Session 3
Session 3
Ex/
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 ≡ 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
12 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 ≠ 15 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
The differences between the molecular weight of materials (reactants and products)
John Dalton, was able to explain much of the experimental results on chemical reactions of the
day by assuming that reactions occurred with fixed ratios of elements. This discovery led to law
of constant proportionality
11 𝑂2 1 𝐶7 𝐻16 11 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂2
Or ÷ =
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶7 𝐻16
𝟐 𝑆𝑂2 + 𝟏 𝑂2 → 𝟐 𝑆𝑂3
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Principles of Chemical Engineering | Dr. Alnaseri, Hayder Part III
3- Limiting component and excess component: the reactant that would be eliminated
first if a reaction proceeded to completion is called the limiting reactant, and the other
reactants are termed excess reactants
Ex/
2𝐻2 + 𝐶2 𝐻2 → 𝐶2 𝐻6
If acetylene feed 20.0 kmol/h, and hydrogen feed 50.0 kmol/h. Find, which reactant is excess,
and how much is the excess percentage
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2
Stoichiometric ratio of 𝐻2 = =2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶2 𝐻2
50 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2
Feed ratio of 𝐻2 = = 2.5
20 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶2 𝐻2
Hence, 𝐻2 is excess
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Principles of Chemical Engineering | Dr. Alnaseri, Hayder Part III
Then,
50 − 40
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = × 100%
40
= 25%
5- Extent of reaction: it is a measure of how far a reaction has proceeded from its initial
state (at time zero for batch and inlet for continuous reactor) to (the endpoint at batch
or the product at the reactor outlet). However, the extent reaction MUST BE having
one value for each reaction regardless in which component based on calculated
𝑛𝑖 − 𝑛𝑖𝑜
𝜉=
𝜈𝑖
𝒏𝒊𝒐 = moles of species 𝑖 present in the system when the reaction starts
Note: the stoichiometry coefficient of product has positive (+) value, while, the stoichiometry
coefficient of reactant has negative (-) value
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Principles of Chemical Engineering | Dr. Alnaseri, Hayder Part III
Ex/
2𝐶𝑂 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂2
0−20
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜉) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑂 = = 10
−2
0−10
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑂2 = = 10
−1
0−20
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑂2 = = 10
2
Hence the extent reaction having one value. Therefore, we can calculate the number of the
mole of any component in the reaction by using the extent reaction equation after the
modifying.
𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛𝑖𝑜 + 𝜉 𝜈𝑖
Ex/
The feed to a propylene ammoxidation process contains 10.0 mole %, 12.0% ammonia, and
78% air. A fractional conversion of 30.0% of the limiting reactant is achieved, taking 100
moles of feed as a basis, determine which reactant is limiting, the percentage by which each
of the other reactions is in excess, and the molar amounts of all product gas constituents for
a 30% conversion of the limiting reactant
(𝑛𝑁𝐻3 )𝑜 = 12 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
(𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 )𝑜 = 78 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
(𝑛𝑁𝐻3 )𝑜 12
= 10 = 1.2
(𝑛𝐶3 𝐻6 )𝑜
𝑁𝐻3 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶3 𝐻6 (1.2 > 1.0) { (𝑛
𝑁𝐻3 )𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ 1
= 1 = 1.0
(𝑛𝐶3 𝐻6 )𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ
(𝑛𝑂2 )𝑜 16.4
= 10.0 = 1.64
(𝑛𝐶3 𝐻6 )𝑜
𝑂2 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶3 𝐻6 (1.64 > 1.5) { (𝑛𝑂2 )𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ 1.5
= = 1.5
(𝑛𝐶3 𝐻6 )𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ 1
12.0 − 10.0
= = 20% 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝐻3
10.0
16.4 − 15.0
= ∗ 100%
15.0
= 9.3% 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2
(𝑛𝐶3𝐻6 )𝑜 = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶3 𝐻6
7 − 10
𝜉= = 3.0
−1
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