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Traffic characteristics are influenced by road user characteristics, vehicle characteristics, and traffic flow properties. Road user characteristics include internal factors like physical/mental abilities as well as external conditions. Vehicle characteristics encompass static elements like size/weight and dynamic performance related to speed, acceleration, braking, and suspension. Traffic flow is measured by properties such as flow rate, speed, and density, which can be illustrated using a time-space diagram mapping vehicle locations over time along a roadway.

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5 views33 pages

Group 1 PowerPoint

Traffic characteristics are influenced by road user characteristics, vehicle characteristics, and traffic flow properties. Road user characteristics include internal factors like physical/mental abilities as well as external conditions. Vehicle characteristics encompass static elements like size/weight and dynamic performance related to speed, acceleration, braking, and suspension. Traffic flow is measured by properties such as flow rate, speed, and density, which can be illustrated using a time-space diagram mapping vehicle locations over time along a roadway.

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Traffic

Characteristics
Road User Vehicle
Characteristics Characteristics

Traffic Flow Time-Space


Characteristics Diagram
Road User Characteristics
Road user characteristics are an essential aspect of studying traffic characteristics. It can
be internal characteristics which are road users' physical, psychological and mental
capacities.; and external characteristics, such as road condition and weather, that all
road users experiences.
Internal Characteristics

Temporary
Permanent

External Characteristics

Environmental
Internal Characteristics
Temporary
Fatigue
Alcohol
Illness
Anger
Climate
Fatigue
Alcohol
Illness
Anger
Climate
Internal Characteristics
Permanent

Vision
Hearing
Strength
Reaction Time
Judgement Power
Vision
Hearing
Strength
Reaction Time
Judgement Power
External Characteristics
Environmental

Road Conditions
Weather
Traffic Flow Characteristics

Three fundamental
characteristics of traffic are
Flow (q)
Speed (v)
Formula for Traffic Flow (q) Density (K)
q=n
___t
t

Where, n t : number of vehicles in duration t


t : time duration
Traffic flow (q)
Traffic flow is the number of
vehicles passing through a given
point in a particular time (veh/hr).
We've seen that traffic flow is expressed in vehicles per hour. There
are various methods for measuring traffic flow.

AADT (Annual average daily traffic): The number of vehicles traveling between
specific sites on a daily basis, averaged over 365 days.
AAWT (Annual Average Weekday Traffic): The number of cars traveling in
specific locations on a weekly basis.
ADT (Average daily traffic): Traffic is averaged over specific days rather than
over the entire year.
AWT (Average weekday traffic): Similar to ADT, but total traffic is averaged
only on weekdays.
Density - The number of vehicles occupying a stretch of road of unit
length at a given instant is called the traffic density of the stretch.

Speed - The distance covered by a vehicle in unit time is defined as its


speed. Some things to keep in mind about speed are:

-Spot speed is the speed of a vehicle at a specific point in time.


-We design the radius of the curve and the geometric features of the
road based on this speed.
-It assists the designer in determining a safe speed limit and the
location of the speed limit design.
Types of Speeds

1. Running speed: Speed measured when the vehicle is in running condition


2. Journey speed: Speed measured considering the delays of the vehicle during the travel
3. 15th percentile speed: It is the speed below which 15% of the vehicles will pass. It is the minimum speed
with which the vehicles should pass on the road
4. 85th percentile speed: It is the speed below which 85% of the vehicles will pass. It is the upper-speed limit.
Most of the vehicles on the road would travel at this speed
5. 98th percentile speed: It is the speed below which 98% of the vehicles will pass. It is used as the design
speed.

Time mean speed (TMS) - The average speed of the vehicles passing through a given point is called
Time mean speed.

Space mean speed (SMS) - The average speed of the vehicles in a given section is known as Space mean
speed.
Vehicle Characteristics
Highway geometric design parameters take into account the
static and dynamic properties of moving vehicles.

Static Dynamic
considering size and Incorporate the forces
weight of the vehicles that cause the motion
of the vehicles.
Static
Dimension
Weight
Maximum Turning Angle
Height of Vehicle
Height of Driver's Seat
Height of Headlight
Dynamic characteristics of vehicles

Dynamic 1.
2.
Speed
Acceleration
3. Braking
4. Some aspects of vehicle design
The speed and acceleration depend upon the power of
the engine and the resistance that comes from the road
itself.

The deceleration and braking characteristics guide safe


vehicle operation. The riding comfort on vertical curves
depends on the design of the suspension system of the
vehicle.
Time-Space
Diagram
Explanation 1
Time Space Diagram
- is commonly used to solve a number of
transportation-related problems.
- To demonstrate movement trajectories in space
and over time
- This can be done mathematically by using a
variable x to denote the distance traveled, and a
variable t to denote the time

Explanation 2
A time-space diagram is a graph that describes
the relationship between the location of vehicles
in a traffic stream and the time as the vehicles
progress along the highway. This relationship can
be seen as the progression of time as the
vehicles move along the highway. Here is an
example of time-space diagram
Explanation 3
Take, for instance, the case of a hypothetical road
that has five intersections and permits through
traffic without the need for drivers to stop for
signals.

The five vehicles that were taken will proceed


through the intersections, and the location of
those vehicles in relation to the time that has
passed is depicted in the figure.

Explanation 4
Thus, the time space diagram is useful to study
the traffic movement, analyze for delay in
movement, find space headway and time
headway. It is also a tool used to coordinate
signal timings and maximizing the through width
of a vehicle.
Thank You
Reference
Fundamental Traffic Flow Characteristics - Speed, Flow and Density. (n.d.). APSEd.
https://www.apsed.in/civil-engineering/fundamental-traffic-flow-characteristics

Parmar, T. (2022, November 30). What are the factors which affect the characteristics of road users?
Civil Giant. https://www.civilgiant.com/road-user-characteristics/

Time Space Diagrams. (n.d.). Www.webpages.uidaho.edu.


https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/niatt_labmanual/chapters/trafficflowtheory/theoryandconcepts/T
imeSpaceDiagram.htm

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