The document describes a process to separate potassium chromate (K2CrO4) from an aqueous solution. Key details:
1) A solution containing 1/3 K2CrO4 by mass is fed to an evaporator along with a recycle stream containing 36.4% K2CrO4.
2) The concentrated stream from the evaporator contains 49.4% K2CrO4 and is fed to a crystallizer/filter.
3) The filter produces crystals accounting for 95% of the mass and a filtrate containing 36.4% K2CrO4 that is recycled.
4) Calculations show the process produces 1470 kg/hr of
The document describes a process to separate potassium chromate (K2CrO4) from an aqueous solution. Key details:
1) A solution containing 1/3 K2CrO4 by mass is fed to an evaporator along with a recycle stream containing 36.4% K2CrO4.
2) The concentrated stream from the evaporator contains 49.4% K2CrO4 and is fed to a crystallizer/filter.
3) The filter produces crystals accounting for 95% of the mass and a filtrate containing 36.4% K2CrO4 that is recycled.
4) Calculations show the process produces 1470 kg/hr of
The document describes a process to separate potassium chromate (K2CrO4) from an aqueous solution. Key details:
1) A solution containing 1/3 K2CrO4 by mass is fed to an evaporator along with a recycle stream containing 36.4% K2CrO4.
2) The concentrated stream from the evaporator contains 49.4% K2CrO4 and is fed to a crystallizer/filter.
3) The filter produces crystals accounting for 95% of the mass and a filtrate containing 36.4% K2CrO4 that is recycled.
4) Calculations show the process produces 1470 kg/hr of
The document describes a process to separate potassium chromate (K2CrO4) from an aqueous solution. Key details:
1) A solution containing 1/3 K2CrO4 by mass is fed to an evaporator along with a recycle stream containing 36.4% K2CrO4.
2) The concentrated stream from the evaporator contains 49.4% K2CrO4 and is fed to a crystallizer/filter.
3) The filter produces crystals accounting for 95% of the mass and a filtrate containing 36.4% K2CrO4 that is recycled.
4) Calculations show the process produces 1470 kg/hr of
A mixture containing 50.0 wt% acetone (A) and 50.0 wt% water (W) is to be separated into two streams—one rich in acetone and the other in water. The separation process consists of extraction of the acetone from the water into methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK or M), which has a much higher affinity for acetone than it does for water. The process is shown schematically below.
The acetone (solute)–water (diluent) mixture is first contacted with the MIBK (solvent) in a mixer that provides good contact between the two liquid phases. A portion of the acetone in the feed transfers from the aqueous (water) phase to the organic (MIBK) phase in this step. The mixture passes into a settling tank, where the phases separate and are separately withdrawn. The phase rich in the diluent (water, in this process) is referred to as the raffinate, and the phase rich in the solvent (MIBK) is the extract. The mixer–settler combination is the first stage of this separation process.
The raffinate passes to a second extraction stage where it is contacted with a second stream of pure MIBK, leading to the transfer of more acetone. The two phases are allowed to separate in a second settler, and the raffinate from this stage is sent to a waste-treatment operation. The extracts from the two mixer–settler stages are combined and fed to a distillation column. The overhead effluent is rich in acetone and is the process product. The bottom effluent is rich in MIBK and in a real process would be treated further and recycled back to the first extraction stage, but we will not consider recycle in this example.
In a pilot–plant study, for every 100 kg of acetone–water fed to the first extraction stage, 100 kg of MIBK is fed to the first stage and 75 kg is fed to the second stage. The extract from the first stage is found to contain 27.5wt% acetone. (All percentages in the remainder of this paragraph are weight percents.) The second-stage raffinate has a mass of 43.1 kg and contains 5.3% acetone, 1.6% MIBK, and 93.1% water, and the second-stage extract contains 9.0% acetone, 88.0% MIBK, and 3.0% water. The overhead product from the distillation column contains 2.0% MIBK, 1.0% water, and the balance acetone.
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Taking a basis of calculation of 100 kg acetone–water feed, calculate the masses and compositions (component weight percentages) of the Stage 1 raffinate and extract, the Stage 2 extract, the combined extract, and the distillation overhead and bottoms products.
V IV P
II
III 𝑚4
VI I
Solution;
Basis: 100 kg of acetone-water feed
Material Balances over two-extraction subsystem (II):
Material Balances over first extractor subsystem (IV):
Component M.B. (A);
100(0.5)𝑘𝑔 𝐴 = 𝑚𝐴2 + 𝑚1 (0.275)
𝑚1 = 145 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝐴2 = 10.1 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒
Component M.B. (M);
𝑀1 = 𝑚𝑀2 + 𝑚1 𝑥𝑀1
𝑀1 = 100, 𝑚1 = 145 𝑘𝑔, 𝑥𝑀1 = 0.675 𝑘𝑔 𝑀/𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑀2 = 2.3 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝐼𝐵𝐾
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Component M.B. (W);
𝐹(0.5)𝑊 = 𝑚𝑊2 + 𝑚1 (0.725 − 𝑥𝑀1 )
𝐹 = 100 𝑘𝑔, 𝑚1 = 145 𝑘𝑔, 𝑥𝑀1 = 0.675 𝑘𝑔 𝑀/𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑊2 = 42.6 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Ex;
The flowchart of a steady-state process to recover crystalline potassium chromate (𝐾2 𝐶𝑟𝑂4 )from an aqueous solution of this salt is shown below.
Forty-five hundred kilograms per hour of a solution that is one-third K 2 CrO4 by mass is joined by a recycle stream containing 36.4% K 2 CrO4 , and the combined stream is fed to an evaporator. The concentrated stream leaving the evaporator contains 49.4% K 2 CrO4 ; this stream is fed into a crystallizer in which it is cooled (causing crystals of K 2 CrO4 to come out of solution) and then filtered. The wet filter cake consists of K 2 CrO4 crystals and solution that contains 36.4% K 2 CrO4 by mass. The crystals account for 95% of the total mass of the filter cake. The solution that passes through the filter, also 36.4% K 2 CrO4 , is the recycle stream.
1. Calculate the rate of evaporation, the rate of production of crystalline K2CrO4, the feed rates that the evaporator and the crystallizer must be designed to handle, and the recycle ratio (mass of recycle)/ (mass of fresh feed). 2. Suppose that the filtrate was discarded instead of being recycled. Calculate the production rate of crystals. What are the benefits and costs of the recycling? (this is your H.W.) 1. Solution
Basis: 4500 kg/h fresh feed
Let K denote K 2 CrO4 and W denote water. The flowchart is shown below; included on it are dashed boxes denoting the overall system and subsystems about which balances may be written.
In terms of labeled variables, the quantities requested in the problem statement are 𝑚̇2 (kg W evaporated/h), 𝑚̇4 [kg K(s)/h], 𝑚̇1 (kg/h fed to evaporator), 𝑚̇3 (kg/h fed to crystallizer),and 𝑚̇6 /4500 kg/h. (kg recycle/kg fresh feed).
Notice how the product stream is labeled to take maximum advantage of what we know about its composition. The filter cake is a mixture of solid K crystals and liquid solution with known K and W mass fractions. Instead of labeling as usual the mass flow rate and component mass fractions or the individual mass flow rates of K and W, we label the flow rates Page 4|6 Principles of Chemical Engineering | Dr. Alnaseri, Hayder Part IV
of the crystals and the solution, along with the solution component mass fractions. To confirm that the stream is fully labeled, we must verify that all component flow rates may be expressed in terms of labeled quantities. In this case, the total flow rate of potassium chromate is 𝑚̇4 + 0.364 𝑚̇5 (𝑘𝑔 𝑲⁄ℎ) and the flow rate of water is 0.636 𝑚̇5 (kg 𝐖/h), so that the labeling is complete.
We can therefore determine 𝑚̇3 and 𝑚̇6 by writing and solving balances on the crystallizer/filter and then analyze either the mixing point or the evaporator to determine the two remaining unknowns (𝑚̇1 and 𝑥1 ), thereby completing the solution. The calculations follow, beginning with the analysis of the overall system.
Since the solids constitute 95% by mass of the filter cake:
𝑚̇4 = 0.95(𝑚̇4 + 𝑚̇5 )
𝑚̇5 = 0.05263 𝑚̇4 (1)
Overall M.B. for component 𝐊 𝟐 𝐂𝐫𝐎𝟒 ;
(0.333)(4500) = 𝑚̇4 + 0.364 𝑚̇5 (2)
Sub. eq. 1 in eq. 2
𝑚̇4 = 1470 kg K 2 CrO4 crystals/h
𝑚̇5 = 77.5 kg entrained solution/h
Overall total M.B.;
4500 = 𝑚̇2 + 𝑚̇4 + 𝑚̇5
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚̇4 = 1470 , 𝑚̇5 = 77.5 ℎ ℎ
𝑚̇2 = 2950 kg H2 O evapotated/h
M.B. around Crystallizer;
𝑚̇3 = 𝑚̇4 + 𝑚̇5 + 𝑚̇6
𝑚̇3 = 1470 + 77.5 + 𝑚̇6 (3)
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