GEC 310: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS III

INSTRUCTOR: MRS. ODU

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
OBJECTIVES

To obtain the Laplace transforms of simple

standard expressions.

To use some theorems to solve complex

expressions.

To find inverse Laplace transforms using

partial fractions and the ‘cover-up’ rule.
OBJECTIVES

Solve differential equations using

Laplace transforms.

Solve simultaneous differential

equations using Laplace
transforms.
INTRODUCTION
• Given a linear, ordinary differential equation (ODE)

𝑎𝑓 " 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑓 ′ 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑔(𝑡)
with constant coefficients.
• This second-order equation can be solved by
• Obtaining the general form for the expression, f(t).
• Finding the values of the integration constants in the general form by applying the appropriate
boundary conditions (initial conditions).
INTRODUCTION
An easier method of solving such ODEs is the use of the
Laplace transform.

Laplace transform converts the differential equation into an

algebraic equation.

Laplace transform has the advantage of incorporating the initial

conditions from the beginning.
INTRODUCTION

Laplace transform
Also, in situations where f(t)
techniques are applicable in
represents a function with
engineering in areas such as
discontinuities, the Laplace
Control Theory where a
transform can be applied
knowledge of system
where other methods fail.
transfer function is essential.
INTRODUCTION
The Laplace transform of an expression, f(t) is denoted by

ℒ 𝑓(𝑡)
It is defined by
∞
ℒ 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑡=0
s is assumed to be
positive and large enough
to ensure that the INTRODUCTION
integral converges.
When s is complex, the
real part of s must be
positive and large enough
to ensure convergence.
STANDARD
LAPLACE
TRANSFORMS
The Laplace transform is a linear transform, therefore

• The transform of a sum(or difference) of expressions is the

sum(or difference) of the individual transforms.

𝑳 𝒇(𝒕) ± 𝒈(𝒕) = 𝑳 𝒇(𝒕) + 𝑳 𝒈(𝒕)

• The transform of an expression that is multiplied by a constant
is the constant multiplied by the transform of the expression
𝑳 𝒌𝒇 𝒕 = 𝒌𝑳{𝒇(𝒕)}

• The multiplication of two transforms is convolution.

 THEOREM 1: FIRST SHIFT THEOREM

It states that if L{f(t)} = F(s) then

𝐿 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)
because

−𝑎𝑡 ∞ −𝑎𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 ∞

𝐿 𝑒 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡=0
𝑒 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 − 𝑠+𝑎 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠 + 𝑎)
 FIRST SHIFT THEOREM EXAMPLE

Determine the Laplace transform 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑡

𝐿{𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑡}

 FIRST SHIFT THEOREM EXAMPLE

• Solution
𝑠 𝑠
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑡 = 2 2
= 2
𝑠 −3 𝑠 −9
−2𝑡
(𝑠 + 2) 𝑠+2 𝑠+2 𝑠+2
𝐿 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ3𝑡 = = = =
(𝑠 + 2)2 − 32 𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 4 − 9 𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 − 5 (𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 5)
 THEOREM 2: MULTIPLYING BY 𝑡 AND 𝑡 𝑛

If 𝑳 𝒇 𝒕 =𝑭 𝒔

then

𝑳 𝒕𝒇 𝒕 = −𝑭′ 𝒔

𝑑
𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 = − {𝐹 𝑠 }
𝑑𝑠
 MULTIPLYING BY 𝑡 AND 𝑡 𝑛

because
∞ ∞ −𝑠𝑡
−𝑠𝑡
−𝑑𝑒
𝐿 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡=0 𝑡=0 𝑑𝑠
∞
𝑑 −𝑠𝑡
=− 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐹′(𝑠)
𝑑𝑠 𝑡=0
 MULTIPLYING BY 𝑡 AND 𝑡 𝑛

In general
 (MULTIPLYING BY 𝑡 AND 𝑡 𝑛 ) EXAMPLE

2
Given 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = 2
𝑠 +4

Solve for the Laplace transform of 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

 (MULTIPLYING BY 𝑡 AND 𝑡 𝑛 ) EXAMPLE

Solution
2
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = 𝑠 2 +4=F(s)
1
𝑑
𝐿 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑡 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = −1 1 1 𝐹 𝑠
𝑑𝑠

𝑑 2 4𝑠
=− 2
= 2 2
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 4 𝑠 +4
 THEOREM 3: DIVIDING BY 𝑡

If 𝐿 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑠

∞
𝑓(𝑡)
then 𝐿 = 𝐹(𝜎)𝑑𝜎
𝑡 𝜎=𝑠

𝑓(𝑡)
provided lim exists.
𝑡→0 𝑡
 (DIVIDING BY 𝑡) EXAMPLE

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
Determine the Laplace transform of
𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡
𝐿
𝑡
 (DIVIDING BY 𝑡 ) EXAMPLE

Solution
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 0
lim = = 𝑁𝑎𝑁
𝑡→0 𝑡 0
Using L’Hopital’s Rule
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
lim = lim =𝑎
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 1
This implies the limit exists hence we can apply the theorem
 (DIVIDING BY 𝑡) EXAMPLE

𝑎
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 = 2 2
∞
𝑠 + 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑎
𝐿 = 2 2
𝑑𝜎
𝑡 𝜎 =𝑠 𝜎 + 𝑎
Recall from basic integrals that

𝟏 −𝟏 𝒙
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟏
 (DIVIDING BY 𝑡) EXAMPLE

Therefore
∞ ∞
𝑎 −1
𝜎
2 2
𝑑𝜎 = tan
𝜎 =𝑠 𝜎 + 𝑎 𝑎 𝑠

Recall that
𝜋
90° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
2

−1
𝜋
tan 90° = ∞ ∴ tan ∞ = 90° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
2
 (DIVIDING BY 𝑡) EXAMPLE

∞ ∞
𝒂 −𝟏
𝝈 −𝟏 −𝟏
𝒔 𝝅 −𝟏
𝒔
𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝝈 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∞ − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝝈=𝒔 𝝈 + 𝒂 𝒂 𝒔 𝒂 𝟐 𝒂
Recall from Complementary Angles
−1
1 𝜋 −1
𝑥
tan = − tan = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
𝑥 2 1

−1
1 −1
𝑥 𝜋
⟹ tan + tan =
𝑥 1 2
sin 𝑎𝑡 𝑎
∴L = tan−1
𝑡 𝑠