SYSLABUS:

* -

CHAPTER 1: COMPLETE]
CHAPTER 2:
CumPTER 4
CHAPTER 6 % complete
CAROTER 5 ->
partial topics
 COMPUTER PERFORMANCE
#RDUCTION,

* CompuTzR ABSTRACTIONS & TechNonocy

* PERFORMANCE
concerned with the with it.
components & the cost associated
->
performance of
->
Performance: is Throughput ii)Response time / Execution time (These 2 are units measurement)
-

of
-> Be aware of the problem first & then solve it (don't
to have high yield andless power usage
We want computers
go
&
haphazardly).
processors all semiconductions
->
as

semiconductors work well in 19-24 & semiconductors disintegrate in hot temperatives

Energy: -
ECt) JPCt)dE
=

(sum of power over a period of time)

->
Energy problems happen due to consumption.
->
you pay for the energy consumed.

Cost: Here its with his concerned with chip area

also indirectly associated
with
associated design complexity,
-> -

More complex - more

expensive to verify # logic gates
in a
processor.
Things easy to verify: -

: Easy bug design error detect

a. less time debugging design errors.

3.

Main concern: Speed

-> Went to History of Architecture

Computer to World War to
related # now

Chip surface (siteinianDesigning chips is complex as it with each gate

contains million gates having
multiple transistors

&on featuresizeof
technology egnumtechno and
feature size

gates

->
You need to design & produce machines who can design such chips with small feature size => more expense

Feature Size Area Feature size Area

A -N2
5nm 10 nm

10nm 2nm 1/25

=

-> As we want to
architects use a design with smaller no of gates
& area.

>
Chips decrease in
size over time.
need some
economy with design, use less circuits
without compromising performance.
->

Centripetal force -> 0

 cost is with gates & chip design
associated

Target Frequency for processors

Binning -> in data warehousing

↳ Here associated
with clock speed of chips.

* PERFORMANCEMETRICS
& Rate
Time
We use time occassionally for performance companion
1 lore: Clock Speed:1 Ga
Get with higher clock speed. Opth
1 to increase frequency
1. a core

Get another of
2. core same
frequency.
↳ - 26 or p
time t -t -> Tells time used
by programs himse OS.
in

Python Time Package Module

->
System Time: -
Time used by sys programs for availing OS services.
-> User CPU Time: Time -

required by men
program during
executh.
Reproduceability:
-> - desirable feature
in CA.

-> For s/0 testing, focus on instruct at hand. Write simulators.

Speedup
=>
at a Performance Ratio.

Performance Ratio: k
=

Sometimes it will be as per usage.

1. Improvement (Speedup -1) =

x180%

·
MEASUREEXECUTION TIME
ARM processors can measure earth time using clock cycles.

Processor Logic Cienif +

2
Types of hogic
1. Sequential: Memory - ->
i/p->State ->
o/p:f(ip, State)
2. Combinational Combinatorial: -
Gates
- no memory
↳ olp:-f(i/p)

Machine
e.g.-
Vending
i/p:-Cash,
Buttons for drink.

clock ....... ->

s9
I
rock cycle/pewod
 Frequency a ha. Clock Rate
(requency)
"
Clock Period &
ET truck
Count
#Clock cycles Clock Period
ET=
tochascles on =

ET =

&
or
Clock Rate

Clock period Rock Cycles Time

areasomuc
P.:1x109 2x10 cycles
-

P2 25x189 8x109 cycles

Clock cycle Y.
A Icycles 30%
30%
B
Gcycles
2 I
cycle 40%
10 "instructu

CPlans program (cycles read on ang for progenecuth)

CPLarg 0.3x2 0.3x4 84x)
+

+
=

= 0.6 12
+

+ p.4
=
: 2.2(p]
Instructu cycles 12x (PI
=

A I cycles 109 2x109

-"

cocars-ghomom-iocuo
B 4 cycles
hx109
cycle
ee
C I

cr
Worst CPI (Biggest
= instruct took longer cycles)
Smallest I 1 =
(Smallest instructs took I cycle)

ET Instruct =
C5.x CP X Clock cycles

It. X SPI
ET ct
=

Frequency

POWER
* & ENERGY CONSUMER
Types Of PoWER
1. STATIC: - On standby
2. to
Dynamic:-Heeds do activity
↳
Mostly power consumed.

PD CV.g =
- done in BEE. Thanks to Kamla.
C< capicitance
V VoltageIlsed
results P
=
in

f <-
frequency ↑
Unit (PD): Walt on W -

To reduce Power consumpth, reduce voltage consumpth

Energy (Joules
 Biggest frequency is with
associated voltage P Vx1
=

z JPCt)
= db

n-> looks at cycles. Slo:- main

manages of . *
staticpoweralwaysemits even without framesee

Use switches to modulate

power usage on
power
islands. Call sloto
manage
the same.

MIPS
Rating:commercialrequirement for selling chips.
MIPS <- Millions of Instructs Per Second

mpsoxte-micro shares sale

ax10, z 4 x 10" miRs 900 MIps

=

upper bound
s
Companies
often advertise Peak MIPS i.e. highest MIPS a
process can get on
any program auth
Program with lowest CPI-high MIPS.
↳ often meaningless
eg:Cif-continue hep)
->
Compass Exover execute
of program for spy performance.
Point -> funct call for
- Floating.
-> converted
into integes so implementati

Amdahl'shave: -

Ratioof improved old winit. Performance on Enemith.

Target diff customers.

self:I
E'
=

caasios + a
=

If Sideal 1
=

SPEC CPU-yea -> benchmarks

SPEC processors will fest
Reference Machine <-
runthe program shown & not in competiti
Different rations for different
programs
asfor
Here use G.M. i.e.
on calculating the reference median.