SCULPTURE OF CURVES – HOUSE OF ARCHES

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to take a moment to thank all of the individuals who made it possible
for me to complete this dissertation. I want to start by expressing my gratitude to
Asst.Prof. Mythrae, my adviser, for their constant support and direction
throughout the research process. Their knowledge and opinions were incredibly
helpful in shaping this work. I also want to thank all of my friends and family
members for their unending support and encouragement. Your belief in me and
my abilities gave me the strength to persevere, even when the going got tough.
To my research participants, thank you for sharing your tales and experiences
with me. Your opinions and insights were crucial to comprehending the intricate
themes covered in this work. To all of you, I offer my deepest thanks and
appreciation. Your support and encouragement made this dissertation a reality,
and I could not have done it without you.

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ABSTRACT
Curve architecture is a design philosophy that focuses on creating structures that feature curved
or organic forms. This method questions conventional ideas about architectural design, which
frequently emphasize straight lines and geometric shapes. I’ll give an overview of curve
architecture and some of its distinguishing characteristics in this abstract. I'll start by going over
this design philosophy's beginnings and development across time. The advantages of curve
architecture will next be discussed, including its capacity to design rooms that are both visually
beautiful and practical. Curve architecture's capacity to design places that are both visually
beautiful and extremely useful is one of its main advantages. Architects can add a sense of
fluidity and movement to building designs by integrating curves, which can then be used to
improve a space's usability and functionality. Curves, for instance, can be used to improve
acoustics, increase natural illumination, and direct traffic flow. A cutting-edge design strategy
that questions conventional ideas about architectural design is curve architecture. Curve
architecture is fundamentally concerned with building structures using curved or organic forms,
as opposed to only using straight lines and geometric designs. This design philosophy is based
on the idea that structures should be made to function with the environment rather of trying to
impose artificial structures upon it.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Acknowledgement i

Abstract ii

Table Of Content iii-iv

Table of Illustrations v-vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study 2

1.2 Pre-requisites of selection 2
1.3 Research questions 3
1.4 Hypothesis 3
1.5 Aim 3
1.6 Objectives 3
1.7 Scope and limitation 3
1.8 Research Methodology 4

CHAPTER 2: CURVE ARCHITECTURE

2.1 Curves in Architecture 6

2.2 Importance & relevance of studying curve architecture 8-9

2.3 Challenges & limitations 9-12

2.4 Attributes of curve architecture 12-14

CHAPTER 3: UNDULATING HOUSING ARCHITECTURE

3.1 Curve Architecture in housing design 16

3.2 Impacts on the psychological and emotional well-being 16-18

3.3 Implications for social & cultural environment 18-19

3.4 Construction Techniques and Design 19-26

3.5 Insights into the future and challenges 27-30

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CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY – MIRAI “HOUSE OF ARCHES”

4.1 Introduction 32-33

4.2 Site Context 34

4.3 Design Process 35-38

4.4 Impact on Functionality & Aesthetics 39-42

4.5 Inference 43

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary 45

5.2 Research Inference 45

Bibliography 46

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TABLE OF ILLUSTRATION

Figure 1.0 Research Methodology Chart 4

Figure 1.1 Heydar Aliyev Centre by Zaha Hadid Architects 7

Figure 1.2 Bosjes Chapel by Steyn Studio 7

Figure 1.3 Public Building Sketch 8

Figure 1.4 Residential Building Sketch 9

Figure 1.5 Religious Building Sketch 9

Figure 1.6 3D Printed house by WATG’s Urban Architecture Studio 10

Figure 1.7 Flex house by Evolution Design 11

Figure 1.8 House on Cliff by Gilbartolome Architects 12

Figure 1.9 Design Sketch by Ar. Sanjay Puri 13

Figure 2.0 Learning Curves by Ar. Sanjay puri 14

Figure 2.1 Organic house by Niko Architects 17

Figure 2.2 Construction of bamboo structure 20

Figure 2.3 Construction of ultra-thin concrete roof 21

Figure 2.4 Construction of ultra-thin concrete roof 21

Figure 2.5 The Nest HiLo by Research group ETH Zurich 22

Figure 2.6 The Innovative Construction Materials 24

Figure 2.7 Stress point in curve structure 25

Figure 2.8 Functional movement of Proposed Museum in Afghanistan 26

Figure 2.9 Circulation in Guggenheim Museum by Ar.F.L. Wright 26

Figure 3.0 Custom Form work of Cuvred Structure 30

Figure 3.1 North-West View of House 32

Figure 3.2 West view of House 33

Figure 3.3 North view of House 33

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Figure 3.4 Site Area – Mirai” House of Arches” 34

Figure 3.5 Average Temperature Data in Bhilwara , Rajasthan 34

Figure 3.6 Design Development by Ar.Sanjay Puri 35

Figure 3.7 Ground Floor plan of the House 36

Figure 3.8 First Floor plan of the House 37

Figure 3.9 Second Floor plan of the House 37

Figure 4.0 Section of the House 38

Figure 4.1 Section of the House 38

Figure 4.2 Interior view of the House 39

Figure 4.3 interior view of the House 40

Figure 4.4 interior view of the House 40

Figure 4.5 View of the Curves forms in the House 41

Figure 4.6 Interior view of the House 42

Figure 4.7 View of the House 42

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1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY:

Architectural curves have been a prominent feature for centuries, and they have evolved with
time. In this response, I shall furnish a comprehensive background study of the application of
curves in architecture, emphasizing significant examples and discussing their importance.

The use of curves in historical structure was once specially for structural purposes. For
instance, arches have been famous in Roman structure due to the fact they should distribute
weight evenly, making them ideal for massive openings such as doorways and windows.
Throughout history, arches have been a famous architectural aspect that have been used in each
public and personal buildings. The Roman Colosseum, for example, is a commonplace shape
that comprises a quantity of arches in order to supply assist for its higher levels. These arches
are commonly built the usage of both stone or brick materials.

During the Renaissance, architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi and Leonardo da Vinci
explored the use of curves in architectural format for aesthetic purposes. Brunelleschi's dome
for Florence Cathedral and Da Vinci's drawings of curvilinear architectural types featured
curves as a way to create visible activity and complexity.

In the twentieth century, architects such as Frank Gehry and Zaha Hadid used curves to create
iconic structures that challenged typical notions of architectural form. Gehry's Guggenheim
Museum in Bilbao, Spain facets narrow curves and undulating surfaces that provide the
constructing a feel of motion and fluidity. Hadid's Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku, Azerbaijan
points gorgeous curved types that create a non-stop and fluid indoors space.

Nowadays, the proliferation of digital layout equipment and fabrication methods has facilitated
the integration of curved types into the designs of architects. With a range of equipment and
methods such as parametric modelling software, 3D printing, and robotic fabrication, architects
can now create complicated curved types with ease.

Curve architecture, also known as curvilinear architecture, is an architectural style that

emphasizes the use of curving forms and structures. As a consequence of its long and rich
history, examples of the art form can be found in ancient civilizations as well as modern
cultures, such as the Greeks and Romans.

1.2 PRE-REQUISITES OF SELECTION:

People perception, Functionality, Aesthetics, Structural feasibility, Environmental

sustainability, Contextual Suitability, Ethical approach of curve architecture.

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1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. What ways does curve architecture affect the building design and structures?
2. Are curves an effective way to address housing affordability, climate change, or social
inequality?
3. How does curve architecture respond environmental impacts?
4. Do curve architectures perform better than linear architectures?
5. How curve architecture can be promoted in terms of social interaction & Community
engagement in neighbourhood context?
6. How can curve architecture optimize psychological and emotional well-being of
occupants?
7. How does curve architecture contribute in architecture world?

1.4 HYPOTHESIS:

My speculation is that, Exposure to curved architectural designs lead to greater feelings of

comfort and security than to angular designs and this impact can be sustained over time.

1.5 AIM:

Curvilinear design in the built environment: analysing how it is used and exploring its
emotional and psychological effects, as well as how it influences the physical environment.

1.6 OBJECTIVES:

An examination of the impact of curve architecture on the built environment that would include
how it affects the experience of people, as well as its sustainability and energy efficiency. To
Understand the study and qualitative parameter such as Form, Geometry, Space and planning
of curve.

1.7 SCOPE:

Study of Curve architecture in built environment, to understand the study of qualitative

parameter such as (Form, Geometry, Shape), To Compare relation between built space and
user, To Conclude the impact of these space and structure on user.

LIMITATION:

The study of Curve Architecture shall be undertaken which shall include only elements of curve
design, qualitative parameter, and not the technical evaluation of built form.

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1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Figure 1.0 Research methodology Chart

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2.1 CURVES IN ARCHITECTURE:

In nature, curved forms are fluid, allowing them to blend into the surrounding landscape. The
characteristic of this style is that a curving line is used to form abstract patterns, such as spirals,
circles, swirls, and S-shapes, as well as to define the human facial features using these patterns.
In essence, their presence exudes this fluidity, which in turn enables people be able to relate to
the structure and accept it for what it is.

A form with straight lines and angles typically symbolises structure and order, while a form
with curves is softer and is more a representation of connection and community. The curves
on these products also communicate sensual messages, as they are reminiscent of the human
body's curves.

In addition to these aesthetic qualities, curvilinear architecture has proven to provide an upper
hand with structural strength and climate responsiveness, over the years, as well. Organic
architecture sought to design buildings that were in harmony with nature by incorporating
natural forms and materials. Curvilinear forms were an important aspect of this movement
because they allowed for a more natural and flowing aesthetic.

Curvilinear patterns are used in the design of buildings. These styles can be achieved through
various techniques, including the use of curved walls, roofs and facades, and the use of
structural materials such as beams and columns. Curved architecture has its benefits, but there
are also challenges associated with it. Curved shapes are more difficult and expensive to
construct than straight lines and angles, and may require specialized materials and techniques.
Curved buildings may also be more difficult to alter and adapt over time, as alterations to one
part of the building can have a significant effect on the overall structural integrity of the curve.

Curves in architecture are well-known for their ability to promote a sense of relaxation and
well-being. Curved spaces can reduce stress levels by creating an organic flow throughout the
building. By breaking up straight lines, curves can add softness and tranquillity to an otherwise
rigid and austere environment. As a result, this can be particularly beneficial in places such as
hospitals or care homes where it is essential that a calm environment is provided so that patients
can recover more quickly.

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Figure 1.1 Heydar Aliyev Centre by Zaha Hadid Architects

Figure 1.2 Bosjes Chapel by Steyn Studio

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2.2 IMPORTANCE & RELEVANCE OF STUDYING CURVE ARCHITECTURE

One of the primary reasons why curve structure is vital is due to the fact the introduction of
visually extraordinary and wonderful buildings and systems is a important gain that it gives.
Fluidity, motion, and dynamism are imbued in the architecture of curved paperwork. This
layout desire can improve a constructing's aesthetics and build a singular identity. A top
example of that is observed within the introduction of landmark systems which can be intended
to seize a one-of-a-kind essence and can be forever remembered.

Engaging and specific spatial stories can end result from curve structure. Such structure can
further bolster the functionality of a constructing via leading to elevated productiveness and
creativity in workspaces, and a greater fun revel in for residents in residential areas. Curved
walls and surfaces especially are recognized to play a key role in creating these stories.

Figure 1.3 Public Building Sketch

One of the maximum noteworthy blessings of curved structure is its ability to help sustainable
practices. With curved surfaces, herbal mild and air circulate are amplified, decreasing the
reliance on synthetic lighting and HVAC structures. Moreover, using curves can result in
greater green structural structures, requiring fewer materials and generating less waste.
Ultimately, this can foster the improvement of eco-friendly and financially viable
constructions.

The importance of curved architecture lies now not best in its historical fee however
additionally in its cultural significance. There are numerous historic structures that function
this fashion of structure, and comprehending the cultural importance of those edifices can cause
a greater appreciation of the built environment. By analysing the architectural layout of curves,
we are able to gain a deeper knowledge of the cultural and historic cost of numerous societies
and eras.

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Figure 1.4 Residential Building Sketch

Figure 1.5 Religious Building Sketch

In Architecture and design, Curve is given a solid form to stand across the environmental
barriers and Functional demands. It can be achieved by a small piece of furniture or can be
spanned across the huge public spaces. On one level, Curve could be a resemblance of a flexible
spaces, Continuously and organically moving forward without any barriers.

2.3 CHALLENGES & LIMITATIONS

Curved architecture is a layout method that utilizes curved lines and shapes within the layout
of buildings and structures. While it may create visually stunning and particular systems, it
additionally provides demanding situations and complexities in each the design and production
phases of a task. Depending at the complexity and demanding situations concerned in the
construction of curved homes, the development may additionally take longer and be greater
high priced in comparison to directly-line buildings. As a result of the shape's curved shape,
complicated masses and stresses are created, which require advanced engineering strategies
and information. Curved architecture faces lots of challenges due to its geometry. Shapes that
might be curved can be complicated, especially those that are not uniform or abnormal. In order
to model and analyse this form correctly, specialized software programs and expertise are

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required. Creating accurate models of curved surfaces and factors calls for using sophisticated
software applications, such as parametric layout software to develop and produce effective
outcomes.

Figure 1.6 3D Printed house by WATG’s Urban Architecture Studio

Another complexity of curved architecture is the construction materials required. Curved

architecture often calls for specialized materials that can be greater pricey and difficult to
source than fashionable building materials. The use of these substances also can require
specialized construction techniques. For instance, curved glass may also require the use of
laminated or tempered glass, which may be extra costly than everyday glass.

The fabrication of curved surfaces and factors also can be difficult. The precision and accuracy
required in the production technique can be difficult to obtain, and specialised system and
understanding can be required. For example, fabricating curved steel elements may additionally
require advanced welding and shaping strategies.

Construction of curved structure also can be difficult. The precision required in the meeting
and installation of additives may be hard to attain. Specialized gear and techniques can be
required to ensure that additives in shape collectively nicely. Experienced craftsmen may be
required to make sure that the components are established successfully in order to acquires the
design.

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Figure 1.7 Flex house by Evolution Design

Cost: Building a curved structure can be greater highly-priced than a conventional, rectangular
constructing. The use of specialized materials and construction strategies, as well as the need
for custom fabrication, can increase the price of a challenge. The complexity of curved structure
can also require specialised understanding, that can upload to the overall value.

Functionality: Curve structure can limit the capability of a building. For example, curved
partitions or ceilings can restrict the location of furniture or furnishings, and curved home
windows can restrict the location of window treatments. This may be mainly difficult in
residential homes, in which occupants may also have particular needs and choices for his or
her residing space.

Maintenance: The maintenance of curved surfaces can be more difficult than flat surfaces.
Dirt and particles can gather in curves and crevices, making them more difficult to smooth.
Additionally, repairs to curved surfaces can be extra difficult and luxurious. This may be a
situation in industrial homes, in which frequent protection and repairs may be necessary.

Acoustics: The curved surfaces of a building can have an effect on the acoustics of the gap.
Sound waves can mirror and diffuse differently on curved surfaces, that could have an effect
on the sound great and intelligibility inside the space. This may be a subject in buildings
inclusive of concert halls or recording studios, in which the acoustics of the gap are critical.

Spatial barriers: curved structure can also gift demanding situations in phrases of spatial
limitations. The curved shape of a building can restriction the usable area inside the structure.

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This may be a difficulty in buildings where maximizing usable space is a concern, which
include residential or industrial buildings.

2.4 ATTRIBUTES OF CURVE ARCHITECTURE

Aesthetics are essential to the design of any architectural construction, including curve
architecture. A building can be visually stunning and unique when using curves and flowing
lines instead of more conventional forms. In order to convey a sense of motion and fluidity,
curve architecture frequently emphasizes organic and natural forms by using flowing and
undulating shapes. This can imitate shapes found in nature and foster a serene atmosphere
inside a building. An association between the built environment and the natural world can be
made by utilizing natural forms. An architectural curve can give a building or development a
distinctive identity, making it stand out from its surroundings. Having a unique identity can be
particularly useful in commercial and residential developments, where tenants and buyers may
be attracted to the development of the curve structure that connects to the nature.

Figure 1.8 House on Cliff by Gilbartolome Architects

Flow is one of its defining characteristics, and it contributes to a sense of fluidity and movement
created by curved forms and lines. Both the exterior form and the interior space of a building
express the flow of curve architecture. Curved architecture can create the illusion of movement

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and fluidity on the exterior of a building, as the eye is drawn to the flowing curves. Curved
architecture may give the impression of continuity and connectivity between rooms in interior
settings. Curved ceilings may provide the impression of height and openness, while curved
walls and partitions can generate a sense of movement between spaces.

Figure 1.9 Design Sketch by Ar. Sanjay Puri

Curved furniture and fixtures may provide a sense of ease and relaxation, while curved stairs
and hallways can generate a sense of movement and change. A sense of drama and excitement
may be added to a place by using the curves in the building. A curved wall or stairway, for
instance, might arouse curiosity as the eye travels around the curve to discover what is beyond.

The same is true for curving ceilings, which may provide drama and excitement as light and
shadow play across its surface. The flexibility of curve structure can furnish increased
adaptability to altering desires and requirements. For example, curved partitions and partitions
can be without problems moved or reconfigured to adapt to altering useful requirements, whilst
curved ceilings can furnish a bendy framework for lights and mechanical systems.

In order to strengthen the connection to nature, curve architecture can also make use of organic
materials like wood, stone, or the earth. Natural materials may add texture and a feeling of
warmth, which can contribute to the creation of a relaxing and natural environment. In addition,
curve architecture may make advantage of ventilation and natural light to provide a link to the

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outside world. Curved ventilation systems may produce a natural flow of air throughout the
structure, while curved windows and skylights can offer views of the outside and let in natural
light. The utilisation of computerised design and production methods is one of the most
important developments in curve architecture. With the use of these technologies, architects
and designers can produce complicated curves more quickly and accurately, resulting in a more
effective use of resources. A complicated curved form may be produced with great accuracy
using digital fabrication machines like CNC routers and laser cutters, and more accurate and
thorough design visualisations are possible with the help of digital modelling software.

Figure 2.0 Learning Curves by Ar. Sanjay puri

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3.1 CURVE ARCHITECTURE IN HOUSING DESIGN

Curve architecture's capacity to foster a more harmonic and integrated interaction between the
building and its surroundings is one of its major advantages in house design. The design of a
house may follow the natural contours of the site by utilising curved walls, rounded edges and
corners, and organic shapes and forms, improving the feeling of place and fostering a more
seamless transition between indoor and outdoor living areas. Curved architecture can offer
practical advantages in addition to aesthetic ones. Curved walls, for instance, can reduce the
demand for artificial lighting and cooling systems while enhancing the ventilation and flow of
natural light throughout a house. Curved roofs may effectively support the installation of solar
panels or green roofs while also reducing the effects of wind and rain.

In terms of house design, curve architecture presents additional difficulties. Curved walls and
roofs may require specialized construction materials and procedures, which can be more
expensive and time-consuming than conventional building processes. Additionally, placing
furniture and designing an interior in curved spaces can be difficult. Despite these challenges,
curve architecture is growing in popularity as more people want to develop distinctive, visually
pleasing homes that blend in with their natural environment. Curve architecture is expected to
be a key trend in home design for years to come thanks to improvements in building technology
and materials. The work of architect Frank Gehry, who is renowned for incorporating free-
flowing curves and sculptural forms in his buildings, is one of the most well-known instances
of curve architecture in residential design. Zaha Hadid, Michael Graves, and Santiago
Calatrava are three more well-known architects that have used curve architecture into their
home designs.

3.2 IMPACTS ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING

Promotes relaxation and reduces stress: curved shapes can induce calmness and relaxation,
which can lessen stress and enhance well-being. According to studies, curved rooms can
improve mental health by easing tension and fostering relaxation. Curves used in architecture
may evoke a sense of fluidity, softness, and movement, which can help people feel calm and
at ease. Curved walls and arches, for instance, might imply fluidity and movement while
encouraging a peaceful frame of mind. Contrarily, angular shapes and straight lines might make
people feel tense and uneasy. A sense of safety and security can be enhanced by a curved roof's
ability to offer shelter and protection.

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Enhances productivity and creativity: Due to their tendency to encourage a sense of fluidity
and movement, curved rooms can aid to boost creativity and productivity. This might be crucial
for home offices or creative areas since they require a sense of inspiration and focus. Curved
walls and ceilings, for instance, may evoke a sense of movement and flow that stimulates
imagination and creativity. A sense of creativity and inspiration may also be enhanced by the
use of curved furniture, such as desks and seats.

Improves social interactions: curved design may encourage social connection and
engagement by constructing open and flowing areas. This can enhance mental health by
fostering a sense of belonging and connection to others. For instance, curving walls and open
areas may foster a sense of connectedness and shared experience, encouraging conversation
and social contact. People may congregate and engage in conversation if there is a curving
staircase to serve as a focal point for connection and engagement.

Enhances Visual interests: By creating unique and aesthetically stunning shapes that thrill
and stimulate the senses, curve architecture may improve emotional well-being. For people
who value original and fascinating design or who are aesthetically oriented, this may be very
significant. Curved walls and ceilings, Additionally, the use of colour and texture may enhance
visual interest by fostering a sense of richness and depth.

Figure 2.1 Organic house by Niko Architects

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Architectural curves may arouse the senses by presenting a three-dimensional sensation.

Curved rooms may evoke feelings of movement, depth, and texture, stimulating the senses and
making occupants more aware of their environment. By evoking feelings of meditation and
contemplation, curved architecture may promote reflection. Curved areas can give the
impression of enclosure, offering a secluded, peaceful setting for thought and meditation.
Curved architecture can serve to foster a sense of well-being and satisfaction in its occupants
while also encouraging mindfulness and self-awareness.

3.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL & CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

Promotes Interaction in the Community: By designing places that stimulate socialisation

and involvement among inhabitants, curve architecture may enhance community interaction.
Residents may have more opportunity to interact and communicate when curved areas are used,
which can improve social cohesiveness and build a feeling of community.

Promotes Diversity and inclusiveness: By taking into account a variety of inhabitants'

requirements and preferences, curve architecture may encourage diversity and inclusiveness.
Curved space designs may be inclusive of people of all ages, abilities, and cultures. Residents
from all origins may feel accepted and a part of the community as a result.

Supports Health and Well-Being: By encouraging natural light and ventilation and granting
access to green spaces, curve architecture may improve occupants' health and well-being. By
encouraging movement and flow, curved environments can lower stress levels and encourage
physical exercise. This may benefit inhabitants' general health and wellbeing.

Enhances privacy and Security: By designing areas that give a sense of seclusion and
security, curve architecture may promote privacy and security. Curved rooms can be designed
to make internal spaces less visible from the outside, giving people a better sense of privacy
and security.

Celebrates Creativity and Innovation: By promoting experimentation and pushing the limits
of conventional design, curve architecture can honour creativity and innovation. Curves can
inspire architects and designers to explore fresh, creative approaches to home design, which
might result in the creation of more effective, livable, and sustainable housing solutions.

Supports Sustainability: By encouraging ecologically responsible design, curve architecture

may help sustainability. In order to save energy and improve energy efficiency, curved spaces
can be used in the design of sustainable buildings. This can assist in lowering carbon emissions

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and promoting the growth of sustainable communities. Significant effects of curve architecture
on the social and cultural climate of dwelling. Curve architecture can aid in the growth of
livable, sustainable, and socially cohesive housing communities by fostering neighbourhood
interaction, advancing diversity and inclusivity, supporting health and well-being, enhancing
privacy and security, celebrating creativity and innovation, and promoting sustainability.

While some individuals might favour more conventional and traditional dwelling designs,
others could value the distinctive and inventive designs that foster community participation
and well-being. However, many architects and urban planners are recognising the potential of
curve architecture to improve the social and cultural environment of housing by encouraging
neighbourhood engagement, fostering health and well-being, and recognising creativity and
innovation. There is an increasing interest in this kind of architecture, as seen by the examples
of "The Interlace" in Singapore and "Bosco Verticale" in Milan, which have attracted
considerable attention and favourable comments from the general public. “Curves are in
general felt to be more beautiful than straight lines,” said by psychologist Kate Gordon.
Many diverse architectural styles and communities place cultural value on curved buildings.
For instance, curving arches and domes are frequently employed in traditional Islamic
architecture to create visually appealing and complicated environments that foster a sense of
connection with the holy. In Islamic architecture, curves are frequently used to symbolise the
continuous, flowing character of Allah's creation.

3.4 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN

For curved architecture to be successfully implemented, construction methods and design are
essential. Depending on the size and complexity of the project, there are a number of various
approaches that may be employed when building curved structures. Technical knowledge,
materials, and tools are also required. Straight segments are curved into the appropriate shape
using a sequence of straight segments to construct curved structures. The technique is often
employed for smaller-scale crafts, and a range of materials, including wood, metal, and plastic,
can be used. A more complicated technique is sometimes necessary for larger-scale projects,
such as the construction of a curving structure or bridge. The development of a formwork,
which is a temporary mould used to keep the concrete or other building materials in place while
they are poured and cured, is one technique that is widely utilised in these contexts. After
carefully shaping the formwork to the appropriate curvature, the concrete or other material is
poured into the mould and allowed to set.

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Figure 2.2 Construction of bamboo structure

The use of pre-fabricated panels is another technology that is occasionally employed in the
building of curving constructions. These panels are built off-site and then delivered to the job
site, where they are assembled and joined to form the curved shape. This method is especially
effective for complicated or large-scale projects since it may assist to minimise building time
while also ensuring a high level of precision in the end result.

The design of curved buildings, in addition to the construction techniques utilised, is important
to their success. Designers must carefully evaluate variables such as the structure's intended
usage, the materials to be employed, and the project's overall aesthetic aims. They must also
consider structural soundness, wind and weather resistance, and the structure's influence on the
surrounding environment. In curve architecture,

CNC machining has various benefits. For starters, it enables incredibly exact cuts and forms,
which are difficult to create using manual procedures. Second, it can easily generate
complicated forms and patterns, allowing architects and builders to develop inventive and one-
of-a-kind designs. Finally, because accurate cuts and shapes eliminate the need for extra
finishing and corrections, CNC machining may reduce waste and save time in the building
process. Overall, CNC machining is a valuable tool in curve architecture, allowing architects
and builders to push the boundaries of design and construct magnificent and creative buildings.

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Figure 2.3 Construction of ultra-thin concrete roof

Figure 2.4 Construction of ultra-thin concrete roof

These bespoke nodes are critical to HiLo's evolutionary, if not revolutionary, success. An
algorithm in the computational model of the roof allows the designers to relocate the nodes and
re-tension the cables, ensuring that the forces are appropriately distributed among them and
that the form, bent by the weight of wet concrete, precisely reaches the necessary shape. The

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connection to the cable net is then stretched with a polymer fabric and lined with a mesh cloth,
which is subsequently sprayed with concrete.

The ultra-light concrete roof is only five centimetres thick on average. Steel cables were
employed instead of formwork by the researchers. Stretched into a scaffolding framework. This
wire net supports a polymer cloth that serves as the mould - a technology that not only requires
significantly less building material but also opens up possibilities for creating totally new
architectural shapes and patterns. similarly, the ultra-thin roof eliminates heavy formwork in
favour of a totally recyclable cable-net and fabric hybrid weighing just 800-kilograms and
supporting an amazing 20 tonnes of concrete, the novel floor system uses only 30% of the space
required by a normal concrete slab floor.

Figure 2.5 The Nest HiLo by Research group ETH Zurich

HiLo's energy approach is supported by an occupant-centred control system that aims for
the best operational energy efficiency without sacrificing user comfort. The objective is
accomplished by linking all thermal and electrical data to a programmable controller, which
allows researchers to study innovative high-level control tactics incorporating machine
learning and artificial intelligence technologies. HiLo is a living lab that attempts to research
the transition of the built environment to a civilization powered entirely by renewable energy.

To comply with 2050 greenhouse gas reduction policies, future buildings will require major
changes. Consider constructing components as multipurpose elements as one approach. These

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components can perform many roles at the same time, such as energy and structural aspects,
potentially reducing both operational and embedding emissions. In contrast to traditional
sequential design, in which each architectural piece has a specific purpose. The former
necessitates an integrated design strategy that prioritises the use of renewable energy sources
and material reduction.

Advanced Construction Techniques: Curve architecture demands specialised construction

techniques to achieve the intricate curves and shapes that characterise the design of the
structure. 3D modelling software is one of the most significant tools in curve architecture. This
programme enables architects to produce very accurate and exact architectural models, which
may subsequently be used to direct the construction process. Furthermore, computer-aided
design technologies, such as parametric modelling software, may assist architects in adjusting
and refining the design as necessary.

The utilization of innovative materials is another critical part of the building. Concrete and
steel, for example, are traditional building materials that may not be suited for producing
intricate curves. Curve design, as a result, frequently employs lightweight and robust materials,
such as glass fibre-reinforced plastics and other composites. These materials enable architects
to design buildings with complicated curves that would be difficult or impossible to produce
with typical building materials.

Innovative Materials: Innovative materials provide additional benefits in addition to strength

and flexibility. For example, they are frequently more ecologically friendly and sustainable
than typical building materials. Many of these materials are also extremely customizable,
allowing architects to create distinctive and appealing designs that represent the purpose and
setting of the structure. Overall, the use of innovative materials is a crucial part of curved
architecture since it allows for previously inconceivable forms and shapes. Architects and
builders may create spectacular and inventive buildings that push the boundaries of traditional
architecture and inspire new forms of creativity and expression by combining modern materials
with specialized construction techniques and imaginative design. Carbon fibre is a strong,
lightweight material that is becoming more popular in building. It may be used to make curved
and intricate shapes that would be impossible to construct with ordinary building materials.
Form-memory alloys are materials that can alter form in response to variations in temperature.
As a result, they are excellent for use in curved constructions that must adapt to changing
conditions

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Figure 2.6 The Innovative Construction Materials

Structural Engineering: Structural engineering is an important feature of curved architecture

since it entails designing and building the structure's load-bearing elements. The first stage of
development in curve architecture structural engineering is to analyse the design and establish
the loads and stresses that the structure must endure. This involves examining the structure's
curvature and shape, as well as the materials that will be employed. Because of the intricate
and unusual curves of the structure, curved architecture sometimes necessitates one-of-a-kind
structural engineering solutions. One of the most difficulties in structural engineering for
curved architecture is ensuring that the structure can withstand the loads it will face while
keeping the desired form. The structure's curvature can generate bending and stress
concentrations, which must be properly analysed and built for. Engineers must carefully
evaluate the materials utilized, the structure's form, and the loads that will be applied to it. A
tensioned cable structure, which consists of a system of cables tensioned between two or more
locations to generate a curved shape, is another way to curved architecture, reducing stress
concentrations and providing for greater design flexibility. Curve architectural building
techniques are frequently unique and sophisticated. Concrete, for example, can be poured in
layers to achieve the necessary curvature, or steel can be curved using specialized equipment.

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Figure 2.7 Stress point in curve structure

Functionality: Curved architecture can have various advantages in terms of functionality.

Curved structures, for example, can provide more natural light and ventilation since the
curvature helps to guide sunshine and wind into the building. This has the potential to cut
energy use while also improving indoor air quality. Curved architecture may also improve
acoustics by allowing sound to be diffused and echoes to be reduced. This is especially
beneficial in structures like as music halls and theatres. One of the primary advantages of curve
design is space optimisation. Curved walls, for example, may make a room appear larger and
more open by creating the sense of greater space. This is because the curve of the walls
generates a flow that guides the eye around the area, making it appear larger.

Curved surfaces can serve dispersed sound waves, minimizing echoes and providing occupants
with a more pleasant atmosphere. This is especially effective in venues with high sound quality,
such as music halls, theatres, or libraries. Curved architecture may also improve structural
stability and resistance to wind and seismic stresses. Curved designs transmit loads more
uniformly, minimising stress concentrations and increasing overall structure strength. Curved
design may improve accessibility by creating more gradual slopes and transitions between
floors, making it simpler for those with mobility issues to explore the area. Curved walls can
also be used to divide rooms, such as a curved partition separating a living room from a dining
room. This can create a sense of solitude and isolation while being open. Curved ceilings, like
walls, may be utilised to optimise space in a structure. A curving ceiling may add height and
space to a room, making it appear larger than it is. It can also improve the overall ambience of
the area by allowing for a more natural movement of air and light

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Figure 2.8 Functional movement of Proposed Museum in Afghanistan

Figure 2.9 Circulation in Guggenheim Museum by Ar.F.L. Wright

Curve architecture provides tremendous and limitless potentials in the surrounding

environment by integrating movement, renewable energy, and effective structure that changes
the entire moving building or part of its features. Representing cultural values must be
reinterpreted in light of current technology data by integrating the digital environment into the
architecture of the physical environment, which entails combining the physical and creative
fields into a new complex field. The architect's ability and imagination enable formation,
hybridization, and complexity to serve the design. Curves can assist to maximise space
economy in certain circumstances, but they can also limit space utilisation in others. Curved
walls, for example, may make installing cabinets or other built-in components that require
straight lines more challenging.

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3.5 INSIGHTS INTO THE FUTURE AND CHALLENGES

Curve architecture has gained popularity in recent years as a result of its multiple advantages
and potential to revolutionize modern building design. Curve architecture is anticipated to be
a key aspect in future building designs as architects and designers seek innovative methods to
improve the usefulness, sustainability, and aesthetics of structures. Furthermore, the utilization
of new materials and advances in structural engineering will continue to play an important part
in curve architecture, allowing for more complex and dynamic forms. Curve architecture's
ability to solve urbanization and population expansion is one of its future insights. As cities
become more densely populated, there is an increasing need for structures that can house more
people in less area. Curve architecture provides a solution to this problem since it may
maximize space utilization while still offering enough living and working areas.

Curve design has the ability to help to the creation of sustainable structures, according to
another future insight. Architects and designers may encourage natural ventilation, reduce
energy consumption, and improve thermal insulation by adding curves into building designs.
Curve architecture may also make it easier to employ renewable energy sources like solar
panels and wind turbines. Furthermore, curve architecture can give a chance to develop one-
of-a-kind and recognisable structures that function as city icons. Architects may construct
aesthetically attractive structures that catch the public's imagination by using complicated
curves and dynamic shapes.

However, there are certain issues with curve architecture that will need to be solved in the
future. One of the most significant obstacles is the expense of building, as curve architecture
sometimes necessitates specialised construction processes and materials that can be costly.
Curve architecture can also be more difficult to maintain and upgrade since typical building
systems are not always intended to support curved forms. Furthermore, curve architecture
might pose accessibility and mobility issues for those with impairments. Another issue is the
lack of study on the influence of curve design on building occupants and the environment.
While there is mounting evidence to support the benefits of curve design, additional study is
required to properly comprehend its long-term implications and create best practises for its
application.

Overall, curve architecture provides an exciting chance to transcend traditional architectural

boundaries and build unique and useful places that excite and fascinate.

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CHALLENGES

Finally, curve architecture has the potential to change the way we design and build structures
in the future. We can create more functional, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing buildings
that promote the well-being of their occupants and contribute to a more sustainable future by
addressing the challenges associated with curve architecture and continuing to innovate and
experiment with new forms and materials.

Cost: Curved architecture can be more expensive than standard linear forms due to the usage
of specialized materials and building processes. Curved constructions sometimes need the use
of specialized materials, such as curved glass panels or specialized frame systems, which can
be more expensive than standard building materials. Furthermore, creating a curved structure
can be more time-consuming and labour-intensive than erecting a standard linear construction.
Curved structures frequently need specialized labour and knowledge, which can raise the
overall cost of the project.

Maintenance: Maintaining a curved building might be more difficult than maintaining typical
linear constructions. Cleaning and maintaining curving surfaces and materials, for example,
might be more complex and time-consuming due to the building's particular form and design.
Furthermore, curved structures may need specialized maintenance and repair approaches,
particularly if they are constructed using uncommon materials or processes. Curved glass
panels, for example, may have specialized cleaning and maintenance processes to avoid
damage or wear over time. Curved structures, on the other hand, may be constructed to be
sturdy and long-lasting with adequate planning and upkeep. Architects and builders can
collaborate with customers to create a maintenance plan that addresses the specific demands of
the building, such as frequent cleaning, repair, and upkeep.
It's important to note that the maintenance needs for curved architecture can vary greatly
depending on the design and construction methods employed. The total maintenance demands
of the building can be influenced by factors such as the size and complexity of the structure,
the location of the project, and the materials utilised.
Structural Integrity: Structural stability is an important factor in any building design,
including curved architecture. One of the difficulties with curved structures is ensuring that the
structure can handle the building's distinctive form and weight distribution. To address these
problems, architects and engineers may analyse the structural integrity of curved structures
using modern computer modelling and simulation approaches.

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These technologies can assist in identifying possible problems and ensuring that the structure
is constructed to resist the pressures and stresses that it will face over time. Using creative
construction processes and materials is another way to ensure structural integrity in curved
structures. Some designers, for example, are experimenting with innovative composites and
materials that provide great strength and durability while being lightweight and flexible.
Finally, securing the structural integrity of a curved structure necessitates a thorough and
coordinated effort on the part of architects, engineers, and constructors. It is feasible to design
and create curved structures that are both visually appealing and structurally sound by working
together and utilising modern tools and procedures.

Construction Limitations: The limited building methods accessible are one of the limits of
curve architecture. Curved structures, as opposed to standard rectangular structures, need more
specialized and accurate construction procedures. Building a curving roof or wall, for example,
necessitates the use of specialized formwork, which may be costly and time-consuming.
Furthermore, to guarantee structural integrity and stability, the curved parts must be accurately
cut and attached. This constraint may also have an impact on the availability of materials
suitable for curve architecture.

Some materials cannot be easily moulded or shaped into curves, and others may be more
expensive to deal with. Accessibility is another drawback of curve architecture. While curves
can add aesthetic value to a structure, they can also make navigation more difficult for those
with impairments or mobility concerns. Curved walls, floors, and ceilings can produce uneven
surfaces that are challenging to negotiate for persons with mobility impairments. Curved stairs
can also be more difficult to ascend for persons with limited mobility or balance concerns. This
can be especially difficult in multi-story structures when stairs are the major mode of access to
different floors.

Limited Availability of Skilled labours: A further disadvantage of curve design is the scarcity
of competent labour with the competence required to build curved buildings. Traditional
building techniques may not be applicable, and curved materials such as steel, glass, and
concrete need specialized skills and understanding. A shortage of competent labour can result
in increased building costs, longer construction periods, and probable project delays.
Furthermore, it may be difficult to locate contractors with expertise working on curved
structures, making it difficult to assure the quality of the job. In order to fix this issue, architects
and designers might collaborate with curved architecture specialists or teach current contractors

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to gain the appropriate abilities. Another option is to employ sophisticated building technology
like 3D printing or robotic construction to speed the construction process and decrease the
demand for specialized labour. These technologies, however, may have their own set of issues
and restrictions. Robotic construction is another developing technology that includes the use
of robots to assemble and construct buildings. Because it enables for accurate positioning and
manipulation of curved building components, robotic construction is especially beneficial for
curved buildings. In conclusion, the availability of competent labour poses a significant
challenge in the construction of curved buildings. Emerging technology, like as digital design
and fabrication and robotic building, may be able to overcome this obstacle and permit the
future construction of more complex and new curved structures. In conclusion, while curve
architecture may provide various benefits like as aesthetic appeal, natural flow, and space
optimization, it also has certain specific obstacles that must be carefully considered during the
design and construction process. These difficulties might include restricted functionality,
building complexity, limited use of space, and maintenance constraints. Architects and
designers may guarantee that the operation of the structure is not jeopardized and that it serves
the demands of the residents while still being visually attractive by carefully assessing the pros
and downsides of curve architecture. Curve architecture, with correct planning and execution,
may produce really unique and useful rooms that push the boundaries of traditional design.

Figure 3.0 Custom Form work of Cuvred Structure

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Figure 3.1 North-West View of House

Architect: Ar. Sanjay Puri Location: Bhilwara, Rajasthan

Year: 2022 Site area: 920 sqm

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Why Mirai” House of Arches”?

The proposal consists of a sequence of arches that serve as the complex's uniting element. The
arches are composed of reinforced concrete and are organised in a grid-like pattern across the
area, producing a feeling of order and rhythm. The arches are also useful, offering shade and
ventilation to the house and other shared areas.

One of the notable features of the project is its sustainable design. The arches shade the rooms
naturally, decreasing the need for artificial cooling. The complex also includes rainwater
collection and solar energy technologies, lowering its environmental effect even more. Mirai
House of Arches apartments are built with big windows and open balconies to maximize
natural light and ventilation. A swimming pool, gym, and maintained gardens are among the
amenities available at the property. Overall, Mirai House of Arches is an excellent example of
modern architecture that blends usefulness, sustainability, and beauty.

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Figure 3.2 West view of House

Figure 3.3 North view of House

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4.2 SITE CONTEXT

Figure 3.4 Site Area – Mirai” House of Arches”

Mirai is a contextual home designed for the scorching desert environment of Rajasthan, India,
on a small 622m2 corner site of a residential villa plan. Based on the location, the southern and
eastern sides have little open space, with nearby villas to be erected on those sides in the future.
More open space with garden areas and existing trees can be found on the northern and western
sides of a traffic junction. House to mitigate heat gain in response to desert climate.

Figure 3.5 Average Temperature Data in Bhilwara , Rajasthan

Bhilwara's summer season lasts from March to June, with temperatures ranging from 30°C to
45°C.Bhilwara's winter season runs from November to February, with temperatures ranging
from 10°C to 25°C.

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4.3 DESIGN PROCESS

Designed for a family with 3 generations living together, the house has 3 levels, with 4
bedrooms, 2 living rooms, a gym, and a study.

Figure 3.6 Design Development by Ar.Sanjay Puri

The envelope, designed to reduce heat gain in response to the hot subtropical environment of
its location, keeps the entire home cool during the hot summer months when temperatures soar
above 40°C for 8 months of the year. Sectionally, the heights within it vary, with a fascinating
play of volumes in each component of the home, including single-volume bedrooms, a double-
volume dining space, and a mid-1.5-level living area. Ar. Sanjay Puri went on a strategic
planning for the project to make it extremely comfortable for the family to reside inside. The
plan retains the existing trees on the site and leaves the scope of expansion to add adjacent
villas on the closed end of the neighbouring area. Mirai House of Arches/ Sanjay Puri
Architects sits right outside the enormous Thar Desert and to fight the climatic conditions,
various passive strategies have been adopted to transform the home into a soothing and cooling
oasis. Elements like greenery and shaded terraces further aid in making this home a comfortable
place for the family to live.

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Figure 3.7 Ground Floor plan of the House

Mirai House meets the diverse range of needs expressed by each age group. The multi-
generational design approach caters to a unique composition of rooms, with each room varying
in terms of privacy levels. Even the living area has a niche where the family may assemble or
retreat to their own cocoons. Mirai House of Arches/ Sanjay Puri Architects' design is nothing
short of a living artwork. The exterior is designed with a curved punctuated style that envelops
the entire house and creates unique semi-open zones.

These areas wrap around the perimeter and provide a deep retreat in the directions that open up
to beautiful vistas of lush green gardens. The holistic approach to facade design not only serves
aesthetic purposes but has also shown to be incredibly functional by reducing heat absorption
inside the dwelling. It also serves as an enclosure for the house's open areas, preserving a sense
of openness while ensuring protection. This imaginative solution encases the entire house in a
porous facade, while the arched openings provide shaded and semi-open terraces that allow in
natural light and keep the inner areas well-ventilated. The Design Approach of Mirai House of
arches and site context quite complex to manipulate the design ideas, now it shows the unique
structure to surrounding environment and withstands more aesthetically in the area.

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Figure 3.8 First Floor plan of the House

Figure 3.9 Second Floor plan of the House

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Figure 4.0 Section of the House

Figure 4.1 Section of the House

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4.2 IMPACT ON FUNCTIONALITY & AESTHETICS

Figure 4.2 Interior view of the House

With its warm shades, the home's interior design is quite appealing. The energizing areas have
been designed with earthy colors that blend with the classic arches. A fun mood board made
up of textures and patterns may be seen. The pergolas that cover the semi-open zones of the
home that serve as patches of eclecticism create a dance of light and shadow. With its clean
aesthetics and color palette that hints at refinement within the simplicity, the living room at
Mirai House of Arches evokes a feeling of luxury. Wooden details along with beige tones
revitalize the area and make it the ideal place for all generations to mix.

"Designed to mitigate heat gain in response to the hot climate of its location, this envelope
keeps the entire house cool in the hot summer months, when temperatures rise more than 40°C
for 8 months of the year", mentioned the design team at Sanjay Puri Architects.

"This sculptural house is contextual to its surroundings, the climate, and the owner's needs,
resulting in an interesting play of volumes, open, enclosed, and semi-enclosed spaces at every
level. The design creates energy-efficient spaces with reduced heat gain and indirect natural
light in each part of the house”. Mentioned by Ar. Sanjay Puri.

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Figure 4.3 interior view of the House

Figure 4.4 Interior View of the House

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Figure 4.5 View of the Curves forms in the House

He continues, "In collaboration with local craftsmen and contract labour from the immediate
vicinity, the house was built using locally sourced bricks, sandstone, and lime plaster, and
includes processes for water recycling, rainwater harvesting, and solar panels for energy
generation. The house is built sustainably and is climate-responsive".

The Mirai House of Arches/ Sanjay Puri Architects serves as a great example of how
contemporary aesthetics can be moulded as per the local context. The entire theme of the house
runs on local stories and promotes vernacular materials and craftsmanship. This home takes a
sustainable approach in its design that sits well in the neighbourhood. The classy interior set-
up was made with minimal concept that blends the interior and exterior surface of the building
that connects the environment.

The Chicago Athenaeum: Museum of Architecture and Design and The European Centre for
Architecture Art Design and Urban Studies just awarded “Mirai House of Arches a 2023 Green
Good Design Award”.

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Figure 4.6 Interior view of the House

Figure 4.7 View of the House

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4.5 INFERENCE

"MIRAI House of Arches" by Sanjay Puri is an example of his creative and ecological approach
to design, which takes influence from traditional Indian architecture while using modern
techniques and materials. The arches in the building serve both a functional and aesthetic
purpose. They provide natural ventilation and light penetration, which helps to reduce the
energy consumption of the building. The arches also give a sense of fluidity and movement in
the space, and the interaction of light and shadow on the arches generates a dynamic and
aesthetically appealing effect.

The usage of arches pays homage to traditional Indian architecture, where arches have been
employed as a structural and aesthetic feature for ages. Puri, on the beyond the moment, has
reimagined the arches in a contemporary context, employing modern construction techniques
and materials to create a bold and innovative design in "MIRAI House of Arches."

Overall, "MIRAI House of Arches" exemplifies Sanjay Puri's inventive and sustainable
approach to architecture, demonstrating his ability to develop aesthetically attractive and
ecologically responsible designs.

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5.1 SUMMARY

Curve architecture is a design technique that employs curves and non-linear patterns in building
construction. It challenges traditional linear and rectangular shapes while providing various
advantages such as increased aesthetics, utility, sustainability, and creativity. Curves may be
used to produce aesthetically appealing and dynamic buildings that improve the urban
landscape, the quality of life for residents, and contribute to sustainable design. Curve
architecture, on the other hand, presents costs, structural integrity difficulties, maintenance
needs, and restricted application. When choosing curve architecture for their projects,
architects and designers must carefully balance the benefits and limitations of this technique.

This paper emphasised the benefits of curve design, such as its fluidity, flexibility, and
connection to nature. However, it also noted curve architecture's issues and limits, such as its
complexity and greater prices. Curve architecture innovation was also investigated, with an
emphasis on cutting-edge materials and processes such as CNC milling and sustainable design
elements. Overall, the analysis stated that, while curve architecture provides an aesthetically
appealing and novel design, it must be approached with caution and preparation to solve its
specific problems and assure functioning. Despite these obstacles, curve architecture offers an
exciting chance to push traditional design boundaries and build new and useful places.

5.2 RESEARCH INFERENCE

The above research focused on the study of curve forms in built environment and the
understanding of qualitative parameters of curve architecture. The buildings analysed have
architectural elements that make the journey through them soul stirring for the user. These
elements enhance the better quality of a space as well as mental wellbeing. Based on the study
and analysis for the dissertation report on curve architecture, it can be concluded that curve
architecture provides a distinct and aesthetically appealing design that may produce dynamic
and useful places.

The study also identifies that there is an obvious relationship between the geometric forms of
architectural spaces, their construction materials and the user’s consciousness. Based on
analysis drawn from case study example, we can prove the hypothesis.

The study concludes that qualities of architecture contribute in making of the curve forms in
the environment and enhances the experience of psychological behaviour of the users. These
qualities of architecture can be used to design and enhance the environment.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

1. Simon Unwin, 2019, Curve: Possibilities and Problems with Deviating from the Straight in
Architecture.
2. Agata Toromanoff. 2021, Curved: Bending Architecture

ARTICLES

1. Kemal Yildirim and Aysu Akalin, 2009, Problems related to the dimensions of curved areas
in the main living rooms of apartment housing.

2. Ming-Chyuan Ho and Yung-Chia Chiu, 2021, Evaluating Stress Relief from Architecture:
A Case Study Based on Buildings in Taiwan, China and Japan.

3. Eike Schling, Martin Kilia, Hui Wang, Jonas Schikore, Helmut Pottmann, 2018, Design and
Construction of Curved Support Structures with Repetitive Parameters.

4. Charles Spence, 2020, Senses of place: architectural design for the multisensory mind

WEB REFERENCES

1. https://technologyinarchitecture.wordpress.com/2018/08/29/controlling-curves-in-
architecture/
2. https://mindshapedbox.wordpress.com/2012/01/05/straight-vs-curved-lines-in-
architecture-the-importance-of-forms-for-our-well-being/
3. https://kerfkore.com/blog/curves-in-architecture-and-why-they-make-us-happy/
4. https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/2021/03/21/a3649-how-has-curve-architecture-
envolved-with-time/
5. https://amazingarchitecture.com/organic-house/amazing-organic-house-in-moscow-
designed-by-niko-architect#images-30
6. https://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/26/world/do-these-buildings-turn-you-on/index.html
7. https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/evolution-concrete-construction/
8. https://parametrichouse.com/structure-as-architecture/
9. https://www.e-architect.com/india/mirai-house-of-arches-rajasthan-india

10. https://homeadore.com/2022/07/11/mirai-house-of-arches-by-sanjay-puri-architects/

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