Research On

The Current Environment Regulations in Bangladesh to Protect

Environment: A Legal Study
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter-One
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Statement of the problem
1.3. Objects of the study
1.4. Scope of the study
1.5. Literature Review
1.6. Methodology
1.7. Conclusion

Chapter-Two
CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW REGARDING POLLUTION

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Meaning of pollution
2.3. An overview of environmental pollution in Bangladesh
2.4. Impacts of pollution in Bangladesh
2.5. Conclusion

Chapter-Three
 CAUSES OF POLLUTION IN BANGLADESH

3.1. Introduction
3.2. Causes of Environmental pollution for Industrial activities
3.3. Causes of Environmental pollution for Agricultural activities
3.4. Urbanization & inadequate infrastructure
3.5. Causes of Environmental pollution by vehicle
3.6. Causes of Environmental pollution for waste management and improper disposal of waste
3.7. Causes of environmental pollution for deforestation and loss of biodiversity
3.8. Conclusion

Chapter-Four
NATIONAL LEGAL; FRAMEWORK POLLUTION FOR PROCETCTING
ENVIRONMENT FROM POLLUTION

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Background

4.3. Existing environmental policies and regulations

4.3.1. The Environment Conservation Act, 1995

4.3.2 .The Environment Court Act, 2000

4.3.3 .The Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act 2012

4.3.4 .The Bangladesh Water Act, 2013

4.3.5 .The Bangladesh Biodiversity Act 2017

4.3.6 .The Bangladesh Environmental Impact Assessment (E 1993 (revised in 2018)

4.3.7 .The Bangladesh Noise Pollution Control Rules, 2006

 4.3.8. The Bangladesh Forest Act, 1927 (amended in 2019)

4.3.9. The Bangladesh Air Pollution Control Act, 2004

4.3.10. The Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997

4.4. Institutional frameworks and enforcement mechanisms

4.5. Challenges in policy implementation

4.6. International collaborations and agreements

4.7. Role of government, NGOs, and civil society

4.8. Conclusion

Chapter-Five

CASE STUDIES AND STATISTICS ON ENVIROMENTAL POLLUTION

IN BANGLADESH

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Case Laws

5.3. Finding

5.4. Recommendation

5.5. Conclusion

Chapter-One
 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Bangladesh, one of the world's poorest nations, faces a number of public health risks,
pollution, and natural calamities. The primary environmental limitations of the nation are its
vulnerability to periodic flooding, its deficient sanitation system, and its restricted
wastewater management infrastructure. The protection offered by this coastal strip has
decreased as a result of the Sundarbans being converted into rice paddies and shrimp ponds.
This has made flooding more likely, along with sedimentation in the western delta region.
Safety for people and animals is at risk due to high river flow rates during the monsoon in the
east and center of the Bay of Bengal. Pollution is being caused by the challenges associated
with establishing and sustaining sanitation networks in areas vulnerable to flooding, as
evidenced by 1.2. Background & Statement of the problem recent reports.
Before we get into the specific, let’s first understand the extant of the pollution related issues
this robust and dynamic country is facing.

1.2. Statement of the problem.

Bangladesh, a heavily populated nation in South Asia, is experiencing a serious environmental
catastrophe as a result of numerous types of pollution. Environmental pollution has negative
effects on ecosystems, public health, and sustainable development as a whole, which are
becoming more and more obvious. The purpose of this problem statement is to highlight the
main concerns of environmental degradation in Bangladesh.

i. Limited enforcement of existing environmental regulations poses a

significant challenge. Inadequate resources and manpower hinder the
effective monitoring and implementation of laws designed to protect the
environment.
ii. Rapid industrialization in Bangladesh has led to increased levels of
pollution, including air and water pollution. Many industries may not
 adhere strictly to emission standards, leading to adverse effects on both
public health and the environment.
iii. The current waste management infrastructure struggles to cope with the
volume of generated waste. Improper disposal of solid and hazardous
waste contributes to soil and water pollution, posing threats to ecosystems
and human health.
iv. Uncontrolled deforestation, often driven by urban expansion and
agricultural activities, results in the loss of valuable ecosystems. This leads
to a decline in biodiversity, impacting the delicate balance of local
ecosystems.
v. Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change,
including rising sea levels and extreme weather events. The existing
regulations may not comprehensively address the adaptation and
mitigation strategies necessary to combat these challenges.
vi. There is a need for increased public awareness regarding environmental
issues and the importance of sustainable practices. Lack of awareness
contributes to a limited sense of responsibility among the general
population.
vii. The integration of environmental considerations into development
planning remains a challenge. Striking a balance between economic
development and environmental sustainability is crucial but often proves
difficult.
viii. Effective environmental protection requires collaboration among
government agencies, businesses, NGOs, and local communities. The lack
of robust collaboration and stakeholder involvement hampers
comprehensive and coordinated efforts.

1.1.Object of the Study

The objectives of the study are:
 i. To examine the environment regulations in Bangladesh for protecting environment from
pollution
ii. To analyse the performance of the regulation for protecting environment
iii. To find out the loopholes in the contribution of the environment regulations in
Bangladesh for protecting environment from pollution
iv. To propose recommendations for improving the performance the environment regulations
in Bangladesh for protecting environment from pollution

1.4 Scope of the Study:

The scope of environmental regulations in Bangladesh includes:

The Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997, provide the legal framework for environmental
protection in Bangladesh. These rules cover various aspects of environmental protection,
including the management of hazardous substances, the disposal of industrial waste, and the
protection of sensitive areas like ecologically critical areas and wetlands.
Projects with potential environmental impacts are required to undergo an environmental impact
assessment, and the results of these assessments are considered in the decision-making process
for project approvals.
Bangladesh is vulnerable to climate change, and it has developed policies and regulations to
address climate change impacts, adaptation strategies, and the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions. The Department of Environment (DOE) is the primary regulatory body, and it is the
government that enacts environmental laws and regulations. Violations of environmental laws
and associated legal matters are handled by the Environmental Court.
Initiatives to bring local communities and the general public into the process of making
environmental decisions. Increasing public understanding of the value of environmental
preservation. Bangladesh is party to a number of international conventions and accords
pertaining to environmental preservation, including the Paris Climate Change Agreement, the
Ramras Convention on Wetlands, and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Protecting ecosystems, ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources, and ensuring the health
and welfare of the populace are the main goals of Bangladesh's environmental laws. These rules
are always changing to meet new environmental issues and bring them into line with global best
practices. To reduce their environmental effect and help create a more sustainable future,
companies, people, and organizations operating in Bangladesh must abide by these rules.

1.5. Literature Review:

A literature review on the current Environmental Regulations in Bangladesh to Protect
Environment typically encompass a comprehensive analysis of scholarly articles, books, and
journal that provide insights into various aspects of the Environmental Regulation. Following the
literature review outline of the current Environmental Regulations in Bangladesh to Protect
Environment.

The Water Pollution Control Act of 1974 is one of the primary laws governing water quality in
Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995, provides a legal framework
for controlling water pollution1.

The Bangladesh Clean Air Act of 2017 focuses on controlling and managing air pollution. 2 The
Department of Environment (DoE) plays a significant role in monitoring and regulating air
quality3.

The Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012, is a crucial law for the conservation of
biodiversity, including wildlife protection.

The Environment Conservation Rules, 1997, require industries to obtain Environmental

Clearance Certificates (ECC) to operate 4. The DoE monitors industrial emissions and effluents to
ensure compliance5.

The Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling, and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008,
govern the management of hazardous waste.
The Basel Convention and the Stockholm Convention are international agreements that
Bangladesh has ratified to address hazardous waste and persistent organic pollutants.
Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatory for various development projects to assess and
mitigate their environmental impacts. The EIA process is regulated by the Environmental
Conservation Rules, 1997.

1
Hazard, G. A. (2022). Global Arsenic Hazard: Ecotoxicology and Remediation Environmental Science and
Engineering. Springer Nature.
2
M.M. Rahman et al., 'Industrial Pollution and Its Health Effects in Dhaka, Bangladesh' (2018) 15 International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 1571
3
K.R. Smith et al., 'Air Pollution and the Burden of Disease in the Developing World' (2015) 8 Air Quality,
Atmosphere & Health 467,
4
Z.H. Khan et al., 'Urbanization, Poverty and Climate Change: The Case of Bangladesh' (2016) 73
International Journal of Environmental Studies 525.
5
Das et al., 'An Appraisal of Environmental Pollution and Mitigation Strategies in the Bangladesh Garment
Industry' (2018) 197 Journal of Cleaner Production 1592.
1.6.Methodology
The paper examines the cause of pollution in Bangladesh and solution in the case of
the massive pollution in Bangladesh. Thus, the methodology chosen for this study is
doctrinal, and the data used for the research is qualitative, which focuses on answers to
questions related to why or how a specific phenomenon may occur and how
spontaneously it occurs. This study design employs doctrinal technique, utilizing
qualitative data for content and case analysis, while maintaining an objective-positivist
perspective. It attempts to pinpoint Bangladesh's enormous pollution problem and how
authority jurisdiction affects public health and a clean environment. The foundation for
this study's execution was the gathering of data from numerous sources. Books,
journals, research papers, articles, and the Internet are the sources of the data. It also
comprises legislation studies and content analyses, which are frequently employed and
then as thoroughly studied and summarized as feasible throughout this magazine.

1.7. Conclusion

Bangladesh is currently facing a serious and pervasive pollution threat. The nation in South Asia
has rapidly become more industrialized and urbanized, leading to a significant rise in various
forms of pollution that are detrimental to the environment and public health. Prioritizing
comprehensive and long-term solutions is imperative for Bangladesh to tackle the escalating
pollution crisis. Improving waste management systems, supporting renewable energy sources,
and putting strict environmental regulations into place and enforcing them are important steps in
reducing pollution. If Bangladesh is to prevent the pollution crisis from getting worse, it must
prioritize comprehensive and long-lasting remedies. This involves encouraging participation in
the community and public awareness. Improving waste management systems, supporting
renewable energy sources, and putting strict environmental regulations into place and enforcing
them are important steps in reducing pollution. Increasing community involvement and public
awareness will be necessary to foster a common commitment to environmental protection. In
conclusion, pollution poses a serious threat to Bangladesh, affecting the general health,
biodiversity, and economic well-being of the populace. Immediate and concerted action is
needed to combat pollution and safeguard the nation's environment and future. Bangladesh has
the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution and create a more sustainable and eco-
friendly future by adopting sustainable practices, adhering to regulations, and cultivating
international connections. Be crucial in fostering a collective commitment to environmental
preservation.

C
hapter-Two
CONCENTUAL OVERVIEW REGARDING POLLUTION

2.1. Introduction
One of the most pressing problems of the twenty-first century is environmental pollution, which
endangers biodiversity, ecosystems, and public health. Although Bangladesh already has
significant environmental problems, those problems have been made worse by fast urbanization,
industrialization, and population growth. These environmental concerns are complex because of
their interconnections. But now they have to be viewed as linked threats to the nation's long-term
sustainable growth, not as discrete problems affecting individual companies. The poisoning of
the air, water, and soil is the main topic of this study. Despite their differences in origin, impact,
and possible solutions, all three significantly contribute to Bangladesh's environmental
degradation, which has detrimental impacts on ecosystems and human health.

2.2. Meaning of Pollution

One of the most serious dangers that our world is currently facing. Pollution of the environment
is a worldwide problem that impacts people everywhere. It is happening in a variety of ways,
such as impacting the water resources we use for many uses or the air we breathe. An increase in
carbon dioxide levels and other pollutants that contaminate the air and cause respiratory
discomfort and skin illnesses in humans are what led to the creation of air pollution. Speaking to
the other point, life cannot exist without water. Rapid urbanization, industrial development, and
other factors are contaminating water bodies and making them unfit for drinking or other uses.
Humans can contract ailments including asthma, numerous skin conditions, cancer, and other
illnesses as a result of air pollution. Thus, it is imperative that significant action be taken
immediately to drastically reduce pollution. Personal actions that we can take to lessen our
impact on the environment include using public transportation or carpooling to minimize vehicle
emissions, avoiding firecrackers during festivals and celebrations to reduce air and noise
pollution, avoiding the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which can pollute both water and soil,
and switching to organic farming. Strict laws and restrictions can also be implemented by the
government to reduce industrial pollution. In conclusion, pollution of any kind has a negative
impact on the environment and can have detrimental effects such as uneven climate change and
global warming. Animals lose their innocent lives as a result of human greed and illicit activity.
It is now necessary for us to work together to preserve and safeguard the environment for both
the current and upcoming generations.6

2.3. An overview of environmental pollution in Bangladesh

An organism's surroundings are its habitat. An organism's habitat is made up of several elements
such as air, water, land, etc. These elements are present in the environment in predetermined
ratios to provide a harmonious balance for the organism to exist in. Pollution can be defined as
any unwanted and undesired change in the ratios of these components. The severity of this
problem is growing yearly. It's a problem that leads to social, medical, and financial difficulties.
In order to eliminate the negative impacts that the environmental issue, which is becoming worse
every day, has on both humanity and the world, it must be tackled.7

The issue of adequate housing and unclean living circumstances has consistently grown as a
result of the growth of industries and the movement of people from rural to urban areas in quest
of work. These explanations have led to the emergence of pollution-causing elements. There are
some categories of environmental pollution:

6
Puri, N. (2023, November 4). Essay on Pollution: Elements, Type, Format & Samples | Leverage Edu.
Leverage Edu. https://leverageedu.com/blog/essay-on-
7
https://www.vedantu.com/english/environmental-pollution-essay
Air: When harmful substances are found in our air at levels higher than those considered safe for
both ecosystems and human health, the air is said to be polluted. 8 Primary pollutants are released
directly from recognizable sources such autos, factories, power plants, and trash burning.
Particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide
(SO2) are a few examples. Chemical reactions between primary pollutants in the atmosphere
result in secondary pollutants like ground-level ozone (O3).

Water: Rivers, lakes, groundwater, and the ocean are just a few examples of the bodies of water
that could get contaminated and endanger the life that depends on them. Heavy metals from
industrial effluents, plastic waste, nutrients from agricultural runoff, and pathogens from sewage
are examples of common contaminants.9 Water pollution is a serious issue in Bangladesh.
Industrial waste, urban garbage, and agricultural runoff have seriously contaminated a large
number of rivers and other water bodies. Another significant problem is that naturally occurring
arsenic has the potential to contaminate groundwater.

Soil: Hazardous concentrations of pollutants in the soil can lead to soil contamination. These
substances may come from garbage dumps, agrochemicals, oil spills, and industrial emissions.
Contamination of the soil can harm a variety of organisms, impede the growth of plants, and get
into the food chain.10 In Bangladesh, improper garbage disposal, industrial activities, and overuse
of pesticides are the main sources of contaminated soil. Because heavy metal contamination is
permanent and harmful, it is especially worrying. Lead and chrome are two examples. 11

2.4. Impacts of pollution in Bangladesh

Bangladesh's economic development and public health are at risk due to extreme environmental
contamination. Children in cities are primarily affected by air pollution. The danger to health
posed by indoor air pollution is higher than that of outside air pollution. If indoor air pollution in
8
Envirocomp. https://www.envirocomp.org/beta/books/chapters/1aap.pdf (Accessed: 23 July 2023).
9
Chaudhry, F. Nn, and M. F. Malik. "Factors affecting water pollution: a review." J. Ecosyst. Ecography 7, no. 1
(2017): 225-231.
10
Author links open a panel overlay The authors of Abstract are M.L.One could argue that when located outside of
its typical environment or in concentrations above normal, all matter, regardless of its form, has the potential to
become a contaminant. However, the third edition of Chemical Contaminants, Environmental and Pollution Science
was published in 2019. The article is accessible at:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128147191000124. (Retrieved: July 24, 2023).
11
Straalen, N.M. van Assessment of soil contamination – A functional perspective - biodegradation, SpringerLink.
Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1016398018140 (Accessed: 24 July 2023).
four major cities can be brought down to tolerable levels, Bangladesh might save between 200
and 500 million dollars annually and avert 10,000 lives. Inhaling smoke can immediately result
in headache, dizziness, burning eyes, sneezing, nausea, fatigue, coughing, and other symptoms.
In the long run, it may result in bronchitis and asthma. Lead damages the kidney and liver,
causing liver cancer and cirrhosis, as well as the neurological, reproductive, and circulatory
systems. An unborn child's growth and brain development are hampered by carbon monoxide.
Pneumonia and bronchitis are caused by nitrogen oxides. Industrial emissions cause different
waterborne disease and damage to health. Arsenic poisoning is slow and cumulative. It causes
melanosis, kurtosis and conjunctivitis. Subsequently respiratory problem, gangrene, skin, kidney and
lung cancer would arise. The Arsenic effect not only causes serious health hazards but also creates a
widespread social problem. The inadequate sanitation facilities also pose a serious health threat in
Bangladesh. Numerous aquatic illnesses and health problems are brought on by industrial pollutants.
Poisoning with arsenic is gradual and cumulative. Melanosis, kurtosis, and conjunctivitis are brought on
by it. Lung cancer, gangrene, skin, renal, and respiratory issues would thereafter develop. The arsenic
effect not only produces major health risks but also a pervasive societal issue. Bangladesh's poor
sanitary infrastructure is also a major health risk.12

2.5. Conclusion
A healthy environment is crucial to ensuring that individuals can meet their basic needs for
survival. Bangladesh is the world's most populous country and the sixth most densely inhabited
in the world. The three main abiotic elements of the environment—soil, water, and air—must be
taken into account for any national development. However, because of pollution issues brought
on by the country's rapid industrialization and population increase, Bangladesh is experiencing
severe environmental deterioration as a result of its disregard for the environment. The state of
environmental degradation in the present times is terrible. Pollution of the environment has a
negative impact on people's ability to live healthy lives and to survive. More actions should be
made to reduce environmental pollution, even though the government and the Department of
Environment (DoE), which sets policy, have taken some. In such cases, sector-specific
management systems and the implementation of laws to minimize pollution of the air, water, and

12
https://me.buet.ac.bd/icme/icme2009/Proceedings/PDF/ICME09-RT-19.pdf
soil as well as to guarantee the management of solid waste, shall be effective. For effective
decision-making, policymakers also need to be more involved in and knowledgeable about
environmental issues. The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development's message
is one that we should heed. Environmental issues need to be viewed from this angle in order to
be handled since they are an essential component of social integration and the greater social
framework. There can be no reduction of environmental concerns without appropriate laws
implementation and law enforcement. There is a need for environmental awareness campaigns
among the populace because many do not completely understand the value of protecting the
environment. In this regard, civil society participation in environmental development and raising
environmental awareness is equally crucial. Bangladesh is also among the nation’s most
susceptible to natural and man-made disasters, climate change, sea level rise, and global
warming because it is a low-lying nation. Degradation of the environment has also raised the
prospect of more dire circumstances for the nation. Therefore, it is imperative that the required
actions (preventive, precautionary, and corrective measures) be taken as soon as possible to
enhance Bangladesh's environmental quality.13

Chapter-Three

CAUSES OF POLLUTION IN BANGLADESH

3.1. Introduction

Pollution of the environment has existed for as long as civilization. In the past few decades, it
has grown to be a significant worry. It is actually a byproduct of civilization's advancement and a
cost of progress. When it comes to Bangladesh, it is more likely. The primary sources of air
pollution in Bangladesh are fossil fuel combustion, industrial discharge, and automobile
13
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, ȃEnvironmental degradation and social integration,Ȅ
UNRISD ”riefing Paper No. 3, World Summit for Social Development, Nov. 1994.
emissions. Bangladesh's water supply is now seriously contaminated with arsenic, and improper
handling of solid waste and industrial effluent poses a health risk.

One of humanity's greatest enemies now is pollution. The 19th century's industrial revolution
caused environmental devastation. Nowadays, pollution is a greater global concern than a
nuclear explosion. With its overwhelming power over nature, technological growth has brought
about profound transformations in country economies and lifestyles. The preservation of the
environment has grown in importance globally for both human welfare and economic growth.

Bangladesh's current environmental state is far from balanced. Bangladesh's ecosystems,

population health, and economic progress are all at risk due to extreme pollution of the air,
water, and noise. Growing populations, the use of fossil fuels, industrialization, and the ensuing
14
motorization all contribute to air pollution. The contamination of water brought on by
industrialization. Bangladesh's subterranean water is contaminated with arsenic. Bangladesh's
main city dwellers are likewise subjected to excessive levels of noise pollution. Bangladesh's
environmental degradation is partly a result of poverty, population growth, and a lack of
knowledge about the issue. Deforestation, wetlands degradation, soil erosion, and natural
disasters are some of its manifestations.

3.2. Causes of Environmental pollution for Industrial activities

Bangladesh's manufacturing sector, which produces textiles, tanneries, shipbuilding, and brick
kilns among many other things, is a major contributor to the country's overall pollution
problem.15 Industrial operations generate a significant amount of garbage, which is usually
thrown into the environment without being properly treated. The textile industry, which employs
a lot of chemicals and water, for example, in the dyeing and finishing processes, is Bangladesh's
largest industrial sector. Untreated effluents from these processes are dumped often into rivers,

14
CVA, K. (2017). https://www.medwinpublishers.com/JOBD/JOBD16000139.pdf. Journal of Orthopedics &
Bone Disorders, 1(7). https://doi.org/10.23880/jobd-16000139

15
Environmental pollution of bangladesh - it’s effect and control. Available at:
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTION-OF-BANGLADESH-IT
%27SEFFECT-Alam/be9be51f148c11ad7235bb6841a35a78eb91c14b (Accessed: 24 July 2023).
where they can cause significant water pollution. Emissions from industrial processes also have a
major role in air pollution.

Brick kilns, which are frequently found outside of cities, are a significant producer of particulate
matter and sulfur dioxide. The majority of these kilns use antiquated, energy-inefficient
machinery, which exacerbates their harmful effects on the environment.

3.3. Causes of Environmental pollution for Agricultural activities

One of the most populated countries in the world, Bangladesh, is known for its intensive
farming, which contributes to pollution in the country's agricultural. Bangladesh is among the
countries in the world with the densest population. This industry makes extensive use of
chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides—many of which pollute soil and water and
negatively affect the environment.16 Rivers and lakes may experience dangerous algal blooms
that lower oxygen levels and jeopardize aquatic life due to eutrophication brought on by
agricultural field runoff. One of the harmful side effects of the widespread use of agricultural
chemicals is soil pollution, which occurs when chemical residues ruin the biota that lives in the
soil and alter its chemistry.17
3.4. Urbanization & inadequate infrastructure
Bangladesh's rapid urbanization, which is particularly evident in cities like Dhaka and
Chittagong, is another significant factor causing the pollution problem in the nation. This growth,
which has often been unplanned and unregulated, has led to numerous environmental problems.
The dense population and often-inadequate infrastructure make pollution worse in metropolitan
areas.18For example, poor sanitation infrastructure can cause untreated sewage to leak into
waterways, posing a risk to the environment and human health. Additionally, trash management
firms find it difficult to keep up with the volume of waste produced on a regular basis. This
frequently results in the burning or reckless dumping of waste, which both worsen air, water, and
land pollution.

16
1 Author links open overlay panelSanzidur Rahman and others, ‘Farm-Level Pesticide Use in Bangladesh:
Determinants and Awareness’ (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 15 October 2002)
<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880902000890> accessed 24 July 2023 .
17
2023 32 Dasgupta S, Meisner C and Huq M, ‘Health Effects and Pesticide Perception as Determinants of Pesticide
Use : Evidence from Bangladesh’ (Open Knowledge Repository)
<https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8572> accessed 24 July 2023.

18
Ahmed, Md Faysal, and Md Shahidul Islam. "Urbanization and environmental problem: An empirical study in
Sylhet City, Bangladesh." Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (2014): 161-172.
The building processes associated with urban expansion generate dust and other particulates,
exacerbating the state of the air. 19 Meanwhile, the loss of green spaces brought about by urban
expansion affects the ability of the urban environment to naturally reduce pollutants.

3.5. Causes of Environmental pollution by vehicle

A significant amount of Bangladesh's air pollution is caused by the transportation sector,
especially in urban areas. Vehicle emissions, which come from automobiles, motorbikes, buses,
and three-wheelers, are the main source of air pollutants like particulate matter, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides.20 Each of these car classifications is included in this.
Bangladesh's high levels of air pollution are partly caused by the antiquated equipment and poor
maintenance of many of its cars. Moreover, vehicular pollution is exacerbated by traffic
congestion, a problem in cities like Dhaka.

3.6. Causes of Environmental pollution for waste management and improper

disposal of waste
A sizable portion of Bangladesh suffers from inadequate waste management. The regular
ineffective handling of garbage, both hazardous and solid, is the cause of serious contamination.
Residential and small business trash as well as street sweeper rubbish are all considered
municipal solid waste. Soil and water pollution results from the regular disposal of municipal
solid waste in open spaces or bodies of water.21

The common practice of burning rubbish outside is another thing that pollutes the air. Particular
difficulties arise when treating hazardous waste, which can include technical, medicinal, and

19
4(Urbanization and sustainability challenges in Dhaka City, Bangladesh ...)
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319088043_Urbanization_and_sustainability_challenges_in_Dh
aka_city_Bangladesh> accessed 24 July 2023.
20
5 (Environmental pollution of bangladesh - it’s effect and control)
<https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ENVIRONMENTAL-POLLUTION-OF-BANGLADESH-IT%27S-
EFFECTAlam/be9be51f148c11ad7235bb6841a35a78eb91c14b> accessed 24 July 2023.
21
(Municipal Waste Management and environmental hazards in Bangladesh ...)
<https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Municipal-Waste-Management-and-Environmental-in-HasanChowdhury/
8b478361cace441baa333c9048c949aac5d5d6cd> accessed 24 July 2023
industrial waste. These wastes typically contain hazardous substances, therefore they need to be
managed and disposed of carefully to avoid adding to pollution. However, hazardous disposal
methods are employed since there are insufficient facilities for handling and disposing of
hazardous waste.

3.7. Causes of environmental pollution for deforestation and loss of

biodiversity

Deforestation is a major source of pollution in Bangladesh and is primarily caused by

urbanization, logging, and increased agricultural production. Forests are essential to the process
of pollution control because they can absorb carbon dioxide, stop soil erosion, and filter water.
The loss of forests has a compounding effect on pollution and climate change.

Deforestation also reduces biodiversity, which disrupts ecosystems and the essential services
they provide, such as regulating climate, cycling nutrients, and filtering water. 22 The removal of
leaf litter, which feeds the soil, and tree roots, which help to stabilize it, can also cause
degradation of the soil. This could lead to increased runoff and soil erosion, both of which could
contaminate water sources.23

3.8. Conclusion
Because of the effects, they have on Bangladesh's development and public health, environmental
issues have grown to be serious concerns. The primary sources of environmental pollution in
Bangladesh are solid waste pollution, noise pollution, air and water pollution, and groundwater
contamination. Among the world's most polluted cities is Dhaka City. Population growth,
urbanization, industrialization, the fast expansion of transportation, poor and improper traffic

22
8 Hasnat, G. T., Md Alamgir Kabir, and Md Akhter Hossain. "Major environmental issues and problems of South
Asia, particularly Bangladesh." Handbook of environmental materials management (2018): 1-40. 39 Irshad A, ‘The
Impact of Environmental Degradation on Women in Bangladesh: An Overview’ (Asian Affairs, 5 November 2022)
23
Irshad A, ‘The Impact of Environmental Degradation on Women in Bangladesh: An Overview’ (Asian Affairs, 5
November 2022)
<https://www.academia.edu/1622784/THE_IMPACT_OF_ENVIRONMENTAL_DEGRADATION_ON_WO
MEN_IN_BANGLADESH_AN_OVERVIEW> accessed 24 July 2023
management, inadequate sanitation systems, and ineffective solid waste management are the
main causes of environmental problems.

The primary causes of air pollution in urban areas from transportation systems are automobile
emissions, fossil fuel combustion, low lead gasoline use, high sulfur diesel, an increase in two-
stroke engine use, and generally inadequate traffic management. Industries pollute the air and
water by releasing smoke into the atmosphere, managing solid waste improperly, and disposing
of untreated wastewater into rivers, lakes, and groundwater. For Bangladesh, the contamination
of groundwater with arsenic has turned into a serious crisis. In the nation, one of the biggest
health risks is noise pollution. In Bangladesh, it is a significant problem that is often ignored.
Bangladesh's environmental pollution must be reduced, and this requires action from the
government and other organizations.

Chapter-Four
NATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK POLLUTION FOR
PROCETCTING ENVIRONMENT FROM POLLUTION

4.1. Introduction
The ongoing contamination of the environment is one of the main causes of climate change,
which endangers life, as we know it. The public's increased awareness of environmental risks
over the past few decades, fueled by scientists' warnings, has resulted in calls for legislation to
safeguard the natural environments that are essential to human survival. Governments started to
show concern for the overall condition of the environment in the 1960s because of mounting
pressure from domestic and international public opinion. They then introduced laws to reduce
environmental pollution and advance sustainable development.24 In order to better protect their

24
Mohammad Ali, “Status of Environmental Legislation in Bangladesh”, The Chittagong University Journal of Law,
Vol. 2: 1997, p. 59.
citizens' quality of life, they also established ministries or environmental agencies at the same
time.
Bangladesh is among the States most vulnerable to environmental degradation because of the
immediate threat posed by climate change and the daily expenses associated with declining
living conditions. It is impossible to address the urgent environmental needs without a strong
legal framework and appropriate application of the law. Currently, there are roughly 200 laws
and by-laws addressing substantive and procedural rules in Bangladesh, according to research on
legislation relevant to the environment. 25 However, the ecosystem and all of its components have
not been able to survive despite the existence of these rules.

4.2. Background

Natural riches and beauty abound in Bangladesh. It is referred to be the "Queen of the Universe" for
this reason. However, the world's environmental stability and wealth are in jeopardy due to the
processes of industrialization and urbanization. This is the reason that numerous environmental
regulations have been passed on occasion. The history of our nation and environmental law are
interrelated. There are currently at least 200 statutes in various names that address environmental
protection. Three distinct periods can be identified in the development of environmental legislation. 26
Which are:

1. The British Empire

2. The regime in Pakistan
3. The regime in Bangladesh.

Period of British
Bangladesh inherited a legal system that the British had instituted in the 19th and 20th
centuries. The fundamental framework of the system is based on common law systems that
supported the idea of feudal ownership and allocation with total control over rent setting and
receipt. The feudal Lords held enormous resource bases, such as forests and fisheries, which
25
Dr. Mohiuddin Farooque and Dr. Saleemul Huq, “Regulatory Framework and Some Examples of Environmental
Contamination in Bangladesh”, In S. Rizwana Hasan (ed.), Selected Writings of Mohiuddin Farooque:
Environmental Order & The Security of Survival, (BELA), 2004, p. 20.

26
Rahman, A., & Hassan, M. M. (2015, November 29). CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND ITS LEGAL
FRAMWORK IN BANGLADESH: A HUMAN RIGHTS BASED APPROACH. www.academia.edu.
https://www.academia.edu/4196921/CONSERVATION_OF_ENVIRONMENT_AND_ITS_LEGAL_FRAMWOR
K_IN_BANGLADESH_A_HUMAN_RIGHTS_BASED_APPROACH
were settled under the permanent settlement regulation in 1793. The goal of tendril strategy was
to maximize economic return on resources as quickly as possible. As a result, practically all
resources could be transferred to private ownership for a set annual rent that would be due on a
set day. During this regime, about 59 laws were passed. The first environmental Act of this phase
was the Fatal Accidents Act of 1855. Some Other environment related laws passed in this regime
are
1. The irrigation Act-1876,
2. The private fisheries protection Act 1889,
3. The public parks Act 1904,
4. The smoke nuisance Act 1905,
5. The juvenile smoking Act 1919,
6. The Forest Act 1927,
7. The coalmine labor welfare Act 1947 was the last law about environment in this
regime

Period of Pakistan (1947–1971)

In 1947, the British rulers gave the Pakistani government control over the destiny of the people
living in Bangladesh. 39 laws pertaining to the environment were passed during that time. The
first legislation from this era was the State Acquisition Act of 1950. The government purchased
the estates held by the landlords as a result of this Act, which ended the feudal system. The
owners of different resource titles became state tenants. Some other laws relating to environment
in this regime are-
1. The protection and Preservation offish Act l950,
2. The Embankment and drainage Act 1959,
3. The pure food Ordinance 1959,
4. The government Fisheries Ordinance 1959,
5. The private Forest Ordinance 1959,
6. The Agricultural pesticides ordinance 1971 was the last law relating
To environment in this regime.
During this period the development of Environmental law was not
Satisfactory.
Due to:
 a. Political unrest;
b. Government discrimination against the people of East Pakistan;
c. Disregard for the environment,
d. The absence of public initiatives,
e. Insufficient technical and advanced environmental knowledge
f. Concern for the preservation and protection of the environment was not as widespread as it is
today.

Period of Bangladesh (1971–present)

A healthy environment has become extremely difficult to maintain in Bangladesh as a result of
the country's pressing need for rapid industrial and economic growth. We have at least 143 Acts,
Ordinances, Orders, and Rules with one Environment Policy since Bangladesh gained its
independence. In the 1970s, the creation of international environmental law got underway in
earnest. In light of this, the Environment Pollution Control Ordinance of 1977 and the
Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) Order of 1973 were passed. The Bangladesh Environment
Policy, which established policy guidelines for 15 major sectors, was formulated in 1992. Then,
in order to guarantee an environment justice system, the Bangladesh Environment Conservation.

4.3. Existing environmental policies and regulations

4.3.1. The Environment Conservation Act, 1995

This Act greatly aids in both the prosecution of crimes that contribute to environmental
degradation and the enforcement of environmental regulations. 27 The legislation creates the
foundation for Environment Courts, allowing for quick and effective legal action against
violations related to the environment, such as pollution. Serving as a powerful enforcement
instrument for Bangladesh's environmental legislation, the court has the authority to consider
cases involving any violations of the Act or the rules that have been enacted in accordance with
it. In order to minimize pollution and promote a generally healthier environment, the law
establishes a robust framework for the implementation of environmental regulations. 28

4.3.2 .The Environment Court Act, 2000

27
The prosecution of offenses that
contribute to environmental deterioration and the enforcement of environmental laws
are both significantly aided by this Act.44
28
Ibid
An important legal framework that was developed in several countries to handle environmental
disputes and issues is the Environment Court Act (2000, commonly referred to as the ECA). The
Act establishes the Environment Court as a specialist court. This court ensures that
environmental laws and regulations are faithfully implemented and acts as a unique forum for the
resolution of environmental issues. The judges on the court are well-informed and have a
thorough understanding of both environmental law and related legal theories. The Environment
Court is empowered by the legislation to hear and rule on cases pertaining to environmental
planning, resource management, land use, and any other possible environmental issues.
It seeks to achieve a balance between environmental protection and economic growth by
encouraging ecologically conscious behavior and reducing the possibility of negative
consequences on ecosystems and natural resources. The Environment Court Act facilitates public
participation by allowing affected parties, organizations, and individuals to voice their concerns
and testify in court. This is done in order to assist the court in understanding the relevant issues.
Ensuring transparency and accountability in environmental decision-making processes is made
easier with this method.

4.3.3. The Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act 2012

This piece of legislation intends to preserve Bangladesh's flora and fauna by shielding it from
different risks, such as the destruction of its environment caused by pollution. In addition to
other measures for the protection, conservation, security, and management of wildlife, the
law29includes rules for the designation of protected areas, hunting laws, and measures to address
the illegal wildlife trade. These clauses provide provisions for wildlife management. Protecting
and maintaining the natural environment has a loose connection to pollution control because it is
one way to mitigate the consequences of many forms of pollution.

4.3.4. The Bangladesh Water Act, 2013

The Act establishes the fundamental guidelines for the efficient administration, preservation,
collection, handling, and utilization of water resources within the United States. The text
highlights the vital role that easily accessible fresh water plays in protecting the environment and
human health, while also attempting to tackle the issues caused by water contamination. The
law30 includes regulations that limit the release of pollutants into water bodies in an effort to
prevent and minimize water pollution. The primary aim of the law is to prevent water
contamination. Therefore, the law31 has a direct impact on Bangladesh's approach to managing

29
46 (Wildlife (conservation and security) act, 2012)
&lt;https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/document/bgd/2012/wildlife_conservation_and_security_act_html/
Wildlife_Act_2012_English.pdf&gt; accessed 24 July 2023.
30
‘Bangladesh Water Act, 2013 (Act No. 14 of 2013).’ (Bangladesh Water Act, 2013 (Act No. 14 of 2013). UNEP
Law and Environment Assistance Platform) &lt;https://leap.unep.org/countries/bd/national-
legislation/bangladesh-water-act-2013-act-no-14-2013&gt; accessed 24 July 2023.
31
Ibid
water pollution, which is a step in the right direction toward the goal of ensuring clean water for
all living forms.

4.3.5. The Bangladesh Biodiversity Act 2017

Any environment that can support life needs biodiversity, which this law is essential for
maintaining.32 The responsible management and conservation of biodiversity, as well as the
equitable and fair distribution of the benefits resulting from genetic resources, are among the
objectives of this Act. Because ecosystems depend on one another, pollution can cause
biodiversity to decline, which makes pollution a bigger issue. Therefore, the rules put in place by
this Act contribute to the indirect reduction of pollution by maintaining biological diversity and
enhancing the resilience and overall health of natural ecosystems.

4.3.6. The Bangladesh Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines,

1993 (revised in 2018)
The EIA Guidelines offer a framework for predicting and evaluating any potential harm that a
proposed building project might cause to the environment. Preventing and reducing any potential
negative effects that development operations may have is the main goal of the guidelines. 33 It
takes into account variables like soil, water, and air pollution, as well as the consequences on
native species and the habitats they occupy. An essential preventive measure for controlling
pollution in Bangladesh is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) method, which ensures
that development projects consider their potential for pollution and their impact on the
environment before being permitted.

4.3.7. The Bangladesh Noise Pollution Control Rules, 2006

One aspect of environmental quality that is frequently disregarded is noise pollution, particularly
in urban areas. By establishing maximum allowable noise levels for different times of the day
and for different zones (such as residential, business, and quiet zones), these rules seek to reduce
environmental noise pollution. It includes duties and specifications for reducing noise pollution
from many sources, including automobile traffic, construction sites, and loudspeakers. These
limitations were put in place by the government 34 because it aims to lessen the negative
impactsthat noise pollution has on people's health and wellness.

32
‘Access Information on Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ (InforMEA)
&lt;https://www.informea.org/en/legislation/bangladesh-biodiversity-act-2017-act-no-ii&gt; accessed 24 July
2023
33
The Bangladesh Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines, 1993 (revised in 2018)
34
‘Looking into the Noise Pollution (Control) Rules’ (The Daily Star, 30 December 2019)
&lt;https://www.thedailystar.net/law-our-rights/news/looking-the-noise-pollution-control-rules-1847602&gt;
accessed 24 July 2023
 4.3.8. The Bangladesh Forest Act, 1927 (amended in 2019)
This established statute provides the legal basis for the conservation and advancement of
Bangladesh's forests. The fact that forests act as "carbon sinks" and absorb CO2 that would
otherwise contribute to global warming is one of the most important ways that they reduce air
pollution. Although the act35 does not directly address the issue of pollution, it indirectly helps to
reduce pollution by encouraging the preservation and expansion of forested areas. Consequently,
it plays a major role in protecting biodiversity and lessening the consequences of climate change,
both of which aid in the management of pollution.

4.3.9. The Bangladesh Air Pollution Control Act, 2004

One of the most severe and dangerous forms of pollution is air pollution, which is the specific
focus of this regulation. It provides mechanisms for the monitoring, management, and reporting
of air pollutants in order to achieve its goals of preventing, controlling, and reducing air
pollution. The laws specify36 the maximum emissions levels allowed for various types of
businesses, the requirements for maintaining air quality, and the penalties for violating the
limitations. The act is vital for preserving Bangladesh's air quality and public health since it
restricts the release of pollutants into the atmosphere.

4.3.10. The Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997

The guidelines for implementing the obligations of the Environmental Conservation Act are
found in its regulations. For a variety of environmental preservation techniques, 37 such as waste
management, emission limitations, noise pollution, and industrial pollution, they provide
comprehensive guidelines and recommendations.
These regulations will directly support Bangladesh's efforts to combat pollution by establishing
mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing compliance with environmental requirements. They
greatly aid in lowering pollution and maintaining Bangladesh's ecological balance by
establishing rules and laws for environmental conservation. As a result, Bangladesh benefits
from environmental sustainability.

4.4. Institutional frameworks and enforcement mechanisms

35
(The forest act, 1927 - laws in Bangladesh) &lt;http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-144.html&gt; accessed 24
July 2023
36
The Bangladesh Air Pollution Control Act, 2004.
37
The Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997
The Department of Environment (DoE) within the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and
Climate Change (MoEFCC)38 is the main regulatory body responsible for pollution control and
environmental protection in Bangladesh. The Department of the Environment is responsible for
drafting and enforcing environmental laws, assessing how decisions will impact the
environment, monitoring pollution, and educating the public about environmental issues.
Because it operates at the district, divisional, and federal levels, the DoE has a national reach.
DoE has the power to force39 closure of significant manufacturing industries, In addition to
pollution, polluters are also subject to fines and jail terms. In order to enhance enforcement
capabilities by expediting the prosecution of environmental law violations, the Environment
Court Act of 201040 established specialized Environmental Courts.
Numerous ministries and organizations, such as the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of
Agriculture, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, and city corporations, share
responsibility for environmental protection.

4.5. Challenges in policy implementation

The Republic of Bangladesh has a strong legal framework in place to protect the environment,
but there are a lot of obstacles that prevent these laws from being applied consistently. One of the
most important issues is the lack of enforcement. Numerous factors, including a lack of
personnel, insufficient technological know-how, corruption, and political interference, can be
connected to this.
Another significant problem is the general lack of public awareness of environmental
regulations41 and the importance of environmental conservation. Less enforcement is required as
a result, which encourages disobedience. The situation is made worse by the fact that many
individuals and groups, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises and farms, are unable to
follow environmental regulations.
Additionally, there are problems with the laws themselves. Some laws are out of date and don't
address modern pollution problems adequately. Others may be unclear, in conflict with one
another, or overlap, which calls into question the boundaries of enforcement and roles. In

38
Ministry of Environment&nbsp; Forests and Climate Change, ‘Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016’ (CAG)
&lt;https://www.cag.org.in/database/solid-waste-management-rules-2016&gt; accessed 24 July 2023
39
Sakamoto, Maiko, Tofayel Ahmed, Salma Begum, and Hamidul Huq. "Water pollution and the textile industry
in Bangladesh: flawed corporate practices or restrictive opportunities?." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (2019): 1951.
40
(Assessment of the legal framework regulating waste ... - researchgate)
&lt;https://www.researchgate.net/profile/KhanShovon/publication/
361407004_Assessment_of_the_Legal_Framework_Regulating_Waste_Management_in_Bangladesh/links/
62aea6cd23f3283e3af400e0/Assessment-of-the-Legal-Framework-Regulating-Waste-Management-in-
Bangladesh.pdf&gt; accessed 24 July 2023.
41
Hossain MM and others, ‘Contributing Barriers to Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility
Practices in a Developing Country: A Stakeholder Perspective’ (Sustainability Accounting, Management and
Policy Journal, 3 May 2016) &lt;https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/SAMPJ-09-2014-
0056/full/html&gt; accessed 24 July 2023
addition, inconsistent and ineffectual enforcement of environmental protection policies can result
from inadequate coordination between the various government departments involved.

4.6. International collaborations and agreements

Bangladesh has demonstrated its commitment to working with the international community to
find solutions to environmental issues by ratifying a number of international environmental
treaties. These include the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the Paris
Agreement, and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, the Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, and the Convention on
Biological Diversity. Bangladesh is bound by these agreements to manage hazardous wastes,
preserve biodiversity, reduce pollution, protect the environment, and mitigate and adapt to
climate change. They also offer venues for international collaboration, financial support, and
technical assistance.
Bangladesh works with other nations, international organizations, and non-governmental
organizations on environmental issues in addition to these formal agreements. As an example, it
participates in the South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP), 42 an
intergovernmental body that encourages regional collaboration in South Asian environmental
management.
Bangladesh has additionally benefited financially and technically from international donors and
development partners for environmental projects such as the Global Environment Facility, the
United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank.
Even with these partnerships, more work needs to be done to make the most of foreign assistance
in order to effectively control pollution in Bangladesh. This entails not only requesting more
financial and technical aid but also arguing for more equitable international regulations that
consider the needs and potential of developing nations like Bangladesh.

4.7. Role of government, NGOs, and civil society

The government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society must all actively
participate in order to combat environmental contamination in an effective manner. 43
It creates regulatory structures akin to the ones you discussed in your thesis to prevent and
regulate pollution. Developing and executing environmental policy requires the engagement of
the government. 44Enforcing these restrictions in Bangladesh is mostly the responsibility of the
42
(Unfccc.int) &lt;https://unfccc.int/documents/366964&gt; accessed 24 July 2023
43
Author links open overlay panelGlen Lehman and others, ‘The Accountability of Ngos in Civil Society and Its
Public Spheres’ (Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 23 May 2006)
&lt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1045235406000414&gt; accessed 24 July 2023
44
PnelSalim Momtaz 1 and others, ‘Environmental Impact Assessment in Bangladesh: A Critical Review’
(Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 12 February 2002)
Department of Environment (DoE), which is a branch of the Ministry of Environment, Forest,
and Climate Change. The government also makes investments in technology and infrastructure,
such as waste water treatment facilities and plans for solid waste management, in an effort to
reduce pollution. Incorporating the objectives of international environmental agreements into
national policies and guaranteeing compliance with them are further responsibilities of the
government. Despite these efforts, the government still has to deal with a lot of issues, such as a
lack of funding, corruption, and the requirement for coordination across multiple agencies.
In order to address environmental contamination, non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
collaborate with the government. Numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in
Bangladesh strive to enhance the environment via advocacy, teaching, research, and the
execution of regional pollution-reduction initiatives. Promoting environmental justice and
sustainable development has been made possible in large part by institutions like the Bangladesh
Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) and the Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association
(BELA). NGOs are often more adaptable than governmental groups and are capable of coming
up with creative solutions. Additionally, they play a critical role in ensuring that the opinions of
those who will be most affected by policy decisions are heard by bridging the divide between the
federal government and local communities.

4.8. Conclusion
The chapter on Bangladesh's legal and policy framework surrounding pollution provides a
comprehensive overview of the country's efforts to combat environmental pollution. To combat
pollution and promote sustainable practices, the nation has developed a comprehensive legal
system consisting of multiple acts and regulations. These regulations cover biodiversity
conservation, noise pollution, water pollution, air pollution, and environmental impact
assessments. Nevertheless, ineffective enforcement, a lack of public awareness, and antiquated
laws hinder the effective implementation of the regulations even in spite of their existence.
Civil society, comprising of educational institutions, media outlets, community organizations,
and the general people, is the third pillar in the fight against pollution. An informed and involved
public could put pressure on businesses and the government to prioritize environmental
protection. For example, civil society can demand action and raise public awareness of
environmental issues through nonviolent marches, media coverage, and social media campaigns.
Customers may also choose ecologically friendly goods and services, which could encourage
businesses to adopt more sustainable business methods. Researchers and academic institutions
contribute through studying pollution, creating new technology, and developing evidence-based
guidelines for practices and policies.
The government, civil society, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) need to collaborate
closely to address these challenges. The government should provide sufficient funding, fortify
enforcement protocols, and improve coordination between the agencies in charge of preserving

&lt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195925501001068&gt; accessed 24 July 2023

the environment. Non-governmental organizations play a crucial role in public awareness
campaigns, research, and the advocacy for more stringent laws.
To reduce environmental degradation, all parties involved must cooperate. Bangladesh can
significantly reduce pollution and ensure a sustainable and healthy environment for current and
future generations by strengthening the legal framework, strengthening enforcement, raising
public awareness, and encouraging cooperation.
 Research On
The Current Environment Regulations in Bangladesh
to Protect Environment: A Legal Study

Name: Nadia Anjum Saiky

ID: 18193105012
Intake: 38
Department: Law & Justice