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    Lecture 5 The Respiratory System

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    mido_20067581
    This document describes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It outlines the major organs including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. It then provides details on the structures and functions of these organs, describing things like the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and respiratory zones such as the alveoli. It also discusses development of the respiratory system and aging effects.

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    Lecture 5 The Respiratory System

    Uploaded by

    mido_20067581
    20 views4 pages
    This document describes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It outlines the major organs including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. It then provides details on the structures and functions of these organs, describing things like the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and respiratory zones such as the alveoli. It also discusses development of the respiratory system and aging effects.

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    Lecture 5 the Respiratory System

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    This document describes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It outlines the major organs including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. It then provides details on the structures and functions of these organs, describing things like the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and respiratory zones such as the alveoli. It also discusses development of the respiratory system and aging effects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views4 pages

    Lecture 5 The Respiratory System

    Uploaded by

    mido_20067581
    This document describes the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It outlines the major organs including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. It then provides details on the structures and functions of these organs, describing things like the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and respiratory zones such as the alveoli. It also discusses development of the respiratory system and aging effects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Organs of the Respiratory system

    1. Nose
    2. Pharynx
    3. Larynx
    4. Trachea
    5. Bronchi
    6. Lungs – alveoli

    Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity

     Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface


     The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
     Moistens air
     Traps incoming foreign particles
     Lateral walls have projections called conchae
     Increases surface area
     Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity
     The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate
    1. Anterior hard palate (bone)
    2. Posterior soft palate (muscle)

    Paranasal Sinuses
     Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
    1. Frontal
    2. Sphenoid
    3. Ethmoid
    4. Maxillary

    Pharynx (Throat)
     Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
     Three regions of the pharynx
    1. Nasopharynx – superior region behind nasal cavity
    2. Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth
    3. Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to larynx
     The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food

    Structures of the Pharynx


     Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx
     Tonsils of the pharynx
    1. Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx
    2. Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
    3. Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
    Larynx (Voice Box)
     Routes air and food into proper channels
     Plays a role in speech
     Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

    Structures of the Larynx


    1 - Thyroid cartilage
    • Largest hyaline cartilage
    • Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
    2 - Epiglottis
    • Superior opening of the larynx
    • Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
    3 - Vocal cords (vocal folds)
    • Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)
    4 - Glottis – opening between vocal cords

    Trachea (Windpipe)
     Connects larynx with bronchi
     Lined with ciliated mucosa
     Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air
     Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
     Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

    Primary Bronchi
     Formed by division of the trachea
     Enters the lung at the hilus (medial depression)
     Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left
     Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

    Lungs

     Occupy most of the thoracic cavity


     Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
     Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)
     Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
     Left lung – two lobes
     Right lung – three lobes
    Coverings of the Lungs
    1. Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface
    2. Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
     Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

    Respiratory Tree Divisions


    1. Primary bronchi
    2. Secondary bronchi
    3. Tertiary bronchi
    4. Bronchioli
    5. Terminal bronchioli

    Bronchioles
     Smallest branches of the bronchi
     All but the smallest branches have reinforcing cartilage
     Terminal bronchioles end in alveoli

    Respiratory Zone
     Structures
    1. Respiratory bronchioli
    2. Alveolar duct
    3. Alveoli
     Site of gas exchange

    Alveoli
     Structure of alveoli
    1. Alveolar duct
    2. Alveolar sac
    3. Alveolus
     Gas exchange

    Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)


     Thin squamous epithelial layer lining alveolar walls
     Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli
    Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System

     Lungs are filled with fluid in the fetus


     Lungs are not fully inflated with air until two weeks after birth
     Surfactant that lowers alveolar surface tension is not present until late in fetal development and may not be present in
    premature babies
     Important birth defects
    1. Cystic fibrosis – oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
    2. Cleft palate

    Aging Effects

    1. Elasticity of lungs decreases


    2. Vital capacity decreases
    3. Blood oxygen levels decrease
    4. Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases
    5. More risks of respiratory tract infection

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