EE"232"Lightwave"Devices

Lecture"4:"Density"of"States,"Quantum"Wells"
and"Wires

Instructor:"Ming"C."Wu
University"of"California,"Berkeley
Electrical"Engineering"and"Computer"Sciences"Dept.

EE232$Lecture$4,1 Prof.$Ming$Wu
 Review&of&Quantum&Mechanics
Schrodinger Equation
! ∂ !
H Ψ(r,t) = i! Ψ(r,t)
∂t
P2 !
H= +V (r,t) Hamiltonian = Kinetic + Potential Energy
! 2m
Ψ(r,t) Wavefunction
! 2 ! ! !
Ψ(r,t) = Ψ(r,t) ⋅ Ψ(r,t)* Probability of finding particle at r
!"
P = −i!∇ Momentum operator
!" ! ! !
P = −i! ∫ Ψ(r,t) ∇Ψ(r,t)d r Average Momentum
*

! ! ! ! !
r = ∫ Ψ(r,t)* rΨ(r,t)d r Average Position

EE232$Lecture$4,2 Prof.$Ming$Wu
 Electron)Plane)Wave

! !!
Ψ(r,t) = e i k⋅r−iωt
! !2k 2 ! ! !
LHS: H Ψ(r,t) = Ψ(r,t) +V (r,t)Ψ(r,t)
2m
P = !k
∂ ! !
RHS: i! Ψ(r,t) = !ωΨ(r,t)
∂t

!2k 2 !
⇒ +V (r,t) = !ω
2m

EE232$Lecture$4,3 Prof.$Ming$Wu
 Example:)Infinite)Potential)Well
Ψ(z,t) = φ (z)e− iω t
Solve Eigenvalue E = !ω in
V0 = !
!2 d 2
− φ (z) + V (z)φ (z) = Eφ (z)
2m dz 2

E2 d2 2mE
For 0 < z < L, 2
φ (z) + 2 φ (z) = 0
dz !
E1 ⎧⎪ sin(kz)
φ (z) = ⎨
⎪⎩ cos(kz)
x=0 x=L
B.C. φ (z = 0) = φ (z = L) = 0
Time Independent Potential
2 ⎛ nπ ⎞
!0 for 0 < z < L φn (z) = sin ⎜ z⎟
V ( z) = " L ⎝ L ⎠
$# for z < 0 or z > L
2
! ⎛ nπ ⎞
2
En =
2m ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠
EE232$Lecture$4,4 Prof.$Ming$Wu
 Typical(Examples

In GaAs, me* = 0.067m0

For a 10-nm-wide potential well (L = 10nm)
E1 = 56 meV
E2 = 4 E1 = 224 meV

EE232$Lecture$4,5 Prof.$Ming$Wu
 Complete(Wavefunction for(Infinite(
Potential(Well
!
Ψ(r ,t) = φ '(x, y)φ (z)e− iω t
E
Electron confined in z, but free in x, y
⇒ Plane wave in x and y
n=2 1 ik x x+ik y y
φ '(x, y) = e
A
A: area (normalization const)
n =1 ! 2 1 ikx x+ik y y ⎛ nπ ⎞
Ψ(r ,t) = e sin ⎜ z⎟
ky L A ⎝ L ⎠
2 ⎡
⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎤
2
" 2 2
En = ⎢ kx + k y + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
kx 2m ⎢ ⎝ L⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Energy quantized only in k z direction

EE232$Lecture$4,6 Prof.$Ming$Wu
 2"d$Density$of$States

E ky
V0 = !
k + !k
n=2
E2 k
kx
E1 n =1
ky
x=0 x=L

kx

EE232$Lecture$4,7 Prof.$Ming$Wu
 2"d$Density$of$States
Consider the lowest band first (n=1):
Number of electron states between k and k + Δk
per unit volume
2 2π kdk 2 k
ρ k (k)dk = ⋅ = dk
V 2π 2π Lz 2π
Lx Ly

! 2⎡ ⎛ π ⎞
2
⎤
2
E(k) = ⎢ k +⎜ ⎟ ⎥
*
2me ⎢ ⎝ L⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
dk ⎛ 2 k ⎞ 1
ρ 2d (E)dE = ρ k (k) dE = ⎜ ⎟ dE
dE ⎝ Lz 2π ⎠ !
2

*
k
me
me*
ρ 2d (E) = 2
π ! Lz
EE232$Lecture$4,8 Prof.$Ming$Wu
 2"d$DOS$for$Multiple$Energy$Levels
⎧
⎪ 0 < E < E1 ρ 2d (E) = 0
⎪
!2d ( E ) ⎪
⎪ me*
E1 < E < E2 ρ 2d (E) = 2
⎪⎪ π ! Lz
⎨
⎪ 2me*
⎪
E2 < E < E3 ρ 2d (E) = 2
π ! Lz
⎪
⎪ 3me*
⎪ E3 < E < E4 ρ 2d (E) = 2
⎪⎩ π ! Lz
E1 E2 E3
In general
me* ∞
ρ 2d (E) = 2 ∑ H (E − En )
π ! Lz n=1
Step$
Function
EE232$Lecture$4,9 Prof.$Ming$Wu
 2"d$Electron/Hole$Concentration

Electron and hole concentrations: Example:

∞
10-nm-wide GaAs quantum well
n= ∫
EC
f n (E) ρ e,2d (E) dE
quasi-Fermi energy is 100 meV
EV above E1
p= ∫
−∞
f p (E) ρ h,2d (E) dE 2"d$electron$concentration

" 32
m_e := 0.067 ! m0 m_e = 6.104 # 10 kg

At T = 0K, and for E1 < E < E2 Lz := 10nm

"8
Lz = 1 # 10 m
2
n = ( Fn − E1 ) ⋅ ρ e,2d (E1 < E < E2 )
m_e 44 s
ρ2d := ρ2d = 1.747 # 10
2 5
π ! h_bar ! Lz kg ! m
me*
n = ( Fn − E1 ) 2 18 1
π ! Lz n := 100meV! ρ2d n = 2.795 # 10 !
3
cm
12 1
n_s := n! Lz n_s = 2.795 # 10 !
2
cm

EE232$Lecture$4,10 Prof.$Ming$Wu
 1"d$Density$of$States
2 ⎛
! ⎛ mπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞
2 2
⎞
2
z Em,n (k z ) = * ⎜⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ + kz ⎟
2me ⎝ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎠
!2 ! 2 kz
x dEm,n (k z ) = *
2k z ⋅ dk z = * dk z
2me me
y ∞
dk z ∞
2 2
n= ∑ ∫ = ∑ ∫ dk z
V m,n −∞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ π Lx Ly m,n 0
⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠
z
∞
2 me*
= ∑ ∫
π Lx Ly m,n 0 ! k z
2
dE

1 2me* ∞ 1
2 ∑∫
= dE
π Lx Ly ! m,n 0 E − Emx − Eny

1 2me* 1
ρ1D (E) =
π Lx Ly
∑
! 2 m,n E − Emx − Eny

EE232$Lecture$4,11 Prof.$Ming$Wu