# 100+ Python challenging programming exercises for Python 3

## 1. Level description
### Level 1 Beginner
Beginner means someone who has just gone through an introductory Python
course. He can solve some problems with 1 or 2 Python classes or functions.
Normally, the answers could directly be found in the textbooks.

### Level 2 Intermediate

Intermediate means someone who has just learned Python, but already has a
relatively strong programming background from before. He should be able to
solve problems which may involve 3 or 3 Python classes or functions. The
answers cannot be directly be found in the textbooks.

### Level 3 Advanced.

He should use Python to solve more complex problem using more rich libraries
functions and data structures and algorithms. He is supposed to solve the
problem using several Python standard packages and advanced techniques.

----

## 2. Problem template

Question
Hints
Solution

----

## 3. Questions

### Question 1
Level 1

Question:
Write a program which will find all such numbers which are divisible by 7 but
are not a multiple of 5, between 2000 and 3200 (both included).
The numbers obtained should be printed in a comma-separated sequence on a
single line.

Hints:
Consider use range(#begin, #end) method

Solution:
```python
l=[]
for i in range(2000, 3201):
if (i%7==0) and (i%5!=0):
 l.append(str(i))

print(','.join(l))
```

### Question 2
Level 1

Question:
Write a program which can compute the factorial of a given numbers.
The results should be printed in a comma-separated sequence on a single line.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
8
Then, the output should be:
40320

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:
```python
def fact(x):
if x == 0:
return 1
return x * fact(x - 1)

x=int(input())
print(fact(x))
```

### Question 3
Level 1

Question:
With a given integral number n, write a program to generate a dictionary that
contains (i, i*i) such that is an integral number between 1 and n (both
included). and then the program should print the dictionary.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
8
Then, the output should be:
{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64}

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.
Consider use dict()
Solution:
```python
n=int(input())
d=dict()
for i in range(1,n+1):
d[i]=i*i

print(d)
```

### Question 4
Level 1

Question:
Write a program which accepts a sequence of comma-separated numbers from
console and generate a list and a tuple which contains every number.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
34,67,55,33,12,98
Then, the output should be:
['34', '67', '55', '33', '12', '98']
('34', '67', '55', '33', '12', '98')

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.
tuple() method can convert list to tuple

Solution:
```python
values=input()
l=values.split(",")
t=tuple(l)
print(l)
print(t)
```

### Question 5
Level 1

Question:
Define a class which has at least two methods:
getString: to get a string from console input
printString: to print the string in upper case.
Also please include simple test function to test the class methods.

Hints:
Use __init__ method to construct some parameters
Solution:
```python
class InputOutString(object):
def __init__(self):
self.s = ""

def getString(self):
self.s = input()

def printString(self):
print(self.s.upper())

strObj = InputOutString()
strObj.getString()
strObj.printString()
```

### Question 6
Level 2

Question:
Write a program that calculates and prints the value according to the given
formula:
Q = Square root of [(2 * C * D)/H]
Following are the fixed values of C and H:
C is 50. H is 30.
D is the variable whose values should be input to your program in a comma-
separated sequence.
Example
Let us assume the following comma separated input sequence is given to the
program:
100,150,180
The output of the program should be:
18,22,24

Hints:
If the output received is in decimal form, it should be rounded off to its
nearest value (for example, if the output received is 26.0, it should be
printed as 26)
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:
```python
import math
c=50
h=30
value = []
items=[x for x in input().split(',')]
for d in items:
value.append(str(int(round(math.sqrt(2*c*float(d)/h)))))

print(','.join(value))
```

### Question 7
Level 2

Question:
Write a program which takes 2 digits, X,Y as input and generates a 2-
dimensional array. The element value in the i-th row and j-th column of the
array should be i*j.
Note: i=0,1.., X-1; j=0,1,¡Y-1.
Example
Suppose the following inputs are given to the program:
3,5
Then, the output of the program should be:
[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]]

Hints:
Note: In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be
assumed to be a console input in a comma-separated form.

Solution:
```python
input_str = input()
dimensions=[int(x) for x in input_str.split(',')]
rowNum=dimensions[0]
colNum=dimensions[1]
multilist = [[0 for col in range(colNum)] for row in range(rowNum)]

for row in range(rowNum):

for col in range(colNum):
multilist[row][col]= row*col

print(multilist)
```

### Question 8
Level 2

Question:
Write a program that accepts a comma separated sequence of words as input and
prints the words in a comma-separated sequence after sorting them
alphabetically.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
without,hello,bag,world
Then, the output should be:
bag,hello,without,world

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:
```python
items=[x for x in input().split(',')]
items.sort()
print(','.join(items))
```

### Question 9
Level 2

Question£º
Write a program that accepts sequence of lines as input and prints the lines
after making all characters in the sentence capitalized.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
Hello world
Practice makes perfect
Then, the output should be:
HELLO WORLD
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:
```python
lines = []
while True:
s = input()
if s:
lines.append(s.upper())
else:
break;

for sentence in lines:

print(sentence)
```

### Question 10
Level 2
Question:
Write a program that accepts a sequence of whitespace separated words as input
and prints the words after removing all duplicate words and sorting them
alphanumerically.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
hello world and practice makes perfect and hello world again
Then, the output should be:
again and hello makes perfect practice world

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.
We use set container to remove duplicated data automatically and then use
sorted() to sort the data.

Solution:
```python
s = input()
words = [word for word in s.split(" ")]
print(" ".join(sorted(list(set(words)))))
```

### Question 11
Level 2

Question:
Write a program which accepts a sequence of comma separated 4 digit binary
numbers as its input and then check whether they are divisible by 5 or not.
The numbers that are divisible by 5 are to be printed in a comma separated
sequence.
Example:
0100,0011,1010,1001
Then the output should be:
1010
Notes: Assume the data is input by console.

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:
```python
value = []
items=[x for x in input().split(',')]
for p in items:
intp = int(p, 2)
if not intp%5:
 value.append(p)

print(','.join(value))
```

### Question 12
Level 2

Question:
Write a program, which will find all such numbers between 1000 and 3000 (both
included) such that each digit of the number is an even number.
The numbers obtained should be printed in a comma-separated sequence on a
single line.

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:
```python
values = []
for i in range(1000, 3001):
s = str(i)
if (int(s[0])%2==0) and (int(s[1])%2==0) and (int(s[2])%2==0) and
(int(s[3])%2==0):
values.append(s)
print(",".join(values))
```

### Question 13
Level 2

Question:
Write a program that accepts a sentence and calculate the number of letters
and digits.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
hello world! 123
Then, the output should be:
LETTERS 10
DIGITS 3

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:
```python
s = input()
d={"DIGITS":0, "LETTERS":0}
for c in s:
if c.isdigit():
d["DIGITS"]+=1
elif c.isalpha():
d["LETTERS"]+=1
else:
pass
print("LETTERS", d["LETTERS"])
print("DIGITS", d["DIGITS"])
```

### Question 14
Level 2

Question:
Write a program that accepts a sentence and calculate the number of upper case
letters and lower case letters.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
Hello world!
Then, the output should be:
UPPER CASE 1
LOWER CASE 9

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:
```python
s = input()
d={"UPPER CASE":0, "LOWER CASE":0}
for c in s:
if c.isupper():
d["UPPER CASE"]+=1
elif c.islower():
d["LOWER CASE"]+=1
else:
pass
print("UPPER CASE", d["UPPER CASE"])
print("LOWER CASE", d["LOWER CASE"])
```

### Question 15
Level 2

Question:
Write a program that computes the value of a+aa+aaa+aaaa with a given digit as
the value of a.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
9
Then, the output should be:
11106

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:

```python
a = input()
n1 = int( "%s" % a )
n2 = int( "%s%s" % (a,a) )
n3 = int( "%s%s%s" % (a,a,a) )
n4 = int( "%s%s%s%s" % (a,a,a,a) )
print(n1+n2+n3+n4)
```

### Question 16
Level 2

Question:
Use a list comprehension to square each odd number in a list. The list is
input by a sequence of comma-separated numbers.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Then, the output should be:
1,3,5,7,9

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:

```python
values = input()
numbers = [x for x in values.split(",") if int(x)%2!=0]
print(",".join(numbers))
```

### Question 17
Level 2
Question:
Write a program that computes the net amount of a bank account based a
transaction log from console input. The transaction log format is shown as
following:
D 100
W 200

D means deposit while W means withdrawal.

Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
D 300
D 300
W 200
D 100
Then, the output should be:
500

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:

```python
netAmount = 0
while True:
s = input()
if not s:
break
values = s.split(" ")
operation = values[0]
amount = int(values[1])
if operation=="D":
netAmount+=amount
elif operation=="W":
netAmount-=amount
else:
pass
print(netAmount)
```

### Question 18
Level 3

Question:
A website requires the users to input username and password to register. Write
a program to check the validity of password input by users.
Following are the criteria for checking the password:
1. At least 1 letter between [a-z]
2. At least 1 number between [0-9]
1. At least 1 letter between [A-Z]
3. At least 1 character from [$#@]
4. Minimum length of transaction password: 6
5. Maximum length of transaction password: 12
Your program should accept a sequence of comma separated passwords and will
check them according to the above criteria. Passwords that match the criteria
are to be printed, each separated by a comma.
Example
If the following passwords are given as input to the program:
ABd1234@1,a F1#,2w3E*,2We3345
Then, the output of the program should be:
ABd1234@1

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solutions:

```python
import re
value = []
items=[x for x in input().split(',')]
for p in items:
if len(p)<6 or len(p)>12:
continue
else:
pass
if not re.search("[a-z]",p):
continue
elif not re.search("[0-9]",p):
continue
elif not re.search("[A-Z]",p):
continue
elif not re.search("[$#@]",p):
continue
elif re.search("\s",p):
continue
else:
pass
value.append(p)
print(",".join(value))
```

### Question 19
Level 3
Question:
You are required to write a program to sort the (name, age, height) tuples by
ascending order where name is string, age and height are numbers. The tuples
are input by console. The sort criteria is:
1: Sort based on name;
2: Then sort based on age;
3: Then sort by score.
The priority is that name > age > score.
If the following tuples are given as input to the program:
Tom,19,80
John,20,90
Jony,17,91
Jony,17,93
Json,21,85
Then, the output of the program should be:
[('John', '20', '90'), ('Jony', '17', '91'), ('Jony', '17', '93'), ('Json',
'21', '85'), ('Tom', '19', '80')]

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.
We use itemgetter to enable multiple sort keys.

Solutions:
from operator import itemgetter, attrgetter

```python
l = []
while True:
s = input()
if not s:
break
l.append(tuple(s.split(",")))

print(sorted(l, key=itemgetter(0,1,2)))
```

### Question 20
Level 3

Question:
Define a class with a generator which can iterate the numbers, which are
divisible by 7, between a given range 0 and n.

Hints:
Consider use yield

Solution:
```python
def putNumbers(n):
i = 0
while i<n:
j=i
i=i+1
if j%7==0:
yield j

for i in reverse(100):
print(i)
```

### Question 21
Level 3

Question
A robot moves in a plane starting from the original point (0,0). The robot can
move toward UP, DOWN, LEFT and RIGHT with a given steps. The trace of robot
movement is shown as the following:
UP 5
DOWN 3
LEFT 3
RIGHT 2
¡
The numbers after the direction are steps. Please write a program to compute
the distance from current position after a sequence of movement and original
point. If the distance is a float, then just print the nearest integer.
Example:
If the following tuples are given as input to the program:
UP 5
DOWN 3
LEFT 3
RIGHT 2
Then, the output of the program should be:
2

Hints:
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:

```python
import math
pos = [0,0]
while True:
 s = input()
if not s:
break
movement = s.split(" ")
direction = movement[0]
steps = int(movement[1])
if direction=="UP":
pos[0]+=steps
elif direction=="DOWN":
pos[0]-=steps
elif direction=="LEFT":
pos[1]-=steps
elif direction=="RIGHT":
pos[1]+=steps
else:
pass

print(int(round(math.sqrt(pos[1]**2+pos[0]**2))))
```

### Question 22
Level 3

Question:
Write a program to compute the frequency of the words from the input. The
output should output after sorting the key alphanumerically.
Suppose the following input is supplied to the program:
New to Python or choosing between Python 2 and Python 3? Read Python 2 or
Python 3.
Then, the output should be:
2:2
3.:1
3?:1
New:1
Python:5
Read:1
and:1
between:1
choosing:1
or:2
to:1

Hints
In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to
be a console input.

Solution:
```python
freq = {} # frequency of words in text
line = input()
for word in line.split():
freq[word] = freq.get(word,0)+1

words = freq.keys()
words.sort()

for w in words:
print("%s:%d" % (w,freq[w]))
```

### Question 23
level 1

Question:
Write a method which can calculate square value of number

Hints:
Using the ** operator

Solution:

```python
def square(num):
return num ** 2

print(square(2))
print(square(3))
```

### Question 24
Level 1

Question:

Python has many built-in functions, and if you do not know how to use it, you
can read document online or find some books. But Python has a built-in
document function for every built-in functions.

Please write a program to print some Python built-in functions documents, such
as abs(), int(), raw_input()

And add document for your own function

Hints:
The built-in document method is __doc__
Solution:
```python
print(abs.__doc__)
print(int.__doc__)
print(input.__doc__)

def square(num):
'''Return the square value of the input number.

The input number must be integer.

'''
return num ** 2

print(square(2))
print(square.__doc__)
```
### Question 25
Level 1

Question:
Define a class, which have a class parameter and have a same instance
parameter.

Hints:
Define a instance parameter, need add it in __init__ method
You can init a object with construct parameter or set the value later

Solution:
```python
class Person:
# Define the class parameter "name"
name = "Person"

def __init__(self, name = None):

# self.name is the instance parameter
self.name = name

jeffrey = Person("Jeffrey")
print("%s name is %s" % (Person.name, jeffrey.name))

nico = Person()
nico.name = "Nico"
print("%s name is %s" % (Person.name, nico.name))
```

### Question 26:

Define a function which can compute the sum of two numbers.
Hints:
Define a function with two numbers as arguments. You can compute the sum in
the function and return the value.

Solution

```python
def SumFunction(number1, number2):
return number1+number2

print(SumFunction(1,2))
```

### Question 27
Define a function that can convert a integer into a string and print it in
console.

Hints:

Use str() to convert a number to string.

Solution
```python
def printValue(n):
print(str(n))

printValue(3)
```

### Question 28
Define a function that can convert a integer into a string and print it in
console.

Hints:

Use str() to convert a number to string.

Solution
```python
def printValue(n):
print(str(n))

printValue(3)
```

### Question 29
Define a function that can receive two integral numbers in string form and
compute their sum and then print it in console.
Hints:

Use int() to convert a string to integer.

Solution
```python
def printValue(s1,s2):
print(int(s1)+int(s2))

printValue("3","4")
```

### Question 30
Define a function that can accept two strings as input and concatenate them
and then print it in console.

Hints:

Use + to concatenate the strings

Solution
```python
def printValue(s1,s2):
print(s1+s2)

printValue("3","4") #34
```

### Question 31
Define a function that can accept two strings as input and print the string
with maximum length in console. If two strings have the same length, then the
function should print al l strings line by line.

Hints:

Use len() function to get the length of a string

Solution
```python
def printValue(s1,s2):
len1 = len(s1)
len2 = len(s2)
if len1>len2:
print(s1)
elif len2>len1:
print(s2)
else:
 print(s1)
print(s2)

printValue("one","three")

```
### Question 32
Define a function that can accept an integer number as input and print the "It
is an even number" if the number is even, otherwise print "It is an odd
number".

Hints:

Use % operator to check if a number is even or odd.

Solution
```python
def checkValue(n):
if n%2 == 0:
print("It is an even number")
else:
print("It is an odd number")

checkValue(7)

### Question 33
Define a function which can print a dictionary where the keys are numbers
between 1 and 3 (both included) and the values are square of keys.

Hints:

Use dict[key]=value pattern to put entry into a dictionary.

Use ** operator to get power of a number.

Solution
```python
def printDict():
d=dict()
d[1]=1
d[2]=2**2
d[3]=3**2
print(d)

printDict()
```
### Question 34
Define a function which can print a dictionary where the keys are numbers
between 1 and 20 (both included) and the values are square of keys.
Hints:

Use dict[key]=value pattern to put entry into a dictionary.

Use ** operator to get power of a number.
Use range() for loops.

Solution
```python
def printDict():
d=dict()
for i in range(1,21):
d[i]=i**2
print(d)

printDict()
```

### Question 35
Define a function which can generate a dictionary where the keys are numbers
between 1 and 20 (both included) and the values are square of keys. The
function should just print the values only.

Hints:

Use dict[key]=value pattern to put entry into a dictionary.

Use ** operator to get power of a number.
Use range() for loops.
Use keys() to iterate keys in the dictionary. Also we can use item() to get
key/value pairs.

Solution
```python
def printDict():
d=dict()
for i in range(1,21):
d[i]=i**2
for (k,v) in d.items():
print(v)

printDict()
```

### Question 36
Define a function which can generate a dictionary where the keys are numbers
between 1 and 20 (both included) and the values are square of keys. The
function should just print the keys only.
Hints:

Use dict[key]=value pattern to put entry into a dictionary.

Use ** operator to get power of a number.
Use range() for loops.
Use keys() to iterate keys in the dictionary. Also we can use item() to get
key/value pairs.

Solution
```python
def printDict():
d=dict()
for i in range(1,21):
d[i]=i**2
for k in d.keys():
print(k)

printDict()
```

### Question 37
Define a function which can generate and print a list where the values are
square of numbers between 1 and 20 (both included).

Hints:

Use ** operator to get power of a number.

Use range() for loops.
Use list.append() to add values into a list.

Solution
```python
def printList():
li=list()
for i in range(1,21):
li.append(i**2)
print(li)

printList()
```
### Question 38
Define a function which can generate a list where the values are square of
numbers between 1 and 20 (both included). Then the function needs to print the
first 5 elements in the list.

Hints:

Use ** operator to get power of a number.

Use range() for loops.
Use list.append() to add values into a list.
Use [n1:n2] to slice a list

Solution
```python
def printList():
li=list()
for i in range(1,21):
li.append(i**2)
print(li[:5])

printList()
```

### Question 39
Define a function which can generate a list where the values are square of
numbers between 1 and 20 (both included). Then the function needs to print the
last 5 elements in the list.

Hints:

Use ** operator to get power of a number.

Use range() for loops.
Use list.append() to add values into a list.
Use [n1:n2] to slice a list

Solution
```python
def printList():
li=list()
for i in range(1,21):
li.append(i**2)
print(li[-5:])

printList()
```
### Question 40
Define a function which can generate a list where the values are square of
numbers between 1 and 20 (both included). Then the function needs to print all
values except the first 5 elements in the list.

Hints:

Use ** operator to get power of a number.

Use range() for loops.
Use list.append() to add values into a list.
Use [n1:n2] to slice a list
Solution
```python
def printList():
li=list()
for i in range(1,21):
li.append(i**2)
print li[5:]

printList()
```

### Question 41
Define a function which can generate and print a tuple where the value are
square of numbers between 1 and 20 (both included).

Hints:

Use ** operator to get power of a number.

Use range() for loops.
Use list.append() to add values into a list.
Use tuple() to get a tuple from a list.

Solution
```python
def printTuple():
li=list()
for i in range(1,21):
li.append(i**2)
print(tuple(li))

printTuple()
```
### Question 42
With a given tuple (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10), write a program to print the first
half values in one line and the last half values in one line.

Hints:

Use [n1:n2] notation to get a slice from a tuple.

Solution
```python
tp=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
tp1=tp[:5]
tp2=tp[5:]
print(tp1)
print(tp2)
```

### Question 43
Write a program to generate and print another tuple whose values are even
numbers in the given tuple (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10).

Hints:

Use "for" to iterate the tuple

Use tuple() to generate a tuple from a list.

Solution
```python
tp=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)
li=list()
for i in tp:
if tp[i]%2==0:
li.append(tp[i])

tp2=tuple(li)
print(tp2)
```
### Question 44
Write a program which accepts a string as input to print "Yes" if the string
is "yes" or "YES" or "Yes", otherwise print "No".

Hints:

Use if statement to judge condition.

Solution
```python
s= raw_input()
if s=="yes" or s=="YES" or s=="Yes":
print "Yes"
else:
print "No"
```
### Question 45
Write a program which can filter even numbers in a list by using filter
function. The list is: [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10].

Hints:

Use filter() to filter some elements in a list.

Use lambda to define anonymous functions.

Solution
```python
li = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
evenNumbers = filter(lambda x: x%2==0, li)
print(evenNumbers)
```

### Question 46
Write a program which can map() to make a list whose elements are square of
elements in [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10].

Hints
Use map() to generate a list.
Use lambda to define anonymous functions.

Solution
```python
li = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
squaredNumbers = map(lambda x: x**2, li)
print(squaredNumbers)
```

### Question 47
Write a program which can map() and filter() to make a list whose elements are
square of even number in [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10].

Hints
Use map() to generate a list.
Use filter() to filter elements of a list.
Use lambda to define anonymous functions.

Solution
```python
li = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
evenNumbers = map(lambda x: x**2, filter(lambda x: x%2==0, li))
print(evenNumbers)
```
### Question 48
Write a program which can filter() to make a list whose elements are even
number between 1 and 20 (both included).

Hints:

Use filter() to filter elements of a list.

Use lambda to define anonymous functions.

Solution
```python
evenNumbers = filter(lambda x: x%2==0, range(1,21))
print(evenNumbers)
```

### Question 49
Write a program which can map() to make a list whose elements are square of
numbers between 1 and 20 (both included).

Hints
Use map() to generate a list.
Use lambda to define anonymous functions.

Solution
```python
squaredNumbers = map(lambda x: x**2, range(1,21))
print(squaredNumbers)
```

### Question 50
Define a class named American which has a static method called
printNationality.

Hints:
Use @staticmethod decorator to define class static method.

Solution
```python
class American(object):
@staticmethod
def printNationality():
print("America")

anAmerican = American()
anAmerican.printNationality()
American.printNationality()
```

### Question 51
Define a class named American and its subclass NewYorker.

Hints:

Use class Subclass(ParentClass) to define a subclass.

Solution:
```python
class American(object):
pass
class NewYorker(American):
pass

anAmerican = American()
aNewYorker = NewYorker()
print(anAmerican)
print(aNewYorker)
```

### Question 52
Define a class named Circle which can be constructed by a radius. The Circle
class has a method which can compute the area.

Hints:

Use def methodName(self) to define a method.

Solution:
```python
class Circle(object):
def __init__(self, r):
self.radius = r

def area(self):
return self.radius**2*3.14

aCircle = Circle(2)
print aCircle.area()
```

### Question 53
Define a class named Rectangle which can be constructed by a length and width.
The Rectangle class has a method which can compute the area.

Hints:

Use def methodName(self) to define a method.

Solution:
```python
class Rectangle(object):
def __init__(self, l, w):
self.length = l
self.width = w

def area(self):
return self.length*self.width
aRectangle = Rectangle(2,10)
print(aRectangle.area())
```

### Question 54
Define a class named Shape and its subclass Square. The Square class has an
init function which takes a length as argument. Both classes have a area
function which can print the area of the shape where Shape's area is 0 by
default.

Hints:

To override a method in super class, we can define a method with the same name
in the super class.

Solution:
```python
class Shape(object):
def __init__(self):
pass

def area(self):
return 0

class Square(Shape):
def __init__(self, l):
Shape.__init__(self)
self.length = l

def area(self):
return self.length*self.length

aSquare= Square(3)
print(aSquare.area())
```

### Question 55
Please raise a RuntimeError exception.

Hints:

Use raise() to raise an exception.

Solution:

```python
raise RuntimeError('something wrong')
```
### Question 56
Write a function to compute 5/0 and use try/except to catch the exceptions.

Hints:

Use try/except to catch exceptions.

Solution:
```python
def throws():
return 5/0

try:
throws()
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("division by zero!")
except Exception, err:
print('Caught an exception')
finally:
print('In finally block for cleanup')
```

### Question 57
Define a custom exception class which takes a string message as attribute.

Hints:

To define a custom exception, we need to define a class inherited from

Exception.

Solution:
```python
class MyError(Exception):
"""My own exception class

Attributes:
msg -- explanation of the error
"""

def __init__(self, msg):

self.msg = msg

error = MyError("something wrong")

```

### Question 58
Assuming that we have some email addresses in the "[email protected]"
format, please write program to print the user name of a given email address.
Both user names and company names are composed of letters only.

Example:
If the following email address is given as input to the program:

[email protected]

Then, the output of the program should be:

john

In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to

be a console input.

Hints:

Use \w to match letters.

Solution:
```python
import re
emailAddress = raw_input()
pat2 = "(\w+)@((\w+\.)+(com))"
r2 = re.match(pat2,emailAddress)
print(r2.group(1))
```

### Question 59
Assuming that we have some email addresses in the "[email protected]"
format, please write program to print the company name of a given email
address. Both user names and company names are composed of letters only.

Example:
If the following email address is given as input to the program:

[email protected]

Then, the output of the program should be:

google

In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to

be a console input.

Hints:
Use \w to match letters.

Solution:
```python
import re
emailAddress = raw_input()
pat2 = "(\w+)@(\w+)\.(com)"
r2 = re.match(pat2,emailAddress)
print(r2.group(2))
```

### Question 60
Write a program which accepts a sequence of words separated by whitespace as
input to print the words composed of digits only.

Example:
If the following words is given as input to the program:

2 cats and 3 dogs.

Then, the output of the program should be:

['2', '3']

In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to

be a console input.

Hints:

Use re.findall() to find all substring using regex.

Solution:
```python
import re
s = raw_input()
print(re.findall("\d+",s))
```

### Question 61
Print a unicode string "hello world".

Hints:

Use u'strings' format to define unicode string.

Solution:
```python
unicodeString = u"hello world!"
print(unicodeString)
```

### Question 62
Write a program to read an ASCII string and to convert it to a unicode string
encoded by utf-8.

Hints:

Use unicode() function to convert.

Solution:
```python
s = input()
u = unicode( s ,"utf-8")
print(u)
```

### Question 63

Write a special comment to indicate a Python source code file is in unicode.

Hints:

Solution:
```python

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

#----------------------------------------#
```

### Question 64

Write a program to compute 1/2+2/3+3/4+...+n/n+1 with a given n input by

console (n>0).

Example:
If the following n is given as input to the program:

Then, the output of the program should be:

3.55

In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to

be a console input.
Hints:
Use float() to convert an integer to a float

Solution:
```python
n=int(input())
sum=0.0
for i in range(1,n+1):
sum += float(float(i)/(i+1))
print(sum)
```

### Question 65

Write a program to compute:

f(n)=f(n-1)+100 when n>0

and f(0)=1

with a given n input by console (n>0).

Example:
If the following n is given as input to the program:

Then, the output of the program should be:

500

In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to

be a console input.

Hints:
We can define recursive function in Python.

Solution:
```python
def f(n):
if n==0:
return 0
else:
return f(n-1)+100

n=int(input())
print(f(n))
```
### Question 66
The Fibonacci Sequence is computed based on the following formula:

f(n)=0 if n=0
f(n)=1 if n=1
f(n)=f(n-1)+f(n-2) if n>1

Please write a program to compute the value of f(n) with a given n input by
console.

Example:
If the following n is given as input to the program:

Then, the output of the program should be:

13

In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to

be a console input.

Hints:
We can define recursive function in Python.

Solution:
```python
def f(n):
if n == 0: return 0
elif n == 1: return 1
else: return f(n-1)+f(n-2)

n=int(input())
print(f(n))
```

### Question 67
The Fibonacci Sequence is computed based on the following formula:

f(n)=0 if n=0
f(n)=1 if n=1
f(n)=f(n-1)+f(n-2) if n>1

Please write a program using list comprehension to print the Fibonacci

Sequence in comma separated form with a given n input by console.

Example:
If the following n is given as input to the program:

Then, the output of the program should be:

0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13

Hints:
We can define recursive function in Python.
Use list comprehension to generate a list from an existing list.
Use string.join() to join a list of strings.

In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to

be a console input.

Solution:
```python
def f(n):
if n == 0: return 0
elif n == 1: return 1
else: return f(n-1)+f(n-2)

n=int(input())
values = [str(f(x)) for x in range(0, n+1)]
print(",".join(values))
```

### Question 68

Please write a program using generator to print the even numbers between 0 and
n in comma separated form while n is input by console.

Example:
If the following n is given as input to the program:

10

Then, the output of the program should be:

0,2,4,6,8,10

Hints:
Use yield to produce the next value in generator.

In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to

be a console input.
Solution:
```python
def EvenGenerator(n):
i=0
while i<=n:
if i%2==0:
yield i
i+=1

n=int(input())
values = []
for i in EvenGenerator(n):
values.append(str(i))

print(",".join(values))
```

### Question 69
Please write a program using generator to print the numbers which can be
divisible by 5 and 7 between 0 and n in comma separated form while n is input
by console.

Example:
If the following n is given as input to the program:

100

Then, the output of the program should be:

0,35,70

Hints:
Use yield to produce the next value in generator.

In case of input data being supplied to the question, it should be assumed to

be a console input.

Solution:
```python
def NumGenerator(n):
for i in range(n+1):
if i%5==0 and i%7==0:
yield i

n=int(input())
values = []
for i in NumGenerator(n):
values.append(str(i))
print(",".join(values))
```

### Question 70
Please write assert statements to verify that every number in the list
[2,4,6,8] is even.

Hints:
Use "assert expression" to make assertion.

Solution:
```python
li = [2,4,6,8]
for i in li:
assert i%2==0
```

### Question 71
Please write a program which accepts basic mathematic expression from console
and print the evaluation result.

Example:
If the following string is given as input to the program:

35+3

Then, the output of the program should be:

38

Hints:
Use eval() to evaluate an expression.

Solution:
```python
expression = raw_input()
print(eval(expression))
```

### Question 72
Please write a binary search function which searches an item in a sorted list.
The function should return the index of element to be searched in the list.

Hints:
Use if/elif to deal with conditions.

Solution:
```python
import math
def bin_search(li, element):
bottom = 0
top = len(li)-1
index = -1
while top>=bottom and index==-1:
mid = int(math.floor((top+bottom)/2.0))
if li[mid]==element:
index = mid
elif li[mid]>element:
top = mid-1
else:
bottom = mid+1

return index

li=[2,5,7,9,11,17,222]
print(bin_search(li,11))
print(bin_search(li,12))
```

### Question 73
Please write a binary search function which searches an item in a sorted list.
The function should return the index of element to be searched in the list.

Hints:
Use if/elif to deal with conditions.

Solution:
```python
import math
def bin_search(li, element):
bottom = 0
top = len(li)-1
index = -1
while top>=bottom and index==-1:
mid = int(math.floor((top+bottom)/2.0))
if li[mid]==element:
index = mid
elif li[mid]>element:
top = mid-1
else:
bottom = mid+1

return index

li=[2,5,7,9,11,17,222]
print(bin_search(li,11))
print(bin_search(li,12))
```

### Question 74
Please generate a random float where the value is between 10 and 100 using
Python math module.

Hints:
Use random.random() to generate a random float in [0,1].

Solution:
```python
import random
print(random.random()*100)
```

### Question 75
Please generate a random float where the value is between 5 and 95 using
Python math module.

Hints:
Use random.random() to generate a random float in [0,1].

Solution:
```python
import random
print(random.random()*100-5)
```

### Question 76
Please write a program to output a random even number between 0 and 10
inclusive using random module and list comprehension.

Hints:
Use random.choice() to a random element from a list.

Solution:
```python
import random
print(random.choice([i for i in range(11) if i%2==0]))
```

### Question 77
Please write a program to output a random number, which is divisible by 5 and
7, between 0 and 10 inclusive using random module and list comprehension.

Hints:
Use random.choice() to a random element from a list.

Solution:
```python
import random
print(random.choice([i for i in range(201) if i%5==0 and i%7==0]))
```

### Question 78
Please write a program to generate a list with 5 random numbers between 100
and 200 inclusive.

Hints:
Use random.sample() to generate a list of random values.

Solution:
```python
import random
print(random.sample(range(100), 5))
```

### Question 79
Please write a program to randomly generate a list with 5 even numbers between
100 and 200 inclusive.

Hints:
Use random.sample() to generate a list of random values.

Solution:
```python
import random
print(random.sample([i for i in range(100,201) if i%2==0], 5))
```

### Question 80
Please write a program to randomly generate a list with 5 numbers, which are
divisible by 5 and 7 , between 1 and 1000 inclusive.

Hints:
Use random.sample() to generate a list of random values.

Solution:
```python
import random
print(random.sample([i for i in range(1,1001) if i%5==0 and i%7==0], 5))
```

### Question 81
Please write a program to randomly print a integer number between 7 and 15
inclusive.

Hints:
Use random.randrange() to a random integer in a given range.

Solution:
```python
import random
print(random.randrange(7,16))
```

### Question 82
Please write a program to compress and decompress the string "hello world!
hello world!hello world!hello world!".

Hints:
Use zlib.compress() and zlib.decompress() to compress and decompress a string.

Solution:
```python
import zlib
s = b'hello world!hello world!hello world!hello world!'
t = zlib.compress(s)
print(t)
print(zlib.decompress(t))
```

### Question 83
Please write a program to print the running time of execution of "1+1" for 100
times.

Hints:
Use timeit() function to measure the running time.

Solution:
```python
from timeit import Timer
t = Timer("for i in range(100):1+1")
print(t.timeit())
```

### Question 84
Please write a program to shuffle and print the list [3,6,7,8].

Hints:
Use shuffle() function to shuffle a list.
Solution:
```python
from random import shuffle
li = [3,6,7,8]
shuffle(li)
print(li)
```

### Question 85
Please write a program to shuffle and print the list [3,6,7,8].

Hints:
Use shuffle() function to shuffle a list.

Solution:
```python
from random import shuffle
li = [3,6,7,8]
shuffle(li)
print(li)
```

### Question 86
Please write a program to generate all sentences where subject is in ["I",
"You"] and verb is in ["Play", "Love"] and the object is in
["Hockey","Football"].

Hints:
Use list[index] notation to get a element from a list.

Solution:
```python
subjects=["I", "You"]
verbs=["Play", "Love"]
objects=["Hockey","Football"]
for i in range(len(subjects)):
for j in range(len(verbs)):
for k in range(len(objects)):
sentence = "%s %s %s." % (subjects[i], verbs[j], objects[k])
print(sentence)
```

### Question 87
Please write a program to print the list after removing delete even numbers in
[5,6,77,45,22,12,24].

Hints:
Use list comprehension to delete a bunch of element from a list.
Solution:
```
li = [5,6,77,45,22,12,24]
li = [x for x in li if x%2!=0]
print(li)
```

### Question 88
By using list comprehension, please write a program to print the list after
removing delete numbers which are divisible by 5 and 7 in
[12,24,35,70,88,120,155].

Hints:
Use list comprehension to delete a bunch of element from a list.

Solution:
```
li = [12,24,35,70,88,120,155]
li = [x for x in li if x%5!=0 and x%7!=0]
print(li)
```

### Question 89
By using list comprehension, please write a program to print the list after
removing the 0th, 2nd, 4th,6th numbers in [12,24,35,70,88,120,155].

Hints:
Use list comprehension to delete a bunch of element from a list.
Use enumerate() to get (index, value) tuple.

Solution:
```python
li = [12,24,35,70,88,120,155]
li = [x for (i,x) in enumerate(li) if i%2!=0]
print(li)
```

### Question 90
By using list comprehension, please write a program generate a 3*5*8 3D array
whose each element is 0.

Hints:
Use list comprehension to make an array.

Solution:
```
array = [[ [0 for col in range(8)] for col in range(5)] for row in range(3)]
print(array)
```

### Question 91
By using list comprehension, please write a program to print the list after
removing the 0th,4th,5th numbers in [12,24,35,70,88,120,155].

Hints:
Use list comprehension to delete a bunch of element from a list.
Use enumerate() to get (index, value) tuple.

Solution:
```python
li = [12,24,35,70,88,120,155]
li = [x for (i,x) in enumerate(li) if i not in (0,4,5)]
print(li)
```

### Question 92
By using list comprehension, please write a program to print the list after
removing the value 24 in [12,24,35,24,88,120,155].

Hints:
Use list's remove method to delete a value.

Solution:
```python
li = [12,24,35,24,88,120,155]
li = [x for x in li if x!=24]
print(li)
```

### Question 93
With two given lists [1,3,6,78,35,55] and [12,24,35,24,88,120,155], write a
program to make a list whose elements are intersection of the above given
lists.

Hints:
Use set() and "&=" to do set intersection operation.

Solution:
```python
set1=set([1,3,6,78,35,55])
set2=set([12,24,35,24,88,120,155])
set1 &= set2
li=list(set1)
print(li)
```
### Question 94
With a given list [12,24,35,24,88,120,155,88,120,155], write a program to
print this list after removing all duplicate values with original order
reserved.

Hints:
Use set() to store a number of values without duplicate.

Solution:
```python
def removeDuplicate( li ):
newli=[]
seen = set()
for item in li:
if item not in seen:
seen.add( item )
newli.append(item)

return newli

li=[12,24,35,24,88,120,155,88,120,155]
print(removeDuplicate(li))
```

### Question 95
Define a class Person and its two child classes: Male and Female. All classes
have a method "getGender" which can print "Male" for Male class and "Female"
for Female class.

Hints:
Use Subclass(Parentclass) to define a child class.

Solution:
```python
class Person(object):
def getGender( self ):
return "Unknown"

class Male( Person ):

def getGender( self ):
return "Male"

class Female( Person ):

def getGender( self ):
return "Female"

aMale = Male()
aFemale= Female()
print(aMale.getGender())
print(aFemale.getGender())
```

### Question 96
Please write a program which count and print the numbers of each character in
a string input by console.

Example:
If the following string is given as input to the program:

abcdefgabc

Then, the output of the program should be:

a,2
c,2
b,2
e,1
d,1
g,1
f,1

Hints:
Use dict to store key/value pairs.
Use dict.get() method to lookup a key with default value.

Solution:
```python
dic = {}
s=raw_input()
for s in s:
dic[s] = dic.get(s,0)+1
print('\n'.join(['%s,%s' % (k, v) for k, v in dic.items()]))
```

### Question 97
Please write a program which accepts a string from console and print it in
reverse order.

Example:
If the following string is given as input to the program:

rise to vote sir

Then, the output of the program should be:

ris etov ot esir

Hints:
Use list[::-1] to iterate a list in a reverse order.

Solution:
```python
s=raw_input()
s = s[::-1]
print(s)
```

### Question 98
Please write a program which accepts a string from console and print the
characters that have even indexes.

Example:
If the following string is given as input to the program:

H1e2l3l4o5w6o7r8l9d

Then, the output of the program should be:

Helloworld

Hints:
Use list[::2] to iterate a list by step 2.

Solution:
```python
s=raw_input()
s = s[::2]
print(s)
```

### Question 99
Please write a program which prints all permutations of [1,2,3]

Hints:
Use itertools.permutations() to get permutations of list.

Solution:
```python
import itertools
print(list(itertools.permutations([1,2,3])))
```

### Question 100

Write a program to solve a classic ancient Chinese puzzle:
We count 35 heads and 94 legs among the chickens and rabbits in a farm. How
many rabbits and how many chickens do we have?

Hint:
Use for loop to iterate all possible solutions.

Solution:
```python
def solve(numheads,numlegs):
ns='No solutions!'
for i in range(numheads+1):
j=numheads-i
if 2*i+4*j==numlegs:
return i,j
return ns,ns

numheads=35
numlegs=94
solutions=solve(numheads,numlegs)
print(solutions)
```