 4 kg blocks
amax

4kg f = 10N

The maximum acceleration of 4 kg block is

10
⇒ amax = = 2.5 m / s 2
4
This is the maximum acceleration for which both the blocks move together
2.5 m/s2

6kg F

Fmax for which both the blocks will move together

Fmax = 2.5 × 6 = 15 N

B 2kg F

Ex.20 A 4kg
 If f2 is the friction force between A & B and f1 is the friction force between A & floor
f1 max = 6 N
f2 max = 10 N
Lower block A will move only due to friction force So amax for 4 kg block

4kg f2 = 10N
f1 =6N
10 − 6
amax = = 1 m / s2
4
This is the maximum acceleration for which both the blocks will move together
2
1m/s

6kg F
f1 =6N
F–6=6×1
F = 12 N
If F is less than 6N both the blocks will be stationary
Conclusion :
0 < F < 6 N = Both blocks are stationary
6 N < F < 12 N = Both move together
F > 12 N = Both move separately

Ex.21 Find the accelerations of blocks A and B for the following cases. µ1
µ2
(A) µ1 = 0 and µ2 = 0.1 (P) aA = aB = 9.5 m/s2
(B) µ2 = 0 and µ1 = 0.1 (Q) aA = 9 m/s2,
aB = 10 m/s2 1 kg 10 N
1kg
(C) µ1 = 0.1 and (R) aA = aB = g = 10 m/s2
µ2 = 1.0 A B
(D) µ1 = 1.0 and (S) aA = 1, aB = 9 m/s2
µ2 = 0.1
Sol. (a) R, (b) Q, (c) P, (d) S
(i) FBD in (case (i))
{µ1 = 0, µ2 = 0.1}
O µ2N

N=10 1kg N=10

1kg
A B

mg µ2N mg

While friction’s work is to oppose the relative motion and here if relative motion will start then friction
comes and without relative motion there is no friction so both the block move together with same
acceleration and friction will not come.

A B

⇒ aA = aB = 10 m/s
2

mg mg
 1 0

A 10 B 10
(ii) 1kg 1kg
1
10 0
10
Friction between wall and block A oppose relative motion since wall is stationary so friction wants to
slop block A also and maximum friction will act between wall and block while there is no friction
between block.

: Friction between wall and block will oppose relative motion between wall and block only it will not do
anything for two block motion.

A B

10 10
aA = 9 m/s ; aB = 10 m/s2
2

1 f

(iii) A B
f
10
10
10

Friction between wall and block will be applied maximum equal to 1N but maximum friction available
between block A and B is 10 N but if this will be there then relative motion will increase while friction
is to oppose relative motion. So friction will come less than 10 so friction will be f that will be static.
1 f

A B
f
10 10
19
by system (20–1) = 2 × a ⇒ a = =9.5 m/s2
2 1
10
11 – 10
(iv) aA = = 1m / s 2
1 A B
10 – 1
aB = = 9 m / s2 10 1
1 10
10
10. FRICTION INVOLVING PSEUDO CONCEPT :

Ex.22 What is the minimum acceleration with which bar A should be

1
shifted horizontally to keep the bodies 1 and 2 stationary
relative to the bar ? The masses of the bodies are equal and
the coefficient of friction between the bar and the bodies equal
to µ. The masses of the pulley and the threads are negligible A 2
while the friction in the pulley is absent. see in fig.
Sol. Let us place the observer on A.
Since we have non-inertial frame we have pseudo forces.
For body ‘1’ we have, T
ma
T = ma + µmg ....(1) 1
For body ‘2’ we have, mg
T
µN
N = ma
A ma N
mg – T – µma = 0 2
∴ mg = T + µmg ....(2)
mg
From (1) and (2) amin  1− µ 
= g 
 1+ µ  a

µ=0.5
F M=4kg m=
Ex.23 1kg

Find out the range of force for which smaller block is at rest with respect to bigger block.
Sol. Smaller block is at rest w.r.t. the bigger block. Let both the block travel together with acceleration a
F.B.D of smaller block w.r. to the bigger block.
f
fmax = µ × N
N = ma
f = µ ma ...(1) ma N
(Pseudo)
⇒ f = mg ...(2)
from (1) & (2)
a = g/µ = 20 m/s2 mg
So F = 20 (M + m) = 20 (5) = 100 N
If F ≥ 100 N Both will travel together

Ex.24 The rear side of a truck is open and a box of 40 kg mass is placed 5m away from the open end as
shown. The coefficient of friction between the box & the surface below it is 0.15. On a straight
road, the truck starts from rest and accelerates with 2 ms–2 . At what distance from the starting
point does the box fall off the truck (i.e. distance travelled by the truck) ? [Ignore the size of
the box]

/////////////////////////////////////////
Sol. In the reference frame of the truck FBD of 40 kg block

40 ma
µN kg (psuedo force)

15
Net force ⇒ ma – µN ⇒ 40 × 2 – × 40 × 10
100

20 1
mablock ⇒ 80 – 60 ⇒ ablock = = m/s2
40 2
This acceleration of the block in reference frame of truck so time taken by box to fall down from
truck
1 1 1
Srel = urelt + a t2 ⇒ 5 = 0 + × × t2 ⇒ t2 = 20
2 rel 2 2
So distance moved by the truck

1 1
⇒ × atruck × t2 ⇒ × 2 × (20) = 20 meter..
2 2

Ex.25 Mass m2 placed on a plank of mass m1 lying on a smooth horizontal plane. A horizontal force
F = α0t (α0 is a constant) is applied to a bar. If acceleration of the plank and bar are a1 and a2
respectively and the coefficient of friction between m1 and m2 is µ. Then find acceleration a
with time t.

m2 F

m1

Sol. If F < µm2g then both blocks move with common acceleration, i.e., a1 = a2
When F > µm2g, then
Equation for block of mass m
F – µm2g = m2a2 ...(1)
and µm2g = m1a1 ...(2) a2
From equation (1)
α0t – µm2g = m2a2 a1
a
2
=a

i.e., acceleration a2 varies with time linearly,

1
a

its slope positive and intercept negative.

0 t0 t
From equation (2) a1 is independent of time.
So, the graph between a & t is as follow.

Multiple Choice Questions with Only One Choice Correct

1. m 2u
(c) (d) u cos
cos
g
m

3 mg 5 mg
2 3
7 mg 9 mg
(c) (d)
6 7
2. P
Q
u B C
M
u
u cos
cos Fig. 5.48
3. P m 7. m
M Q - F
P -
v
P Q Q
P is mg mg
mg
g (c) F
M
8. m = 10–2
m m x
(c) g 1 (d) g 1
M M k
F= –
2 x2
–2 2
k = 10
x v
Fig. 5.49 x
–1 –1
4. –1 –1

a
9.

a
=
g
a a
(c) = 1 (d) = 1
g g
5. m 2 1
(c) = (d) =
m n n
- 10. A B
-

1
(c) 0.3 (d)
2
A B
(c) A B
(d) A B
11.

Fig. 5.50

6.
a 12. N m -
v –1
n

2 a 2 2 a N mv
nNmv
(c) 3 2 a (d) 4 2 a n
 nN m nN v r -
(c) (d)
v m
13.

r v r v2
(c) r2 v (d) r2 v2
( 18. m
(c) 10 N (d) 20 N v
14. A

B mv cos ( mv sin ( )

(c) 2 mv cos (d) 2 mv sin

2 2
19. x–t

A
B.

B
A.
15.
h

2h 2h Fig. 5.52
g g
(c) 8 s (d) 16 s
1 2h 1 2h
(c) · (d) · 20.
sin g cos g
16. M (c) 0.8 Ns (d) 1.6 Ns
21. M v
s

M g sin Mg cos
(c) 2 Mg cos (d) 2 Mg sin v2 v2
M g M g
2s 2s

2v 2 2v 2
(c) M 2 g (d) M 2 g
s s
22. m
u
Fig. 5.51
17. -
v
 u2 u2
2 g sin 2 g cos
u2 u2
(c) (d)
4 g sin 4 g cos
23.
–2
–2
g

Fig. 5.55

27. n

Fig. 5.53

(c) 60 N (d) 600 N

k = 1/(1 – n2 k = 1 – 1/n2
24.
(c) k = 1 / 1 n2 (d) k = 1 1 / n2
28.
–2 –2
–2 –2 x (x) = kx
k x
25.
x0

k
–2 k
. At
cot
–2 (c) (d) k cot
g . k
29.

= 0.5
x x

x
2
x x=

2
(c) x = 2 cot (d) x =
cot
Fig. 5.54 30.
in l
26. m1 m2
-
m1
m2 g l2 1 g (l2 – 1)
g g
(c) (d) 2
–2 2 l 1
g . l 1
31. t2 sin t2
1
R (c) (d) =1
t1 sin 2 t1
h
10 = 0.95) 36.
R R
)
5 10 g –2
)
R R
(c) (d)
20 30
32. m (c) 40 N (d) 60 N
M 37. M m

m a.
M M
ma Ma
M m M m F M
ma Ma –2
(c) (d) g .
M m
33. m M

M
F m is a
M

Fig. 5.57

(c) 24 N (d) 96 N
Fig. 5.56 38. m1 m2
-
F ma F ma
M M m1
F am
(c) (d) m1 m2
M M
m
34.
m1 m1 + m
g

g 2g
3 3
(c) g
35.
1
t1

2 Fig. 5.58
t 2. two
t1 t2 is
1/ 2
t2 sin 1 t2 sin 2 1 39.
t1 sin 2 t1 sin 2 2 -
 tion 1/ 2 1/ 2
a a
(c) t 1 (d) t 1
is to it. g g
45.
–2
g )
–2 –2
–2 –2 F
40.
x 1.
2F
F
x2 - 3
3F 5F
x1/x2 is (c) (d)
5 6
2 46. F m
(c) 3 (d) 2 a
41. F1 = F2 = F3 = F

a
g
g
2
g g
(c) (d)
2 3
42. m

F1
-
Fig. 5.59
F2
2 1 a 2 1 a
1/ 2 3 F1 F2 is
(c) 2 a (d) a
F2 = F1 F2 = 2F1 47. l1
(c) F2 = 3F1 (d) F2 = 4F1 l2
43.

l1 + l2
1
(l1 + l2)
2
(c) 3l2 – 2l1
44. (d) 3l1 – 2l2
h t
48. -
a
h A B
Fig A
a B
t t
g
Fig. 5.60
 10 2 2 10

53.
49. M
strings A B C W
R -
tension in string B is

(c) 0.75 (d) 0.85

54.
–1 –1
50 .

(c) 300 (d) 480

55. M

Fig. 5.61
–2
100 g )
100
(c) 100 2 g newton (d) g newton (c) 60° (d) 90°
2 56.
50. -
i
F = 600 – 2 105 t j
F t –5

(2 i 3j) 10–5 (2 i 3j) 105

(c) (3 j 2i ) 105 (d) (2 i 3j) 10–5
(c) 0.9 Ns (d) 1.8 Ns 57.
–1
51.
L
A
A

58.

1 -
(c)
–2 –2
g )

52. F = 6 i – 8 j + 10 k (c) 6 (d) 8

–2
59.
 =3
(d) cot (c) sec =3 (d) cosec =3
60.
64.

(c) 45° (d) 60°

descending

descending

61. m1 m2
1 2
t 1 2
t0
m1 1 m2 2) (m1 1 m2 2 is Fig. 5.64
m1 + m2)gt0 65.
1 m M
(c) 2(m1 + m2)gt0 (d) (m1 + m2)gt0
2

62. F 2 Mg
2 mg

g –2
) (c) (M m) 2 m2 g
(See Fig. 5.62) (d) (M m) 2 M2 g
(c) 12 N (d) 15 N

Fig. 5.62
63.
Fig. 5.65

66. m
L M

Fig. 5.63
 mL ML
M m
72. m
mL mL f
(c) (d)
M m M m
67. m u

m f
g
m
f f
(c) g + (d) g –
u 2 sin 2 3u 2 sin 2 m m
g 2g 73.

2u 2 sin 2 3u 2 sin 2 g –2
(c) (d)
g g
68. a -
(c) 500 N (d) 600 N
74.
m1 m2
v
2 2
av cos av cos
v1 v2
(c) 2 av2 sin (d) av2 sin
x1 x2
69. x1/x2 is
t seconds to m2
m1
m2 m1
t - m1 m2
(c) (d)
m2 m1
0.5 0.75
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.75 1
70.
v
Fig. 5.66

v/n - 75. M -
n tion a m

1 Ma mg Ma mg
= 1 M m M m
n2
1 ma Mg ma Mg
= 1 cot (c) (d)
n2 M m M m
1/ 2 76. -
1
(c) = 1 2
n
1/ 2
1
(d) = 1 cot
n2 n
71.
–1
n

g
–2
) (c) 3 (d) 4
77. m
F is N = F

F (d) N
= cot
(c) = sin (d) = cos
78. F
mg mg
1 1
2
mg mg
(c) (d)
2 2
1 1
79. T
Fig. 5.68
–1
82.

g g
–2
4 2 R g
3g R is
(c) (d) g
4
80. P m
Q 83. A
P
k
–1
–2
g .
A
P Q
P Q is 84.
–1 –2
g
kA
mg
2
(c) kA –1 –1
(0.25)
–1 –1
(c) (0.35) (d) (0.45)
85.
R -

gR
gR
2
(c) 2gR (d) 2 gR
Fig. 5.67 86. -
–2
g
81. m
F
–1 –1
2
–1 –1
f = mg (c) 10 3
87. A B m m 90.
-
3
-
m
m
g g
g
g
2
g
(c) g
2
g g
(d) Fig. 5.69
2 2
.
88. x–y -

91.
p (t) = A[ i cos (kt) – j sin (kt
y = kx2 (y m on
A k

(c) 45° (d) 90° x a

89. m
a y
a a
a’ gk 2 gk
P
2a a
(c) (d)
F gk 4 gk

92. m
x L -
F a F x
2m a 2 x 2 2m a 2 x 2

F x F a2 x2
(c) (d)
2m a 2m x

Fig. 5.71

(c) 27 (d) 36
Fig. 5.70
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. 3. (d) 4. 5. 6. (c)
7. 8. 9. 10. (d) 11. 12.
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c)
19. 20. (c) 21. 22. (c) 23. (c) 24.
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. 34. 35. (c) 36. (c)
37. (d) 38. (c) 39. 40. (c) 41. (d) 42. (c)
43. 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. 47. (c) 48. (c)
49. 50. (c) 51. 52. 53. 54. (d)
55. (c) 56. 57. (d) 58. 59. (c) 60.
61. (c) 62. 63. 64. (c) 65. (d) 66. (c)
67. 68. 69. (d) 70. 71. 72. (d)
73. (c) 74. 75. 76. (c) 77. 78. (d)
79. 80. 81. (d) 82. 83. 84. (d)
85. 86. 87. (c) 88. (d) 89. 90.
91. 92. (d)

SOLUTIONS
1. T a - f mg
Q is aQ = =
M M
3g
a . Q P = aP + aQ
2
m
= g 1
M
4. g = (g – a
T – mg = ma (1)
mg m 3g
T– = a (2)
2 2 2 m (g – a) sin = m(g – a) cos
T= =
7 mg
5.
6
F = mg cos sin
2. AB = AC = r OB = OC = x OA = y
AOB N = 2 mg + mg cos2
r2 = x2 + y2 Now F = N
t F mg cos sin
= =
dr dy N 2 mg mg cos 2
2r = 0 + 2y
dt dt cos sin
=
dy r dr 2 cos 2
=
dt y dt For
dr dy 6. A
Now = u y = r cos
dt dt
M -
u tion a is (A cos – a
.
cos
N
3. P Q is f = mg
P Q. N sin = (2 m) a = m (A cos – a)
f mg 3ma
P is aP = = = g A=
m m m cos
 3a 2aA sA = v2A a B s B = v 2B
= = 3 2 a
cos 45
7. sA mB 70 7
mA aA = mB aB . Since
f = mg f) = N sB mA 50 5
= F sA + sB sA sB
dv d v dx dv
8. F = ma = m =m = mv
dt dx dt dx
11.
k
F=–
2 x2
k dv k
– 2
= mv v dv = – x–2 dx
2x dx 2m

k 12.
v dv = – x–2 dx
2m
v2 k
= +C (1)
2 2 mx n Nm n Nmv n
C -
v x nNmv
we get C = – k/2m .
v2 k 1 k 1 1/ 2 13.
= 1 v= 1
2 2m x m x
k = 10–2 2
m = 10–2 x=
v –1
.
9.
g sin . 14. m
AB = L AC = h
- -

g sin – g cos g cos

g sin mg cos
R
mg sin .
g sin = – (g sin – g cos )
or cos = 2 sin is
a = g sin

10. mA mB A B
aA aB

vA v
mA aA = mB aB or mA = mB B
t t
or mA vA = mBvB or mA vA = m2B v2B
2 2
(i)
Fig. 5.72
vA vB t
sA sB A
B
v2 – u2 = 2 as
 or v2 – 0 = 2aL 2 0
v= –1

or v= 2aL 2 g sin L 2 gh 2 0 s
At t
h = L sin –1
v = u + at or v = 0 + at.

= mv – (– mv) = 2 mv
v 2 gh 1 2h –1
t= =2
a g sin sin g –1
= 0.8 Ns
15.
16. Mg 21.
Mg sin - v s
Mg sin . To R = Mg
- a v
- s v2 – u2 = 2as u
nent Mg sin v2 = 2 as or a = v2/2s
Mg sin = 2 Mg sin
F1
17. A) = r2
v - M v2
=
Av = r v 2
2s
r 2v
F2 = Mg
v2
F1 + F2 = M g
2s
= r2 v2
22. -

mg sin mg
F = mg sin -
r v.2 2

r 2 v 2. a = – g sin – g sin
= – 2g sin
18.

19. t t = 2s is

x = 0 to x
t = 0 to 2s. Between t = 2s t

t
Fig. 5.73
x t s
t v2 – u2 = 2as
0 – u2 = 2 (– 2g sin ) s or
u2
20. Between t t s=
is v x–t t 4 g sin
t
23. t
–2
a a= s
–2
mg u
= 0. Now t
1 2
a s = ut + at
2
–2
s u a=a
F = ma = 60 1.0 = 60 N t= 10 s.
t =
n f 10 s is ( u = 0)
24. s =
nor n mg 1 2
Since - s = ut + at
s 2
f= s mg = 1
0.2 60 10 = 120 N =0+ 3
2
26. m2 = 6
- m2 T = 60 N
ac -
mac nent F1 = m1g sin m1g. Now F1 = m1g
f sin = 5 10 sin 30° = 25 N. Since F1
T T
f 120 –2
mac = f or ac = F
m 60 m1 f
m1
25. - m1
–2
a
is F = ma = 10 3 = 30 N
mg -
R -
F = 30 N

F f
Fig. 5.74
f f
= T – m1g sin 30° – f = 0
R mg
or f = mg = 0.2 10 10 or f = T – m1g sin 30°
= 20 N = 60 – 5 10 sin 30°
= 60 – 25 = 35 N
F
f 27. -
-
F =F–f=
30 – 20 = 10 N g
a1 = g sin 45° =
- 2
a2 = (g sin 45° – kg cos 45°)
F 10 –2 g
a = = (1– k)
m 10 2
 31. A
t22 a1 1 1
= n2 or k=1– .
t12 a2 1 k n2 h. Now OA = OC = R
mg sin
28. F = mg
x is cos
mg sin mg cos mg sin
= mg cos =
OB
OAB OB = x AB
2 AB
2 2
= R x .

Fig. 5.75

f (x) = mg sin – mg cos

= mg (sin – cos )
= mg (sin – kx cos )
f (x x = x0
sin – kx0 cos = 0
n
x0 =
k
Fig. 5.77
29.
g sin – g cos = g (sin – cos ) = g (sin – x
=
0.5x cos R 2
x2
x
x x x 1
or 3= ( = )
R 2
x 2 3
30. AB = 1 AC = l 3R
x == 0.95 R h =
BC = l2 1 = AB/BC = 1/ l 2 1 . A 10
a R – x = R – 0.95 R = 0.05 R
a cos
g sin g
32.
m is F ma.
a cos = g sin M m.
m
g
or a=g = F on M. on m2 =
l2 1 F = ma M is
F ma
a =
M M

33. m is f = ma m
M f = ma.

M = F – f = F – ma
F ma
M =
M
Fig. 5.76
34. a m
mg – T = ma a=
ss m
or T = mg – ma
2 1mg
T= mg
= = 1g (ii)
m
3 Using (ii) in (i) we get
2
mg = mg – ma F= 1 (M + m)g + 2 (M + m)g
3
a=g =( 1 + 2) (M + m) g
= (0.5 + 0.7) (5 + 3) 10
35. h
h = 96 N
s1 =
sin 1
h 38 .
s2 =
sin 2
m m1
a1 = g sin 1 a2 = g sin 2 -
(m1 + m
-
v12 = 2a1 s1 v22 = 2a2 s2 m 2g
v 1 = a 1t 1 v2 = a2t2 or a12 t11 (m1 + m)g m1 m
2 2 m2 6
= 2a1 s1 a2 t2 = 2a2 s2 (m1 + m)g = m2g or m = – m1 = –4
0.4
t22 a1 s2
=
t12 a2 s1 39. m s k
g sin 1 h sin 1
= F= mg = 0.7 5 10 = 35 N.
g sin 2 sin 2 h s
2
sin 1
=
sin 2 2 f
= F – mk mg = 35 – 0.5 5 10 = 35 – 25
36. m l
= 10 N
tension T x
mg f 10 –2
l–x (l – x) or a=
l m 5
6 10
T= 3 1 = 40 N 40. u v
3
= 30° is a1 = g sin 1
1

37. m 2 = 60° is a2 = g sin 2 v2 – u2

2
M= 1 mg 1
= 2ax u = 2a1x1 = 2a2x2
x1 a
= 2
M m x2 a1
2 (M + m)g
g sin 2 sin 60
2 M = 3
F g sin 1 sin 30
M
41.
a a a cos
M + m)a g
g sin a cos =
F = (M + m)a + 2 (M + m)g (i)
g sin or a = g
m is 1mg - g
Now a = g .
3
 F
a=
M m

m
T= M a
2
m
Fig. 5.78
M F
2
=
42. F1 M m

M 5F
F1 = mg sin – mg cos (i) m= T=
2 6
F2

F2 = mg sin + mg cos (ii) F

46. a= F1
m
F2 + F1 = 2 mg sin F2 F
F2 – F1 = 2 mg cos 2
F = (F1 + F2 )2 1/2
= 2F( F1 = F2 = F)
F F 3.
F2 F1 n t 30
= =2 F – F3
F2 F1 1/ 2 3 = 2 F–F
or F2 = 3 F1
= ( 2 – 1) F
43. m
l F
2 – 1) = ( 2 – 1)a.
L m
L–l
l = ml L– l)
= m (L – l mlg

m(L – l)

mlg = m (L – l) g
L 0.5 120
or l=
1 0.5 1

Fig. 5.79
1 2
44. h= gt
2
a g = 47. F
1 x is
g+a t h= gt2 F = kx
2
k l0
1 1 2
gt2= gt or (g + a)t 2 = gt2 F = k(l – l0)
2 2 l
1/ 2 F
a
or t = t 1 2 = k(l1 – l0) (i)
g
k(l2 – l0) (ii)
45. M m
 3
3 l2 l0 t 3 10 s
= (600 t 105 t 2
0
2 l1 l0
= 600 3 10–3 – 10 (3 10–3)2
5
Which gives l0 = 3l1 – 2l2. Using this value of l0 in
= 1.8 – 0.9 = 0.9 Ns
1
either (i) or (ii) we get k = . Hence the correct choice is (c).
l2 l1
51. The radius of the circular motion of the bead is
When a stretching force of 5 N is applied, let l3 be r = L. The linear acceleration of the bead is a =
the length of the spring. Then r = L. If m is the mass of the bead, then
5 = k(l3 – l0) Force acting on the bead = ma = m L
Substituting the values of l0 and k, and solving we get Reaction force acting on the bead is R = m L
l3 = 3l2 – 2l1 The bead starts slipping when frictional force be-
Hence the correct choice is (c). tween the bead and the rod becomes equal to cen-
48. If the springs A and B are massless or their mass is trifugal force acting on the bead, i.e.
negligible compared to the mass with which they m v2
are loaded, the tension is the same everywhere on R=
r
the spring. Hence each spring balance will read or m L = mr 2 = mL 2 ( v=r )
4 kg. Thus the correct choice is (c). or = 2 = ( t)2 ( = t)
49. Let T be the tension in string C and T in string B.
The y-component T cos balance with the weight or = ( t)2 or t =
Mg and the x-component T sin balances with ten-
sion T . Thus (see Fig. 5.80) 52. The magnitude of the force is
T = T sin
F = F F = [(6 i – 8 j + 10k ) (6 i – 8 j + 10k )]1/2
and Mg = T cos
Dividing the two we get = {(6)2 + (8)2 + (10)2]1/2 = (200)1/2
T = Mg tan = 10 2 N
= 100 g tan 45°
F 10 2 N
= 100 g newton Mass = = = 10 2 kg. Hence the
a 1 ms 2
Hence the correct choice is (a).
correct choice is (b).
53. Refer to Fig. 5.81. Since the block moves with a
constant velocity, no net force acts on it. Therefore,
the horizontal component F cos of force F must
balance with the frictional force, i.e. fr = F cos .

Fig. 5.80

50. Now F = 600 – 2 105 t. F will be zero at time t

given by
600 – 2 105 t = 0 or t = 3 10–3 s
t Fig. 5.81
Therefore, impulse = F dt Also fr = (mg – F sin )
0
= (f – F sin )
t
= (600 – 2 105 t)dt (f – F sin ) = F cos
0 or (200 – 100 sin 30°) = 100 cos 30°
 1
or 200 100 = 100 0.866 (2 i + 3 j) kgms 1
2 = 5
= 86.6 10 s
86.6
or = = 0.58, = (2i + 3 j) 105 newton
150
which is choice (b). Hence the correct choice is (b).
54. Change of momentum of one bullet = m (v – u) 57. Magnitude of recoil momentum of the gun = forward
= 0.03 {50 – (–30)} momentum of the bullet = mbvb = (40 10–3 kg)
1200 ms–1 = 48 kg ms–1
= 2.4 kg ms–1
n bullets per
Average force = rate of change of momentum
of 200 bullets
gun is
= 200 2.4 = 480 N, which is choice (d).
F =n
55. Let the body leave the surface at point B as shown
change in momentum
in Fig. 5.82. When the body is between points A and =n
B, we have time
M v2 48 kg ms 1
n
Mg cos – N = =
r 1s
= 48 n newton
Given F = 144 N. Thus 144 = 48 n which gives
n = 3. Hence the correct choice is (d).
58. Force
F = ( s – k) mg
= (0.8 – 0.6) 4 10 = 8 N
F 8N
Acceleration = = 2ms–2, which is
choice (a). m 4 kg
Fig. 5.82 59. No net force acts on the block as it moves at a
When the body leaves the surface at point B, the constant velocity. Therefore, downward force =
normal reaction N becomes zero. Thus upward force or mg sin = mg cos or = tan ,
which is choice (c).
M v2
Mg cos = 60. When a cylinder rolls up or down an inclined
r
plane, its angular acceleration is always directed
v2 (5)2 down the plane. Hence the frictional force acts up
or cos = =
rg 5 10 the inclined plane when the cylinder rolls up or
1 down the plane. Thus, the correct choice is (b).
= or = 60°
2 61. Linear momentum of the system at time t = 0
Hence the correct choice is (c). is p1 (m1 v1 m2 v2 ) and at time t = 2t0 it is
56. Mass of each piece (m) = 1 kg. Initial momentum p2 (m1 v1 m2 v2 ) . Change in linear momen-
= 0. Final momentum = p1 + p2 + p3. From the
tum in time 2t0 = p2 p1 . The rate of change
principle of conservation of momentum, we have
of linear momentum is p2 p1 /2t0. From New-
p1 + p2 + p3 = 0
ton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of
or p3 = – (p1 + p2)
= – (mv1 + mv2) momentum equals the force acting on the two
= – m (v1 + v2) particles, which is (m1 g + m2 g ). Hence
( p2 p1 )
= –1 kg (2 i 3 j) ms–1 = (m1 + m2) g
2t 0
= (2 i 3 j) kg ms–1 or (m1 v1 + m2 v2 ) – (m1 v1 + m2 v2 )
p = (m1 + m2) g (2t0)
Force F= 3
t Hence the correct choice is (c).
62. The horizontal component of F parallel to the sur- mv – (M + m)V = 0
face is F sin F is given V m
by or =
v M m
F sin = mg Since the distance moved is proportional to speed,
or F sin 60° = 0.5 3 10 the displacement L of the plank is given by
3 L V m
or F = 0.5 3 10 =
2 L v M m
which gives F = 10 N. Hence the correct choice is mL
(b). or L =
M m
63. As shown in Fig. 5.83, the insect will crawl without Hence the correct choice is (c).
slipping if the value of is not greater than that 67. At the highest point of trajectory, the projectile has
given by the condition: force of friction f = mg sin . only a horizontal velocity which is u cos . After
Now f = N, where N is the normal reaction. Thus
N = mg sin horizontal velocity. If u is the horizontal velocity
or mg cos = mg sin or of the other fragment, the law of conservation of
1 momentum gives
cot = = 3, which is choice (a).
(2m) u cos = m 0 + mu
which gives u = 2u cos
Now, the time taken to reach the highest point (as
well as the time taken to fall down from this point)
u sin
is . Therefore, the horizontal distance trav-
g
elled by the other fragment is
u sin u sin
Fig. 5.83 u cos + 2 u cos
g g
64. Let T be the tension in the string. When the system
u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 2 3u 2 sin 2
is in equilibrium, then for the two equal masses m, =
we have 2g g 2g
T = mg (1) Hence the correct choice is (b).
and for the mass 2 m, we have 68. The mass of water stream striking against the wall
in 1 second = av . Hence, the change in its momen-
2T cos = 2 mg (2)
1 tum per second is (av )v – (– av )v = 2a v2. The
Dividing (2) by (1), we get cos = or = 45°, normal component of the rate of change of momen-
which is choice (c). 2 tum and, therefore, force is 2a v2 cos . Hence the
65. The force F on the pulley by the clamp is given by correct choice is (a).
the resultant of two forces: tension T = Mg acting 69. The acceleration of the block sliding down the
horizontally and a force (m + M)g acting vertically smooth inclined plane is a1 = g sin and down
downwards. Thus the rough inclined plane is a2 = g sin – g cos .
F= ( Mg )2 {(m M ) g}2 Given t1 = t and t2 = 2t. If the length of the inclined
plane is s, we have
= [M2 + (m + M)2]1/2 g 1 1
which is choice (d). s = a1t12 = a2t 22
2 2
66. Before the boy starts walking on the plank, both
or a1t 21 = a2t 22
the boy and the plank are at rest. Therefore, the
total momentum of the boy–plank system is zero. or g sin t2 = (g sin – g cos ) (2t)2
If the boy walks with a speed v on the plank and
or sin = 4 (sin – cos )
as a result if the speed of the plank in the oppo-
site direction is V, then the total momentum of the 3 3
which gives = tan = ( = 45°)
system is mv – (M + m)V. From the principle of 4 4
conservation of momentum, we have Hence the correct choice is (d).
70. We use the relation v2 – u2 = 2as. Since u = 0, we 75. The forces acting on the balloon are its weight act-
have v2 = 2as. ing downwards and upthrust F acting upwards.
Now v 21 = 2a1s or v2 = 2g sin s ( v1= v) Thus
v 2
F – Mg = Ma (i)
and v22 = 2 a2s or 2 = 2(g sin – g cos ) s
n When mass m is removed, we have
Dividing, we get or n2 (sin – cos ) = sin F – (M – m) g = (M – m)a (ii)
1
which gives = 1 tan , which is choice (a). where a is the new acceleration. Eliminating F
n2 from (i) and (ii) and simplifying we get
71. The force of friction between the block and the belt
Ma mg
is f = mg, where m is the mass of the object. This a =
force produces an acceleration of the block which M m
is given by which is choice (a).
force mg 76. Let m be the mass per unit length of the rope. Let
a= = g x t. The
mass m weight of this part is
The block will slide on the belt without slipping
F1 = mgx
until its speed (v) becomes equal to the speed of the
Now, if a small part dx dt,
belt. Since u = 0, we have
v2 = 2 as
F2 = rate of change of momentum
v2 v2 52 mdx v
or s = = 2.5 m = = mv2
2a 2 g 2 0.5 10 dt
Hence the correct choice is (b). dx
Now = v, where v is the velocity of that part
72. Normal reaction R = f. Therefore, force of fric- dt
tion = R = f. The net downward force F = mg of the rope at that instant. But v2 = 2gx. Hence
F mg f F2 = mv2 = m (2gx) = 2mgx. Total force F = F1 +
– f. Hence, the acceleration a = = F2 = mgx + 2mgx = 3mgx = 3F1
m m
f Hence the correct choice is (c).
g – . Hence the correct choice is (d).
m 77. Refer to Fig. 5.84. Vertical component of F is
73. As the boy is climbing the pole at a constant speed F sin and the horizontal component is F cos .
(no acceleration), the force of friction must be just
mg
balanced by his weight, i.e. R = mg or R = =
40 10
= 500 N. Hence the correct choice is (c).
0.8
74. From the principle of conservation of momentum,
we have
v m2
m1v1 = m2v2 or 1 (i)
v2 m1
Fig. 5.84
opposite force F on each block. Let a1 and a2 be
the accelerations of blocks m1 and m2 respectively. Thus
Then R + F sin = mg
a m1 or R = mg – F sin
F = m1a1 = m2a2 or 2 (ii)
a1 m2 Frictional force R = (mg – F sin ). Also
Also v21 = 2a1x1 and v22 = 2a2x2, which give (mg – F sin ) = F cos
2
x1 v12 a2 m2 m1 m2 mg
= . = or F= (i)
x2 v22 a1 m1 m2 m1 sin cos
[Use Eqs. (i) and (ii)] F
Hence the correct choice is (b). mum, i.e. if
 d v2 10 10
( sin + cos ) = 0 or Rmin = = = 12.5 m
d g 0.8 10
or cos – sin = 0
This is the minimum radius the curve must have for
or = tan , which is choice (a). the car to negotiate it without sliding at a speed of
1
78. Now tan = . Therefore, cos = and 10 ms–1. Hence the correct choices is (b).
2
1 83. Speed of train (v) = 36 km h–1 = 10 ms–1
sin =
2 Radius of the curve (R) = 200 m
1
Distance between rails (x) = 1.5 m
Using these in Eq. (i) above and simplifying, we
Let the outer rails be raised by a height h with
get
respect to the inner rails so that the angle of bank-
mg ing is (Fig. 5.85).
F=
2
1 h v2
Then tan = =
Hence the correct choice is (d). x Rg
79. Force required to accelerate the body of mass m is
F = ( s – k) mg = (0.75 – 0.5) mg = 0.25 mg xv 2 1.5 (10)2
or h= =
F 0.25 mg Rg 200 10
Acceleration = = = 0.25 g, which is = 0.075 m = 7.5 cm
m m
choice (a). Thus, the correct choice is (a).
80. Let a be the acceleration at a time t of the blocks

acceleration is
F = (m + m) a = 2 ma
F =2ma (1)

displacement, i.e. Fig. 5.85

F = kA (2)
84. Now v = 54 km h–1 = 15 ms–1, R = 50 m. The re-
Equating (1) and (2), we get quired angle of banking is given by
kA v2 15 15
a = tan = = = 0.45
2m Rg 50 10
force of friction = ma Thus, the correct choice is (d).
kA kA 85. The horizontal velocity v must be such that the
=m
2m 2 centripetal force equals the weigth of the body, i.e.
Hence the correct choice is (b). mv 2
= mg or v = gR , which is choice (b).
81. Since the block is held stationary, it is in trans- R
lational as well as rotational equilibrium. Hence 86. The motor cyclist can leave the ground only at the
no net force and no net torque acts on the block. highest point on the bridge. At this point, the cen-
No net force will act on the block if f = mg and tripetal force is mv2/R. He will not leave the ground
N = F. No net torque will act on the block, if torque if the centripetal force equals the weight mg. Thus
by frictional force f about centre O = counter torque
mv 2
by normal reaction N about centre O. Hence choice = mg or v = gR = 10 10 = 10 ms–1.
(d) is false. R
Hence, the correct choice is (a).
82. Speed of car (v) = 36 km h–1 = 10 ms–1 -
87. When the system is in equilibrium, the spring force
mum centripetal force that friction can provide is
= 3 mg. When the string is cut, the net force on
mv 2 block A = 3 mg – 2 mg = mg. Hence the acceleration
f = mg =
R of this block at this instant is
 force on block A mg g
a= = =
mass of block A 2m 2
When the string is cut, the block B falls freely with
an acceleration equal to g. Hence the correct choice
is (c).
dp
88. Force F =
dt
d
= [A{ i cos (kt) – j sin (kt)]
dt Fig. 5.87

= Ak [– i sin (kt) – j cos (kt)] The block will topple if the torque due to normal
reaction N about O
Now F p = Ak[– i sin (kt) – j cos kt] mg sin about O, i.e.
N OA = mg sin OB
A[ i cos (kt) – j sin (kt)]
mg cos 5 cm = mg sin 15 cm
= A2k[– sin (kt) cos (kt) + cos (kt) sin kt] 2
2
tan = 34°.
=0( i i = j j = 1 and i j = 0) 3
Hence the angle between F and p is 90° which is Since for toppling is less than for sliding, the
choice (d). correct choice is (b).
91.
89. Refer to Fig. 5.86. Let f be the force producing
the acceleration of each mass. It follows from the

F = T sin + T sin = 2 T sin

F
T= (1)
2sin
Also T cos = mf (2)
Using (1) and (2), we get
F cos F Fx
f= = =
2m sin 2m tan 2m a 2 x2
Hence the correct choice is (b). Fig. 5.88

For the bead to stay at rest, (see Fig. 5.88)

N cos = mg
N sin = ma
a
which give tan = . Now
g
dy d
tan = slope of the curve = = (kx2) = 2 kx
dx dx
a a
2kx = x=
g 2 gk
Fig. 5.86 92. Radius of the circular path is BC = r = L sin , where
90. The block will just begin to slide if the downward L = AB is the length of the string. The vertical com-
force mg sin just overcomes the frictional force, ponent T cos of tension T balances with the weight
i.e. if mg sin = N = mg cos tan = = mg and the horizontal component T sin provides
the necessary centripetal force for circular motion.
3 = 60° (see Fig. 5.87) Hence
 2 2
T sin = mr = m(L sin )
2
T = mL
2
T = mL
2
324 = 0.5 0.5
= 36 rad s–1

Fig. 5.89

II

Multiple Choice Questions with One or More Choices Correct

1. Which of the following statements are true? No (c) can go up to a speed of 100 ms–1 in 10 s.
net force acts on (d) after acquiring a speed of 50 ms–1, can come
(a) a drop of rain falling vertically with a con- to rest, with the engine shut off and brakes
stant speed not applied, in a time of 10 s.
4.
(c) a car moving with a constant velocity on a speed of 15 ms–1 gushes out of a tube of cross
rough road sectional area 1 cm2, strikes against a kachha ver-
(d) a body moving in a circular path at constant
speed.
2. In which of the following situations would a force N on it. The impact of the water stream on the
of 9.8 N act on a stone of mass 1 kg? Neglect air wall will
(a) Just after it is dropped from the window of (
stationary train to the water stream is only about 1500 N.
(b) Just after it is dropped from the window (b) will break it.
of a train running at a constant speed of
36 km h–1. 105 pascal on
(c) Just after it is dropped from the window of a the wall.
train accelerating at 1 ms–2.
5. A block is released from the top of a smooth
inclined plane. Another block of the same mass is
which is accelerating at 1 ms–2.
allowed to fall freely from the top of the inclined
3. plane. Both blocks reach the bottom of the plane
a car and the ground is 0.5. The car starts from (a) in equal time
rest and moves along a perfectly horizontal road. If (b) with equal speed
g = 10 ms–2, the car (c) with equal momentum
(d) with equal kinetic energy
5 ms–2 without slipping.
6. A body of mass 200 g is moving with a velocity of
(b) can attain a speed of 20 ms–1 in a minimum
5 ms–1 along the posotive x- direction. At time t = 0
distance of 40 m.
when the body is at x = 0, a constant forse of 0.4 N
 directed along the negative x-direction is applied to
the body for 10s. (c) T = W2 F2 (d) F = W tan
(a) At time t = 2.5 s, the body will be at x =1.25 m
(b) At time t = 2.5 s, the speed of the body will
be zero.
(c) At time t = 30 s, the body will return to x = 0.
(d) At time t = 30 s, the speed of the body will
be 15 ms–1
7. A train starts from rest with a constant acceleration
a = 2 ms–2. After 5 seconds, a stone is dropped
from the window of the train. If g = 10 ms–2.
(a) the magnitude of the valocity of the stone
0.2 second after it is dropped is 2 ms–1.
(b) the angle between the resultant velocity Fig. 5.90
vector of the stone and the horizontal 0.2 11. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are connected
second after it is dropped is = tan–1 (0.2). by a string of negligible mass which passes over a
(c) the acceleration of the stone after it is dropped
is a = 2 ms–2. plane as shown in Fig. 5.91.
(d) the acceleration of the stone after it is dropped m1 and
is g = 10 ms–2. the plane is .
8. A man of mass m
(a) If m1 = m2, the mass m1
His weight when the lift is
up the inclined plane when the angle of in-
(a) stationary is mg clination is , then = tan .
(b) moving up with a uniform speed of 2 ms–1 (b) If m1 = m2, the mass m1
is 5 mg. up the inclined plane when the angle of in-
(c) moving up with a uniform acceleraiton a clination is , then = sec – tan .
(< g) is m (g + a). (c) If m1 = 2 m2, the mass m1
(d) moving down with a uniform acceleration a down the plane if = 2 tan .
(< g) is m (g – a). (d) If m1 = 2 m2, the mass m1
9. Two identical blocks, each of mass m, connected 1
down the plane if = tan – sec .
by a light string, are placed on a rough horizontal 2
surface. When a force F is applied on a block in
the horizontal direction, each block moves with an
acceleration a. Assuming that the frictional forces
m1
on the two blocks are equal,
(a) the tension in the string will be F.
m2
(b) the tension in the string will be F/2.
(c) the frictional force on each block will be
(F – ma). q

(d) the frictional force on each block will be Fig. 5.91

F
ma . 12. Two blocks A and B are connected to each other
2
by a string and a spring of force constant k, as
10. A body of weight W is suspended from a rigid sup- shown in Fig. 5.92. The string passes over a fric-
port P by means of a massless string as shown in tionless pulley as shown. The block B slides over
Fig. 5.90. A horizontal force F is applied at point the horizontal top surface of a stationary block C
O of the rope. The system is in equilibrium when and the block A slides along the vertical side of C
the string makes an angle with the vertical. If the
tension in the string is T, of friction between the surfaces of the blocks is .
(a) F = T sin (b) W = T sin If the mass of block A is m,
 (a) the mass of block B is m. (b) the tension in the rope at t = 6 s will be
(b) the mass of block B is m/ . 10,000 N.
(c) the energy stored in the spring is m2g2/2k. (c) the tension in the rope at t = 11 s will be
(d) the energy stored in the spring is m2g2/k. 8,000 N.
B (d) the height upto which the lift takes the
T
passengers is 40 m.
15. Two blocks of masses m1 = 2 m
T and m2 = m are connected by a
light string passing over a fric-
k
tion less pulley as shown in Fig.
C
5.95. When they are released,
g
A (a) the acceleration of m1 is
3
vertically downwards.
Fig. 5.92 (b) the acceleration of m2 is
2g
13. Two blocks A and B of equal masses m each are vertically upwards.
3
connected to each other by a string passing over
a frictionless pulley as shown in Fig. 5.93. The (c) the tension in the string is
A and the 4g Fig. 5.95
.
surface below is 0.5. When the system is released, 3
(a) the acceleration of the blocks is 3g/4. (d) the distance through which m2 rises in t sec-
(b) the acceleration of the blocks is g/4. gt 2
(c) the tension in the string is 3mg/4. onds after the blocks are released is .
6
(d) the tension in the string is mg/4.
16. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 connected by a

frictionless surface as shown in Fig. 5.96. A force

F is applied to m2 in the horizontal directon as
shown.
F
(a) the acceleration of each block is .
(m1 m2 )
m1 F
(b) the tension in the string is .
Fig. 5.93 (m1 m2 )
14. A lift is going up. The variation of the speed of the lift (c) the tension in the string is F.
with time is shown in Fig. 5.94. The total mass of m2 F
the lift and passengers is 1000 kg. If g = 10 ms–2, (d) the force on mass m1 is .
(m1 m2 )

Fig. 5.96
17. Ten coins, each of mass m, are placed on top of each
other on a horizontal table.
(a) The force on the 7th coin (counted from the
bottom) due to all the coins above it is 3mg
vertically downwards.
Fig. 5.94
(b) The force on the 7th coin by the 8th coin
(a) the tension in the rope of the lift at t = 1 s (both counted from the bottom) is 3mg
will be 12,000 N. vertically downwards.
 (c) The force on the 7th coin by the 8th coin l
(both counted from the bottom) is 2mg (c) If = 0.25, = 20%
vertically upwards. L
(d) The reaction force of the 6th coin from the l
(d) If = 0.25, = 25%
bottom on the 7th coin from the bottom is L
4mg vertically upwards. 21. A block starts sliding from the top of an inclined
18. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in plane of inclination
contact on a horizontal frictionless surface as between the block and the plane varies as =
shown in Fig. 5.97. A force F is applied to mass kx where x is the distance moved down the plane
m1 as shown. and k is a positive constant.
(a) The block has a uniform acceleration along
(a) The acceleration of mass m2 is F/m2
the plane.
m2 F (b) The acceleration of the block increases for
m2 is .
(m1 m2 ) tan
x< .
m2 is F. k
F
(d) The acceleration of mass m1 is . tan
(m1 m2 ) x= .
k tan
(d) The block starts decelerating for x > .
k
22. A block of mass m is lying at x = 0 on a smooth
Fig. 5.97
horizontal surface. A variable force F = kx is
applied to it as shown in Fig. 5.99 where k is a
19. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 (m2 < m1) are constant. Then
placed on an inclined plane of inclination and (a) the block will move on the surface with a
joined by a string as shown in Fig. 5.98. uniform acceleration.
(b) the block will move on the surface with a
variable acceleration.
(c) the block will lose contact with the surface
mg
after travelling a distance x0 = .
k sin
(d) the block will always remain in contact with
the surface.
Fig. 5.98

and the plane is and the blocks are released,

(a) the acceleration of the blocks is g(sin –
cos ).
(b) the acceleration of the blocks is zero. Fig. 5.99

(c) the tension in the string is zero. 23. A pendulum of length L and bob mass M is oscillat-
(d) the tension in the string is (m1 + m2)g ing in a plane about a vertical line between angular
(sin – cos ). limits – and + . For an angular displacement | |
20. A uniform chain of length L is placed on a rough < , the tension in the string is T and the velocity
- of the bob is V. Then
tween the chain and the table is (a) T cos = Mg
length of the chain that can hang from the edge MV 2
(b) T – Mg cos =
of the table is l. Then L
L (c) The magnitude of the tangential acceleration
(a) l =
(1 ) of the bob is |at| = g sin
L (d) T = Mg cos
(b) l =
(1 ) IIT, 1986
 24. When a bicycle is in motion, the force of friction (c) in the backward direction on both the front
and the rear wheels.
that it acts (d) in the forward direction on both the front and
(a) in the backward direction on the front wheel and the rear wheels.
in the forward direction on the rear wheel. IIT, 2007
(b) in the forward direction on the front wheel and
in the backward direction on the rear wheel.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

1. Choice (a) is true. Since the direction of motion given by v2 – u2 = 2as or (20)2 – 0 = 2 5 s or
as well as the speed of the drop of rain are con- s = 40 m. Further, since the frictional retardation is
stant, its velocity is constant and hence no net force 5 ms–2, the time needed to come to rest from a speed
acts on the drop. The downward gravitational force of 50 ms–1 is t = v/a = 50/5 = 10 s. Hence, choice
(i.e. weight) of the drop is completely cancelled (a), (b) and (d) are correct.
by the upward buoyant force on it due to air and 4. The rate of change of momentum of water stream
the viscous force due to its motion. Choice (b) is = av2 – 0 = av2 . This is the force F
also true. The weight of the cork is balanced by the water stream on the wall.
upward buoyant force due to water. Choice (c) is F = av2 = (1 10–2) (15)2 1000 = 2250 N
also true. The force due to the car’s acceleration
is balanced by the backward force of friction bet- The pressure on the wall is
ween its tyres and the rough road. Choice (d) is F 2250
P= = 2.25 105 pascal
false. Although the speed of the body is constant, a 1 10 2
its velocity is changing all the time because the Hence, the correct choices are (b), (c) and (d).
direction of motion keeps changing. Hence, the
motion of the body is being accelerated. A force 5. Since the acceleration along the inclined plane
(called centripetal force) must act on the body to (g sin ) is less than g, the blocks take different
produce the acceleration. times to reach the bottom. The speed of each block
Thus, choices (a), (b) and (c) are correct. on reaching the bottom is v = 2g h , where h is
2. In choice (a), a force F = mg = 1 9.8 = 9.8 N acts the height of the inclined plane. Thus choice (b) is
on the stone vertically downwards. In choice (b), correct. The directions of the velocity are differ-
the velocity of the train is constant. Hence, there ent, hence their momenta are not the same. Their
is no acceleration (and therefore, force) along the 1
kinetic energy mv2 is the same. Hence the cor-
direction of motion. When the stone is dropped, 2
the only force acting on it is F = mg = 9.8 N verti- rect choices are (b) and (d).
cally downwards. In choice (c), before the stone 6. Given u = + 5 ms–1 along positive x-direction
is dropped, a force = ma = 1 kg 1 ms–2 = 1 N F = – 0.4 N along negative x-direction
acts on it in the horizontal direction. But, after it is
m = 200 g = 0.2 kg
dropped, this force ceases to act because the stone
is no longer located in the accelerating system (i.e. F 0.4
The acceleration a = = = –2 ms–2. The
train). Hence, in this case also, the net force on the m 0.2
stone is 9.8 N vertically downwards. In choice (d), negative sign shows that the motion is retarded.
the weight of the stone is balanced by the normal The position of the body at time t is given by
1
x = x0 + ut + at2
accelerated in the forward direction along with the 2
train. Hence, the force acting on the stone = ma = 1 At t = 0, the body is at x = 0. Therefore, x0 = 0.
kg 1 ms–2 = 1 N in the direction of motion of the Hence
train. Thus, the correct choices are (a), (b) and (c). 1
3. - x = ut + at2
2
ping is given by Since the force acts during the time interval from
ma = mg or a = g = 0.5 10 = 5 ms–2 t = 0 to t = 10 s, the motion is accelerated only
- between t = 0 and t = 10 s. The position of the
tance s covered to acquire a speed v = 20 ms–1 is body t = 2.5 s is given by
 1 After the stone is dropped, the horizontal velocity
x=5 2.5 + (– 2) (2.5)2 = 1.25 m vx remains unchanged because the acceleration
2
The velocity of the body at t = 2.5 s is is zero along the horizontal direction. The only
v = u + at = 5 + (– 2) (2.5) = 5 – 5 = 0 acceleration of the stone is the acceleration due
to gravity.
t = 0 to
Hence the correct choices are (b) and (d).
t = 10 s) the motion is accelerated. During this
8. mg) on the
time a = – 2 ms–2. Putting u = 5 ms–1, a = – 2 ms–2
1 on him an upward reaction for (R) which it mea-
and t = 10 s in equation x = ut + at2. We have
2 sures. When the lift is stationary, R = mg.
1
x1 = 5 10 + (– 2) (10)2 = – 50 m (i) When the lift is moving up or down with a
2 uniform speed, it has no acceleration of its own.
The velocity of the body at t = 10 s is Hence, the reading of the machine will still be mg.
v = u + at = 5 + (– 2) 10 = – 15 ms–1 When the machine is moving downwards with an
During the remaining 20 seconds, i.e. from acceleration a, a force F = ma acts downwards.
t = 10 s to t = 30 s, the acceleration a = 0, because But the reaction R = mg acts upwards. Hence,
the force ceases to act after t = 10 s. The velocity the effecting reading will be
of the body remains constant at – 15 ms–1 during Reff = F – R = mg – ma = m(g – a)
the last 20 seconds. The distance covered by the
In case (c), R and mg both act in the same direc-
body during the last 20 seconds is
tion (upwards). Hence, the effective reading will
x2 = – 15 20 = – 300 m be
Position of the body at t = 30 s is Reff = mg + ma = m(g + a)
x = x1 + x2 = – 50 – 300 Hence the correct choices are (a), (c) and (d).
= – 350 m 9. Refer to Sec. 5.11 and Fig. 5.15 on page 5.9
The magnitude of the velocity (i.e. speed) of the Equations of motion of m1 and m2 are
body at t = 30 s is 15 ms–1. m 1a = T – f (i)
Hence the correct choices are (a), (b) and (c).
and m 2a = F – T – f (ii)
7. Given u = 0, a = 2 ms–2. Since the stone is located
in the train, the acceleration of the stone is a = Subtracting the two equations, we have
2 ms–2. At time t = 5 s, the velocity of the stone (m1 – m2)a = 2T – F
is v = u + at = 0 + 2 5 = 10 ms–1. Before the Since m1 = m2, we get, we get 0 = 2T – F
stone is dropped, its motion is accelerated with
F
the train. But, the moment it is dropped, its ac- or T=
celeration due to the motion of the train ceases. 2
Therefore, after the stone is dropped, it has the Putting T = 10 N in Eq. (i) above, we have
following two motions: f = T – m 1a
(a) a uniform motion with velocity 10 ms–1 paral- F
= – ma
lel to the ground, i.e. 2
vx = 10 ms–1 (the horizontal velocity) Hence the correct choices are (b) and (d).
(b) an accelerated motion vertically downwards 10. The mass is in equilibrium at point O under the
due to gravity. In time t = 0.2 s, the vertical action of the concurrent forces F, T and W = mg.
velocity of the stone is vy = 0 + gt = 10 0.2 Therefore, as shown in Fig. 5.100, the horizontal
= 2 ms–2. component T sin of tension T must balance with
The resultant velocity of stone at t = 0.2 s is force F and the vertical component T cos must
balance with weight W = mg.
v= v 2x v 2y = (10) 2 ( 2) 2 = 104
Thus F = T sin (i)
= 2 26 ms–1
and W = T cos (ii)
The angle, which the resultant velocity vector,
Squaring Eqs. (i) and (ii) and adding we get
makes with the horizontal is given by
T2 = W 2 + F 2.
vy 2
tan = = = 0.2 Dividing (i) by (ii) we get F = W tan .
vx 10 Hence the correct choices are (a), (c) and (d).
 and T – mg = ma (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii) we get
1 1 0.5 g
a= g= g=
2 2 4
Using a = g/4 in Eq. (i) gives T = 3mg/4
Hence the correct choices are (b) and (c).
14. Between t = 0 and t = 2 s, the acceleration of the lift
is
1
AD 4 ms
Fig. 5.100 a= = 2 ms–2
OD 2s
11. The block m1 will just begin to move up the Since the lift is accelerating upward, the tension in
plane if the downward force m2g due to mass m2 the rope at t = 1 s (between t = 0 and t = 2 s) is
trying to pull the mass m1 up the plane just equals T = m (g + a) = 1000 (10 + 2) = 12,000 N
the force (m1g sin + m1g cos ) trying to push
the mass m1 down the plane, i.e. when Between t = 2 s and t = 10 s, the speed of the lift is
constant. Hence a = 0 and T = mg = 1000 10
m2g = m1g(sin + cos ) = 10,000 N
Now, it is given that m1 = m2 = m. Between t = 10 s and t = 12 s, the lift is decelerating.
Therefore, we have Its deceleration is given by
1 = sin + cos
BE 4 ms 1
= sec – tan a= = 2 ms–2
EC 2s
The block m1 will just begin to move down the Tension = m (g – a) = 1000 (10 – 2)
plane if the downward force (m1g sin – m1g = 8,000 N
cos ) on m1 just equals the upwards force m2g The height to which the lift rises = area of OABC
acting on m1 due to m2, i.e. if = 40 m. Hence all the four choices are correct.
m2g = m1g(sin – cos ) 15. The correct choices are (a), (c) and (d). The accel-
m1 1 eration of each mass is the same and is given by
or =
m2 sin cos (m1 m2 ) g
a=
If m1 = 2m2, then we have (m1 m2 )
1 2m1 m2 g
2 = The tension in the string is T =
sin cos (m1 m2 )
1 Since the masses start from rest, the distance moved
= tan – sec by m1 in time t is
2
Hence the correct choices are (b) and (d). 1 2 1 2 1 2
s = ut + at = 0 + at = at
12. Since the blocks slide at the same uniform speed, 2 2 2
no net force acts on them. If M is the mass of 16. The correct choices are (a), (b) and (d). The accel-
block B, then the tension in the string is T = Mg. eration of each mass is given by
Also T = mg. Equating the two, we get M = m
m F
or M = a=
(m1 m2 )
F mg
x= = . Therefore, The tension in the string is T = m1 a. The force on
k k mass m1 is
potential energy stored in the spring is
m2 F
2 F1 =
1 1 mg m2 g 2 (m1 m2 )
PE = kx2 = k =
2 2 k 2k 17. The 7th coin from the bottom has 3 coins above it.
Hence the correct choices are (b) and (c). Hence, the force on the 7th coin = weight of 3 coins
13. If the acceleration of the blocks is a, then we = 3 mg, vertically downwards.
have Since the 8th coin has 2 coins above, it supports
mg – T = ma (i) the weight of two coins. Hence the force on the 7th
 coin by the 8th coin = weight of 8th coin + weight Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get T = 0 and
of two coins above it = weight of three coins = a = g(sin – cos )
3 mg vertically downwards.
Hence the correct choices are (a) and (c).
From Newton’s third law, the reaction force
th 20. Let M be the mass of the chain and L its length.
coin on the 7th coin is equal and
th If a length l hangs over the edge of the table, the
coin
Ml
on the 6th th
force pulling the chain down is g. The force
th th
coin on the 6 coin = weight of 7 coin + weight L
of 3 coins above it = weight of 4 coins = 4 mg of friction between the rest of the chain of length
vertically downwards. Hence, the reaction of the 6th M (L l)
(L – l) and the table is g.
coin on the 7th coin = 4 mg vertically upwards. L
For equilibrium, the two forces must be equal,
Hence the correct choices are (a), (b) and (d).
i.e.
18. The correct choices are (b) and (d). The accelera- Ml M (L l)
tion of both the masses is the same and is given g= g
L L
by
net force F or l= (L – l)
a= =
total mass (m1 m2 ) L
or l=
Force on mass m2 = m2 a. 1
19. Figures 5.101 (a) and 5.101 (b) show the free
body diagram of the two blocks. l 0.25 1
= = = or 20%.
L 1 1 0.25 5
Hence the correct choices are (a) and (c).
21. The acceleration of the block is given by
a = g(sin – cos )
= g(sin – kx cos )
Acceleration a is not uniform; it varies with x. For
sin > kx cos , a is positive, i.e. a is positive
for x < tan /k. For x > tan /k, a is negative.
For x = tan /k, a
after which it begins to decrease as the block is
decelerated. Hence the correct choices are (b), (c)
and (d).
22. The horizontal and vertical components of F are
F cos and F sin (see Fig. 5.102).

Fig. 5.101

T is the tension in the string and f1 and f2 are the

frictional forces. It follows from the diagrams that
N1 = m1g cos and f1 = m1g cos
N2 = m2g cos and f2 = m2g cos
If a is the acceleration of the blocks down the
plane, the equations of motion are Fig. 5.102
m1a = m1g sin – T – f1 N + F sin = mg
= m1g sin – T – m1g cos (i) N = mg – F sin
and m2a = m2g sin + T – f2 = mg – kx sin
= m2g sin + T – m2g cos (ii) where N is the normal reaction.
 The block will lose contact with surface at x = x0 It follows from Fig. 5.103, that
for which N = 0. Putting N = 0 and x = x0, we MV 2
mg = T – Mg cos
have 0 = mg – kx0 sin x0 = L
k sin
The acceleration a of block along the horizontal Tangential force ft = Mg sin
surface is given by Tangential acceleration at = g sin .
So the correct choices are (b) and (c).
ma = F cos = kx cos 24.
k x cos the force of friction acts in the opposite direction.
a=
m But when a body itself applies a force in order to
which depends upon x. Hence the correct choices move, the force of friction acts in the direction of
are (b) and (c). -
23. plied to the rear wheel and as a result the front wheel
moves by itself. So, while pedalling, the choice (a)
is correct. When pedalling is stopped, the choice (c)
is correct as long as bicycle remains in motion.

Fig. 5.103

III

Multiple Choice Questions Based On Passage

Question 1 to 3 are based on the following passage
Passage I of reference; it holds only for inertial frames of reference.
An inertial reference frame is a frame which moves with
Reference Frames
a constant velocity.
1. A reference frame attached to the earth
reference. Rest and motion are relative; there is nothing
like absolute rest or absolute motion. The position or state (b) cannot be an inertial frame because the earth
of motion of a body may appear different from different is revolving round the sun
(c) is an inertial frame because Newton’s laws
everything else in a moving train are at rest in a reference of motion are applicable in this frame
frame situated in the train but they are in motion in a (d) cannot be an inertial frame because the earth
reference frame situated on the platform. Similarly, a stone
dropped by a passenger from the window of a railway 2. Which of the following observers are inertial?
carriage in uniform motion appears to him to fall vertically (a) A child revolving in a merry-go-round
downwards but to a person outside the carriage, it appears (b) A driver in a car moving with a constant
to follow a parabolic path. velocity
 (c) A pilot in an aircraft which is taking off (c) A reference frame moving at a constant velo-
(d) A passenger in a train which is slowing down city with respect to an inertial frame is also
to a stop. an inertial frame.
3. Choose the correct statements from the following. (d) Newton’s laws of motion hold for both iner-
(a) An inertial frame is non-accelerating. tial and non-inertia frames.
(b) An inertial frame is non-rotating.

SOLUTION
1. The velocity of the earth changes with time (due 2. The observers in (a), (c) amd (d) are all accelerat-
to a change in its direction) as it revolves round ing. Hence, they are non-inertial. Only the driver in
the sun. Therefore, a frame attached to the earth is (b) is inertial since his motion is not accelerated.
accelerated. Accelerated frames and rotating frames 3. The correct choices are (a), (b) and (c).
of reference are not inertial frames. Hence the cor-
rect choices are (b) and (d).

Question 4 to 6 are based on the following passage 5. If t1 and t2 are the respective times taken by them
Passage II to stop, then t1/t2 is
Two bodies A and B of masses m and 2 m respectively are (a) 1 (b) 2
moving with equal linear momenta. They are subjected to 1 1
(c) (d)
the same retarding force. 2 4
4. If x1 and x2 are the respective distances moved 6. If a1 and a2 are their respective decelerations,
by them before stopping, then x1/x2 is then a1/a2 is
1 (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) (b) 1
2 1
(c) 2 (d)
(c) 2 (d) 2 2
SOLUTION
(mu ) 2 p 2 1
4. 2 ax = u2 2 max = mu2 2 Fx = = Since p and F are constants, x . Hence the
m m correct choice is (d). m
where F = ma is the retarding force p = mu is u mu p
5. 0 = u + at t=– =– =– . Hence
linear momentum. Thus a ma F
t1 = t2. Thus the correct choice is (a).
p2
x= 6. a1 = F/m and a2 = F/2m. Hence the correct choice
2 Fm
is (b).

Questions 7 to 9 are based on the following passage 8. If t1 and t2 are the respective times taken by them
Passage III to stop, then t1/t2 is
Two bodies of masses m and 2 m respectively are moving 1 1
(a) (b)
with equal kinetic energies. They are subjected to the 2 2
same retarding force.
7. If x1 and x2 are the respective distances moved (c) 2 (d) 2
by them before stopping, then x1/x2 is 9. If a1 and a2 are their respective decelerations,
then a1/a2 is
(a) 2 (b) 2 (a) 4 (b) 2
1 1
(c) (d) 1 (c) (d) 1
2 2

SOLUTION
1 Since K and F are constants, the correct choice
7. 2ax = u2 2 max = mu2 Fx = mu2. If K
2 is (d).
is the kinetic energy, then Fx = K x = K/F.
 u mu p 2mK
8. 0 = u + at t=– =– =– . Now Hence t = – . Thus t m . Hence the
a ma F F
1 2 correct choice is (a).
p = mu p2 = m2u2 = (2m) mu = 2mK.
2 F 1
9. a = , i.e. a Hence the correct choice is (b).
m m

Questions 10 to 13 are based on the following passage 12. I imparted to the block
Passage IV is given by
A block of masses m is initially at rest on a frictionless a3 a3
horizontal surface. A time-dependent force F = at – bt2 (a) (b)
3b 2 6b 2
acts on the body, where a and b are positive constants.
10. a3 a3
t1 given by (c) (d)
9b 2 12b 2
a 2a
(a) (b) 13. v attained by the block is
b b
a a a3 a3
(c) (d) (a) 2
(b)
2b 2b 4mb 8mb 2
11. F is given by
a3 a3
a2 a2 (c) (d)
(a) (b) 12mb 2 16mb 2
2b 4b
2a 2 4a 2
(c) (d)
b b
SOLUTION
12.
dF d 2F t1
10. = 0 and
< 0. dt dt 2 I = Fdt
dF d 0
Now = (at – bt2) = a – 2bt t1
dt dt
dF = (at bt 2 )dt
Putting = 0 and t = t1, we get 0
dt
a at12 bt 3
0 = a – 2 bt1 t1 = = – 1
2b 2 3
d 2F d
Also = (a – 2 bt) = – 2 b, which is a a 2 b a 3 a3
dt 2
dt = – =
2 2b 3 2b 12b 2
negative.
Hence the correct choice is (d).
Hence the correct choice is (c). 13. Now impulse = change in momentum
a a 2
a2 = mv – 0 = mv
11. F = at1 – bt21 = a –b = . I ma a3
2b 2b 4b v = = , which is choice (c).
Hence the correct choice is (b). m 12mb 2

Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage

a b
Passage V (c) 2 (d) 2
b a
A body of mass m is initially at rest. A periodic force F = 15.
a cos(bt + c) is applied to it, where a, b and c are constants. a b
(a) (b)
14. The time period T of the force is mb mc
1 2 c b c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
b b ma ma
 16. The smallest value of t after t = 0 when the 17. The distance travelled by the body from time t =
velocity of the body becomes zero is given by 0 to t = t1 is given by
a a 2a
(a) t1 = (b) t1 = (a) cos c (b) sin c
a c mb 2 mb 2
c
(c) t1 = (d) t1 = a2 2a 2
b b (c) cos c (d) sin c
mb mb

SOLUTION
14. F will repeat itself at values of t given by 16. From Eq (i) it follows that v = 0 at values of t
cos(bt + c) = + 1, i.e. given by sin(bt + c) = 0 or (bt + c) = 0, , 2 , ...
bt + c = 0, 2 , 4 , c c 2 c
or t = – , , . Therefore,
c 2 c 4 c b b b
t=– , , ,
b b b c c
2 t1 = – = , which is choice (d).
The smallest time interval is T = . Hence the b b b
correct choice is (b). b
dp dx
15. From Newton’s second law of motion, F = 17. Now v = dx = v dt. Therefore, the distance
dt dt
dv moved between t = 0 and t = t1 is
=m
dt t1 t
dv a 1
Thus m = a cos(bt + c) x= vdt = sin (bt + c)dt
dt 0
mb 0

a a
dv = cos(bt + c)dt =– cos(bt1 + c)
m mb 2
t
a a a
v= cos (bt + c)dt = sin(bt + c) (i) =– cos b c
m0 mb mb 2 b
bt + c) = 1, a a cos c
a =– cos( + c) =
v = . mb 2 mb 2
mb
Hence the correct choice is (a). Hence the correct choice is (a).

Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage (c) a1 > a2 = a3 (d) a1 = a2 = a3

Passage VI 19. The tension in the string between masses m2 and
Three masses m1 = m, m2 = 2 m and m3 is
m3 = 3 m are hung on a string passing (a) mg (b) 3 mg
over a frictionless pulley as shown in 5mg
Fig. 5.104. The mass of the string is (c) 4 mg (d)
3
negligible. The system is then released.
18. If a1, a2 and a3 are the ac- 20. The tension in the string between masses m1 and
celerations of masses m1, m2 m2 is
and m3 respectively, then 2mg
(a) 4 mg (b)
(a) a1 < a2 < a3 3
5mg
(b) a1 > a2 > a3 (c) (d) 2 mg
Fig. 5.104 3
SOLUTION
18. When the masses are released, mass m1 moves (m2 m3 m1 ) g (2m 3m m) g 2g
a= = =
upward and masses m2 and m3 move downward (m1 m2 m3 ) (m 2m 3m) 3
with a common acceleration given by The correct choice is (d).
 19. The let T be the tension in the string between m1 m 3 g – T = m 3a
and m2 and T be the tension in the string between
2g
m2 and m3 [see Fig. 5.105 (a)]. Figure 5.105 (b) T = m3(g – a) = 3 m g = mg
shows the free-body diagram of mass m3. 3
Hence the correct choice is (a).
20. Figure 5.105(c) shows the free-body diagram of
mass m1.
T – m 1g = m 1a
2g 5mg
T = m1(g + a) = m g =
3 3
Hence the correct choice is (c).

Fig. 5.105

Questions 21 to 23 are based on the following passage F F

(c) (d)
Passage VII 5m 6m
Three blocks of masses m1 = m, m2 = 2m and m3 = 3m 22. The force on mass m2 is
connected by two strings are placed on a horizontal 5F
frictionless surface as shown in Fig. 5.106. A horizontal (a) (b) 2 F
6
force F is applied to mass m1 as shown.
2F
(c) (d) F
3
23. The force on mass m3 is
F
Fig. 5.106 (a) F (b)
2
21. The common acceleration of the blocks is F F
F F (c) (d)
(a) (b) 3 6
m 3m

SOLUTION
21. If F2 and F3 are the forces on masses m2 and m3 Adding Eqs. (1), (2) and (3) we get
respectively, then the free-body diagrams of m1,
F F F
m2 and m3 are as shown in Fig. 5.107 where a a= = =
is the common acceleration of the system. (m1 m2 m3 ) (m 2m 3m) 6m
Hence the correct choice is (d).
22. Adding Eqs. (2) and (3) we have
F 5F
F2 = (m2 + m3)a = (2m + 3m) = ,
6m 6
Fig. 5.107 which is choice (a).
23. From Eq. (3), we have
F – F 2 = m 1a (1) F F
F3 = 3ma = 3m =
F 2 – F 3 = m 2a (2) 6m 2
F 3 = m 3a (3) Hence the correct choice is (b).
Questions 24 to 26 are based on the following passage g
(c) (d) g
Passage VIII 2
Two blocks of masses m1 = m and m2 = 2 m are connected
25. If the system is released the tension in the string is
by a light string passing over a frictionless pulley. The
3mg
mass m1 is placed on a smooth inclined plane of inclination (a) mg (b)
= 30° and mass m2 hangs vertically as shown in Fig. 5.108. 2
2mg
(c) 2mg (d)
3
26. If the inclined plane was rough, it was found that
when the system was released, block m1 remained
at rest. The frictional force between block m1 and
the inclined plane is
3mg
(a) (b) 3 mg
2
Fig. 5.108
4mg 2mg
24. If the system is released, the blocks move with (c) (d)
3 2
an acceleration equal to
g g
(a) (b)
4 3
SOLUTION
24. Since the inclined plane is smooth and m2 > m1, (m2 m1 sin ) g (2m m sin 30 ) g g
block m1 will up the plane and block m2 will a= = =
m1 m2 m 2m 2
move vertically with a common acceleration a.
If T is the tension in the string, the free-body Hence the correct choice is (c).
diagrams of masses m1 and m2 are as shown in 25. From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
Fig. 5.109
g
T = m2(g – a) = 2m g = mg
2
Hence the correct choice is (a).
26. Since the blocks remain at rest, the equations of
motions of blocks m1 and m2 are (here f is the
frictional force on m1)
T – m1g sin –f=0
and T = m 2g
Fig. 5.109
These equations give
f = m2g – m1g sin
The equations of motion of the blocks are
=2m g – m g sin 30°
T – m1g sin = m 1a (1)
mg 3mg
and m 2g – T = m 2a (2) = 2 mg – = ,
2 2
Equations (1) and (2) give which is choice (b).

Questions 27 to 29 are based on the following passage A and B. Wire A has negligible mass and wire B has a
Passage IX mass m3 = m, as shown in Fig. 5.110. The whole system
of blocks, wires and the support have an upward
Two blocks of masses m1 = 3 m and m2 = 2 m are suspended acceleration a.
 27. The tension at the mid-point C of wire B is
1 3
(a) m(g + a) (b) m(g – a)
2 2
3 5
(c) m(g + a) (d) m(g + a)
2 2
28. The tension at point O of wire B is
(a) 3m(g + a) (b) 3m(g – a)
(c) 2m(g + a) (d) 2m(g – a)
29. The tension at the mid-point D of wire A is
(a) 2m(g + a) (b) 4m(g – a)
(c) 6m(g + a) (d) 8m(g – a)
Fig. 5.110

SOLUTION
27. Refer to Fig. 5.111. Let T 28. Let T1 be the tension in wire A. Since this wire
be the tension at the mid- has negligible mass, the tension is the same
point C of wire B. Then (= T1) at every point on this wire. Let T2 be the
m3 tension at point O of wire B. Then, we have for
T– m2 g wire A.
2
T 1 – T 2 – m 1g = m 1a (1)
m3
= m2 a where T2 is given by
2
T2 – (m2 + m3)g = (m2 + m3)a
m3
T = m2 (g + a)
2 T2 = (m2 + m3) (g + a)
m = (2m + m) (g + a) = 3m(g + a)
= 2m (g + a)
2 Hence the correct choice is (a).
Fig. 5.111
5 29. Putting T2 = 3m(g + a) in Eq. (1), we get
= m(g + a),
2 T1 = 6 m(g + a).
which is choice (d). Hence the correct choice is (c).

IV

Matching
1. Three blocks of masses m1 = 3 m, m2 = 2 m and m3 = m are placed in
contact on a horizontal frictionless surface as shown in Fig. 5.112. A
horizontal force F is applied to m1 as shown. Match items in column I
with those in column II
Column I Column II
Fig. 5.112
(a) Force acting on m2 if F = 12 N (p) 1 N
(b) Force acting on m2 if F = 6 N (q) 3 N
(c) Force acting on m3 if F = 12 N (r) 2 N
(d) Forcer acting on m3 if F = 6 N (s) 6 N
SOLUTION
The contact forces acting on m2 and m3 respectively are
(m2 m3 ) F
F2 =
(m1 m2 m3 )
m3 F
and F3 =
(m1 m2 m3 )
Hence the correct matching is as follows
(a) (s) (b) (q)
(c) (r) (d) (p)
2. Two blocks of masses M = 5 kg and m = 3 kg are placed on a horizontal surface as shown in Fig. 5.113.
1 = 0.5 and that between the blocks M and the horizontal
surface is 2 = 0.7. Taking g = 10 ms–2, match items in column I with those in column II
Column I Column II
(a) Frictional force between the blocks (p) 5 ms–2
(b) Acceleration of the upper block (q) 96 N
F
applied to M so that the two blocks
move together without slipping. (r) 4 ms–2
(d) The common acceleration of the
Fig. 5.113
blocks if F = 32 N. (s) 15 N

SOLUTION
(a) Force of frictional between blocks = 1mg = 0.5 3 10 = 15 N.
(b) Acceleration of the upper block of mass m is a = 1mg/m = 1g = 0.5 10 = 5 ms–2.
(c) The force of friction between block M (with block m placed on top of it) and the horizontal surface =
(M + m) 2g = (5 + 3) 0.7 10 = 56 N
a = 5 ms–2. The
force due to this acceleration = (M + m)a = (5 + 3) 5 = 40 N
F = 56 + 40 = 96 N
(d) If F = 32 N, the common acceleration of the blocks is
F 32
a = = = 4 ms–2
(M m) (5 3)
Hence the correct matching is as follows:
(a) (s) (b) (p)
(c) (q) (d) (r)

Assertion-Reason Type Questions

In the following questions, Statement-1 (Assertion) is (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and
followed by Statement-2 (Reason). Each question has four -
choices out of which only one choice is correct ment-1.
 (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true but The speed of the third (lighter) fragment will be 2
2 v.
Statement-1. Statement-2
(c) Statement-1 is true; Statement-2 is false. The momentum of a system of particles is conserved
(d) Statement-1 is false; Statement-2 is true.
1. Statement-1 5. Statement-1
A block is pulled along a horizontal frictionless F such that the block
surface by a thick rope. The tension in the rope will shown in Fig. 5.115 does not move is mg/cos ,
not always be the same at all points on it. where
Statement-2 block and the horizontal surface.
The tension in the rope depends on the acceleration
of the block-rope system and the mass of the rope.
2. Statement-1
A truck moving on a horizontal surface with a
uniform speed u is carrying sand. If a mass m
of the sand ‘leaks’ from the truck in a time t,
the force needed to keep the truck moving at its Fig. 5.115
uniform speed is u m/ t.
Statement-2 Statement-2
Force = rate of change of momentum. normal
reaction.
3. Statement-1
6. Statement-1
Two blocks of masses m and M are placed on a
horizontal surface as shown in Fig. 5.114. The A ball of mass m is moving towards a batsman at a
speed v
1
and that between the block M and the horizontal it by an angle without changing its speed. The
surface is 2 impulse imparted to the ball is zero.
applied to block M so that the two blocks move Statement-2
without slipping is F = ( 1 + 2) (M + m)g. Impulse = change in momentum
7. Statement-1
A cloth covers a table. Some dishes are kept on it.
The cloth can be pulled out without dislodging the
dishes from the table.
Statement-2
For every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
Fig. 5.114
IIT, 2007
Statement-2 8. Statement-1
When a ball dropped from a certain height hits the
acceleration.
4. Statement-1 momentum.
A shell of mass m Statement-2
three fragments having masses in the ratio 2:2:1.
reaction forces, being equal and opposite, cancel
mutually perpendicular directions with speed v. each other.

ANSWERS/SOLUTIONS
1. The correct choice is (a).
2. the vertically upward direction. This perpendicu-
the leaking sand on the truck = rate of change of lar force can do no work on the truck. Since the
momentum = u m/ t. The sand falling vertically truck moves with a uniform velocity, the force
3. The correct choice is (c). The force of friction From the principle of conservation of momentum,
between block m and block M = 1mg, where the momentum of the third (lighter) fragment of
1 m
blocks. Now, the force of friction between block mass must be 2 p but opposite in direction.
5
M (with block m on top of it) and the horizontal Thus, if V is the speed of the lighter fragment,
surface = 2(M + m)g, where 2 we have
of friction between block M and surface. The mV 2mv
F applied to block M must be = 2p = 2
enough to overcome this force of friction and 5 5
the force due to acceleration of the system. If or V = 2 2v
the acceleration of the system is a then this force 5. The correct choice is (a). The component of F
= (M + m)a. Thus parallel to the horizontal surface is F cos . F
F = (M + m)a + m2(M + m)g (i) F cos just overcomes
Now, since the force on block m is 1mg, its ac- the frictional force f = mg. Thus
celeration a is
mg
force on mass m mg F cos = mg F =
a= = 1 = 1g (ii) cos
mass m m
Using (ii) in (i) we get 6. The correct choice is (d). Refer to the solution
of Q.27 of section I.
F = 1(M + m)g + 2(M + m)g
7.
= ( 1 + 2) (M + m)g
motion also called the law of inertia. The dishes
4. The correct choice is (a). The mass of two frag- are not dislodged even when the cloth is suddenly
2m pulled because the dishes have the inertia of rest.
ments of equal masses = each. The mass
5 Statement-2 is Newton’s third law of motion, it
m
of the lighter fragment = . The momenta of choice is (b).
5
8. The assertion is true but the reason is not correct
2mv
heavier fragments are p = . The resultant of because action and reaction forces do not act on
momenta p and p is 5 the same body and hence do not cancel each
other. Hence the correct choice is (c).
p = (p2 + p2)1/2 = 2p

VI

Integer Answer Type

1. The magnitude of force f (in newton) acting on a 2. A block of mass 0.2 kg is held against a wall by
body varies with time t (in millisecond) as shown in applying a horizontal force of 5 N on the block.
Fig. 5.116. Find the magnitude of the total impulse
(in Ns) of the force on the body from t = 4 ms to is 0.5. Find the magnitude (in newton) of the fric-
t = 16 ms. tional force acting on the block. Take g = 10 ms–2.
IIT, 1994 IIT, 1995
3. Block A of mass m and block B of mass 2m are

massless string and a frictionless pulley as shown

block A and the wedge is 2/3 and that between

block B and the wedge is 1/3. If the blocks are
A
(in ms–2).
Fig. 5.116 IIT, 1997
 table. The upper end of the string is now released.
At any time during the falling of the string, the
total force on the surface of the table is n times the
weight of the part of the string lying on the surface.
Find the value of n.
IIT, 1989
5. A uniform rope of mass M and length L is pulled
by a constant force of 10 N. Find the tension (in
newton) in the rope at a point at a distance L/5 from
Fig. 5.117 the end where the force is applied.
4. A piece of uniform string hangs vertically so that IIT, 1978
its free end just touches the horizontal surface of a

SOLUTIONS
1. Impulse from t = 4 ms to t = 16 ms = area under the
F – t graph = area of EBCD
= area of trapezium EBCF + area of CDF
1
= (200 + 800) N (2 10–3 s)
2
1
+ 800 N (10 10–3 s)
2
= 1 + 4 = 5 Ns
2. Normal reaction R = 5 N. Fig. 5.119
At equilibrium, the force of friction = weight of the
The equations of motion of blocks A and B are
block (see Fig. 5.118)
T – mg sin 45° – A mg cos 45° = ma, where
A = 2/3 and 2 g sin 45°– B 2 mg cos 45° – T
= 2 ma, where B = 1/3.
Adding these equations and solving we get
g
a= –
9 2
Case (b): If we assume that block A moves down
7g
and block B moves up, we would get a = – .
9 2
Fig. 5.118
Thus in both cases, the acceleration has a negative
= mg = 0.2 10 = 2 N value which implies that the blocks will deceler-
3. Case (a): Let us assume that block A moves up the ate. This is not possible because the blocks start
plane and block B moves down the plane. The free from rest. Hence when the blocks are released, they
body diagrams of the blocks are as follows (See move with zero acceleration. Thus acceleration of
Fig. 5.119) block A = 0.
4. Let x be the length of the string lying on the surface
of the table at an instant of time t. If an additional
length dx of the string falls on the surface in time
dt, the velocity v of this element when it strikes the
surface is given by ( u = 0)
v2 = u2 + 2gx = 0 + 2gx
or v2 = 2gx (1)
 The total force on the surface is For part AP the tension is towards the positive
F = rate of change of momentum of element of x-direction and for part BP the tension is towards
length dx + weight of a length x of the string lying the negative x-direction. If a is the acceleration pro-
on the table. duced in the rope by the constant force F, then for
If m is the mass per unit length of the string, then part AP,
d dx T = (mass of AP) a or T = mxa (1)
F= (mdxv) + mxg = mv
dt dt For part BP, we have
+ mxg = mv2 + mxg (2)
F – T = (mass of BP) a = m(L – x)a (2)
dx T
v From (1), we have a =
dt mx
Using (1) in (2) we get Using this in (2), we get
F = 2 mgx + mgx = 3 mgx T ( L x)T
F – T = m(L – x)
But mx = M, the mass of the string lying on the mx x
table. Hence (L x) L Fx
F = 3 Mg or F= T 1 T or T
x x L
Thus n = 3.
L 4L
M At x= L – ,
5. Mass per unit length of the rope is m = . Let us 5 5
L
P at a distance x from the end F 4L 4F 4 10
T= 8N
x = 0. Let T be the tension in the rope at point P. L 5 5 5
A P B
x
x= x=L
x L–x

Fig. 5.120