1)Explain four quadrant operation using hoist.

Ans. The motor always operates in two modes i.e., motoring and braking. In motoring operation, electrical energy is
converted into mechanical energy whereas, in braking operation, mechanical energy is converted into electrical
energy. The hoist drive system operates in four quadrants such as, in quadrant one – forward motoring, in quadrant
two – forward braking, in quadrant three – reverse motoring, and in quadrant four – reverse braking.

In quadrant one – In quadrant one, the weight of the loaded cage is greater than the weight of the counterweight, and
the load torque is running in a direction that is opposite to that of rotation. In order to pull up the loaded cage, a motor
must produce the torque in the anti-clockwise direction. Here, the speed is positive. The power developed is also
positive because it is a motoring operation.

In quadrant two – In quadrant two, the weight of the cage is less than the weight of the counterweight. So the cage is
pulled up, in order to limit the speed to the safe value, the motor must produce braking torque in a clockwise direction.
The load torque is in an anticlockwise direction. Here, the speed is positive whereas the power developed is negative.

In quadrant three – In quadrant three, the weight of the cage is less than the weight of the counterweight. In order to
pull up the counterweight, the motor must produce torque in a clockwise direction. The load torque is in an anti-
clockwise direction. Here, the speed is negative and the power developed is positive.

In quadrant four – In quadrant four, the weight of the cage is more than the weight of the counterweight. Here the
loaded cage is pulled down, in order to limit the speed to a safe level, the motor must produce the torque in the anti-
clockwise direction. Here, both speed and power developed are negative.
2)Current sensing and control in ED.

Ans. Current Sensing of Electrical Drives is required for the implementation of current limit control, inner current control
loop of closed-loop speed control, closed-loop torque control of a dc drive, for sensing fault conditions, and for sensing
speed in dc drives by back emf sensing method. In order to avoid interaction between control circuit, carrying low
voltage and current, and power circuit involving high voltage and current and sometimes harmonics and voltage
spikes, isolation must be provided between the two circuits. Current transformers (CT) are used to provide isolation.
The current transformer output is rectified, applied across resistor R and then filtered. Voltage drop V0 is proportional
to the current in ac lines. When used in variable frequency inverters care should be taken to avoid saturation at low
frequencies. Major limitation of this method is that it cannot sense the phase of currents. In case of fully-controlled
rectifiers, dc link current is proportional to ac line currents. Therefore, in dc and ac drives fed from fully-controlled
rectifier, dc link current can be sensed indirectly by sensing ac line currents of rectifier.

Current Limit Control of Drives scheme of Fig. employed to limit the converter and motor current below a safe limit
during transient operations. It has a current feedback loop with a threshold logic circuit. As long as the current is within
a set maximum value, feedback loop does not affect operation of the drive. During a transient operation in Current
Limit Control of Drives, if current exceeds the set maximum value, feedback loop becomes active and current is forced
below the set maximum value, which causes the feedback loop to become inactive again. If the current exceeds set
maximum value again, it is again brought below it by the action of feedback loop. Thus the current fluctuates around a
set maximum limit during the transient operation until the drive condition is such that the current does not have a
tendency to cross the set maximum value.

3)Speed sensing and control in ED.

Ans. Sensing of speed is required for implementation of closed-loop speed control schemes. Speed is usually sensed
using tachometers coupled to the motor shaft. A tachometer is an ac or dc generator with a high order of linearity
between its speed and output voltage. A dc tachometer is built with a permanent magnetic field and sometimes with
silver brushes to reduce contact drop between the brush and commutator. Typical voltage outputs are 10 V per 1000
rpm. The tachometer output voltage consists of a ripple whose frequency depends on its speed. At low speeds,
adequate filtering can only be done by a filter with a large enough time constant to affect the dynamics of the drive.
Special large diameter tachometers with a large number of commutator segments are sometimes built to overcome
this problem. Tachometers are available to measure speed with an accuracy of ± 0.1%. Tachometer should be
coupled to the motor with a torsionally stiff coupling so that natural frequency of the system consisting of rotor of the
motor and tachometer lies well beyond the bandwidth of the speed control loop. When very high speed accuracies are
required, as in computer peripherals and paper mills etc., digital tachometers are used.

The block diagram of the closed loop speed control system is shown in the figure below. This system used an inner
control loop within an outer speed loop. The inner control loop controls the motor current and motor torque below a
safe limit.Consider a reference speed ω*m which produces a positive error Δ ω*m. The speed error is operated
through a speed controller and applied to a current limiter which is overloaded even for a small speed error. The
current limiter set current for the inner current control loop. Then, the drive accelerates, and when the speed of the
drive is equal to the desired speed, then the motor torque is equal to the load torque. This, decrease the reference
speed and produces a negative speed error.

When the current limiter saturates, then the drive becomes de-accelerate in a braking mode. When the current limiter
becomes desaturated, then the drive is transferred from braking to motoring.