UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, SUNGAI PETANI

FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE AND POLICY STUDIES

(AM110)

INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

(PAD102)

NAMA NO MATRIKS GROUP

MUHAMMAD HAIQAL SHAFIQ
2022676168 KAM1101H
BIN ZAMRI
NURIN NAZIFA BINTI ZULKIFLI 2022870564 KAM1101H
NURUL ALEEYA BINTI RAZALI 2022463294 KAM1101H
NURUL AIN AMEERA BINTI
2022897562 KAM1101H
ARIS
NURSHUHADAH BINTI ABD
2022828926 KAM1101H
MAJID

LECTURER’S NAME:
FIRDAUS BIN RAMLI

SUBMISSION DATE:
24 DECEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ............................................................1

DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ...............................2

THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION ................................................................................................................ 4

DICHOTOMY BETWEEN POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION........................................5

ROLES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ............................................................................. 6

TYPES OF BUREAUCRACY ................................................................................................. 7

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIA......................... 8

CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 9

LIST PREFERENCES............................................................................................................. 10
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Introduction to public administration is the first topic in the PAD102 subject. In

this topic, we would learn about defining public administration, identify the
importance and characteristics of public administration, explain the difference
between public and private administration, bureaucracy, and the development of
public administration in Malaysia. As we know the public is a community having a
particular interest in common. Administration can be defined as the coordination of
men and materials within the organization for the accomplishment of an identifiable
purpose. Public administration is the management of people and resources for the
achievement of state purposes. It is a science of how the country can be ruled and
the government’s central instrument for dealing with general, social problems. It also
manages resources to achieve the government’s goals and objectives. According to
general opinions on the subject, public administration is one of the most significant
administrative systems in a given state or country. It also plays a major role in
deciding the affairs and progress of the country. In controlling state or nation-building,
public administration collaborates with private administration. Political office varies
from the public administration office. A public administration is made up of different
parts. Besides that, public administration is the mechanism used by the government
to carry out specific goals using a range of tools, including policy, regulation, and
direct and indirect services to the general public. The action of a governmental body
in carrying out the public policy stated in regulation is referred to as public
administration. Public ethics, public administration as an arena and as organized
anarchy or as a learning and unlearning organization, variations of external and
internal politicization as well as types of bureaucrats and bureaucratization as well as
the issue of organizational complexity are among the topics covered.

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DEFINITION PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Public administration is one of the main administrative apparatuses in a given

state or country. Public administration is also the set of organizations, rules, and
laws that ensure that the intentions of the elected legislature are carried out through
its laws. In other words, public administration includes agencies of federal, state, and
local governments that are primarily engaged in activities related to public
administration. It includes institutions such as the federal civil service, national
defence, RCMP, and provincial and local governments, which are instruments of the
state that assist citizens. However, there is a medium between the government and
the masses. The definition of public administration is also defined by scholars

In addition to the definition of public administration by scholars such as

Woodrow Wilson, he defines public administration as the detailed and systematic
application of the law. Any particular application of the law is an administrative act. A
scholar like H. A. Simon said that the definition of public administration in common
parlance includes the activities of the executive bodies of national, state, and local
governments, state corporations, and certain other agencies of a special character.
Specifically excluded are judicial and legislative bodies within government and
nongovernmental administration. In the 1940s, Luther Halsey Gulick, III, (1892-1993)
defined that an administrator's duties are summarized by the acronym POSDCORB,
which stands for planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and
budgeting. Public administration is a feature of all nations, regardless of their system
of government. Within nations, public administration is exercised at central,
intermediate, and local levels. However, the linkage between different levels of
government within a nation is a growing public administration problem.

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IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The importance of public administration in society was originally to improve

economic status during the Industrial Revolution. It is an important tool to make good
policies and provide facilities. Any community governed by state laws needs public
administration to make public policies on behalf of the government and to carry out
procedures and programs. One of the interests of public administration is that public
administration can maintain law and order. This is because public administration
ensures adequate availability of services for public interests in various ways to
improve people's livelihood. In addition, public administration improves the equity,
justice, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of public services, usually in a non-profit,
non-taxable area. The protection of citizens by the defence forces is one of the most
important functions of public administration in society

However, another importance of public administration is that it serves as a

benchmark for the sustainable development of our economy for our country. It helps
the government collect data on the necessary conditions and obstacles that people
face daily. For example, in Africa, developing countries, and other poor countries, a
few public institutions determine the level of development to improve people's lives.
Public administration can determine the correct procedures, for example, public
administration is responsible for determining proper procedures and ensuring
positive, exemplary behaviour that does not promote nepotism, favouritism, human
rights violations, and discrimination. Establishing proper procedures is done in
achieving goals and providing facilities to reduce corrupt practices and encourage
behaviour that helps citizens and the government achieve their goals. This is what
the essay on the importance of public administration is about, among other things

Therefore, public administration can promote peace and harmony. in this

regard, public administration can exist as a rule for the people and the government
can lead efficiently. Public administration has become an important discipline, which
pays great attention to administrative management compared with other social
science subjects. Since then, it plays an important role in bureaucracy, politics,
social welfare, law, and order, including the administrative state.

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THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

The similarities

Administration can be public or private. It is private when it relates to private

affairs like a company, a school, and a club. However, it is public when it relates to
the activities of all state's people. So there are several similarities between public
and private administration. The similarities are efficient and prompt service. Public
and private administrations are deeply interested in being efficient and quick in their
dealings with other persons they must interact with and serve. Furthermore, public
dealings. Both realize that there should be maximum contact with the people. If
these contacts are lost, the administration fails because it fails to know the needs
and necessities of the people it is required to serve. Lastly, the similarities between
private and public administration are the scope for improvement. It means both
public and private administrations feel that there is a large scope for improvement in
their action areas. Both try to grow with time.

The differences

The management of affairs by private individuals or bodies of individuals is private

administration while the management of affairs by central, state, or local government
is public administration. However, there are some basic differences between public
and private administration. Firstly, the differences are Political Direction. In public
administration, there is political direction. The administrators under public
administration have to carry out the orders that he gets from the political executive
with no option of their own. In addition, the profit motive. Public administration is
service-motivated while private administration is profit-motivated. If private
administration is useful to the public, its services to is a by-product of profit-making.
Lastly, social prestige. Public Administration carries greater social stature than
private administration. Community service is the basic characteristic of public
administration.

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DICHOTOMY BETWEEN POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION

Dichotomy meaning the difference between two ideas holds a very important
role in public administration. It allows the public worker to have their own choices to
believe what they want to believe as their political view. One of the most important
topics in the field of public administration for more than a century has been the
politics-administration dichotomy. Politics is a process by which groups of people
decide on political interests. They are chosen through a voting process that typically
involves many political parties. It is achieved to satisfy political interests. The
administration is a process by which groups of people make decisions on public
interests. To carry out the political decisions of the dominant government, they are
chosen by the government. In the public sector, politics and administration should
stay distinct, according to the concepts of political-administrative dichotomy. Wilson,
the person credited with developing administrative science, made it very clear that
politics and administration are two different areas of study. He did not completely
separate politics from the administration because he also stated that administration
is an integral part of political life and that social life is the only way to work with
corporate offices at this point. The focus of Wilson’s introduction of the dichotomy is
to free the administration from political interference and to highlight the independent
status of the administration. According to Max Weber one of the famous scholars on
this topic, the idea of separating is to avoid conflict of interest and maintain neutrality.
Besides that from point of view of David H. Rosenbloom, the idea that public
administration can be separated from politics is strange. He emphasizes their
inevitable connection, suggesting that this strategy would fail if politics and public
administration were kept apart.

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ROLES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Public administration plays a very important role in any country. The role of
public administration is changing from being a major provider of public services and
development to a promoter and facilitator of development. Public administrators set
up, manage, and supervise the organizations that regularize and control condition
community laws and statutes. As these agencies grow to meet the needs of the
community, public administrators act as special advisors to meet the interests and
needs of the public. The first role of public administration is to implement government
policy. Public administration plays an important role in translating politicians' ideas,
wishes, and policies into reality. The second is Providing Public services. Through its
agencies, the public sector offers a wide range of services directly or indirectly. Such
services include the provision of water, education, health, electricity, telephone,
postal, transport, public housing, immigration, and security services. The third is
Improving Service Delivery. Enhancing service delivery in terms of responsiveness,
quality, accessibility, usability, efficacy, and comfort. This can be achieved by
considering citizens as customer and success are measured in terms of citizens’
satisfaction. Next, promoting social change and economic development. Improving
the socio-economic status of citizens and alleviating poverty. Maintaining peace and
harmony. Public administration is a major force for bringing stability to society.
Monitoring and controlling private sector activities. Public administration also
regulates and controls private economic enterprises to meet the objectives of the
state. Besides that, Protecting the rights of workers in the industrial sector is
imperative for public administration to implement such laws to meet the requirements
of labour welfare. Scientific and technological developments bring new technologies
for administration such as the advancement of e-government. Economic planning or
Centralised economic planning has been pursued in many developing countries as a
method for socio-economic development. It requires many experts and elaborate
administrative machinery for plan formulation, implementation, monitoring, and
evaluation.

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TYPES OF BUREAUCRACY

The model of bureaucracy is complex institutions designed to accomplish

specific tasks. The fact is this organization is composed of human beings and it’s a
bit challenging to understand this topic. Sociologists also have developed several
models for understanding the process. The three different models sociologists are
the Weberian model, the acquisitive model, and the monopolistic model. The
Weberian model is the classic model of bureaucracy and is typically called the ideal
Weberian model, and it was developed by Max Weber, an early German sociologist.
He argued that the increasing complexity of life would increase the demands of
citizens for government services. Therefore, the ideal type of bureaucracy is the
Weberian model, one in which agencies are apolitical, hierarchically organized, and
governed by formal procedures. According to Weber, bureaucracy was necessary
and a positive human development. Sociologists think that bureaucracy does not
benefit the country’s administration but is more to develop alternate models to
explain how and why bureaucracies function. The next is an acquisitive model of
bureaucracy. This model proposes that bureaucracies are naturally competitive.
Then, proponents of the monopolistic model recognize the similarities between a
bureaucracy like the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and a private monopoly like a
regional power company. This organization is frequently criticized for waste, poor
service, and low client responsiveness.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN MALAYSIA

Development means changing something in a better position than the older

one. Here, the development is in the context of economic, special, socio-cultural,
community, etc. Development in this ultimate analysis is to improve the well-being of
the people, which is often measured in terms of providing facilities and services that
could give them a chance for a better life. Raising standards for a richer and more
varied life is essential to development. The essence of development administration is
to bring change through integrated, organized, and properly directed governmental
action. It is about raising the people's standard of living, improving their education
and health, and also opening new and equal opportunities for a richer and more
varied life. The World Development Report (1991) looks at several indexes of
development, to quote from the Report “the challenges of development in the
broader sense are to improve the quality of life. Especially in the worlds of poor
countries, a better quality of life generally calls for higher incomes but involves much
more. Modern development is characterized by technological innovations, which
have altered the nature of development and greatly complicated its objectives. The
computer, nuclear technology, and many other sophisticated precision technologies
have greatly influenced all aspects of society and human life, in the process of
development bureaucracy plays a pivotal role, whether it is local or national level
development.

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CONCLUSION

Public administration is a vital component of democratic governance

structures and cooperative group effort in a public setting covers all three branches-
executive, legislative, judicial, and their inter-relationships. They have an important
role in formulating and implementing public policy and thus are part of the
administrative process. In Gee Yun Eun's article, it has been stated that political and
administrative issues are among the most important issues in public administration
(Denhardt & Baker, 2007:121). Therefore, the political-administrative dichotomy is an
important part of the public administrative identity. Public administration is
significantly different from private administration because it was closely related to
various groups and private individuals in providing services to the community.
Inadequate funding, a need for these services that keep rising, contentious
expectations and goals, and inadequate resources are some of the difficulties faced
by public administration. Street-level bureaucrats must find a balance between
various interests and necessitate. We are of the view that the Malaysian public
service has assumed multiple roles in meeting the needs and expectations of the
public and other stakeholders. The civil service with the strength of its members has
taken on the role of consultant, controller, and facilitator. In addition, it also
determines the speed and the agent of national change in taking over this role, the
public service has to perform various tasks including delivering services, handling
public interests, public safety, and community programs. A state's social and
economic development is closely tied to the growth or evolution of public
administration in that country. The government and public administration are
transforming themselves to maximize public value. Therefore, different Organizations
participate in public administration. Every entity has a unique method for making
decisions. The process is often time-consuming and challenging.

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LIST PREFERENCE

1. Admin. (2022, May 9). Importance of public administration in society and state.
Retrieved from https://www.zambianguardian.com/importance-of-public-
administrationsociety/

2. Admin. (2022, November 2). Importance of public administration (Complete article).

Retrieved from https://www.zambianguardian.com/importance-of-public-
administration/

3. History. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-

administration/History

4. Pad 160. (2011, March 23). Retrieved from

https://bangktuah.blogspot.com/2011/03/pad-160.html

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