Integration
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
September 5, 2023
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
What is integration?
dy
If we differentiate y w.r.t x , we get .
dx
dy
Now, suppose you have , can you get back y ?
dx
Let me test you on this!
dy
If = 3x 2 , then y = · · ·
dx
Please, guess what was differentiated to give 3x 2 ?
Mhmmm? What is your guess?
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
If your guess is x 3 , you’re right! But so is x 3 − 8.
In fact, anything like y = x 3 + any constant is correct!
So, there is not just one answer, but infinitely many!
However, all of these just differ by a constant.
So, we represent these answers with their general form:
y = x 3 + A, where A is an arbitrary constant
dy
Therefore, if = 3x 2 , then y = x 3 + A.
dx
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
The process you went through to guess y is integration.
Your brain worked backwards to reverse differentiation.
Therefore,
Integration is the reverse of differentiation.
In summary,
Differentiation
y dy
dx
Integration
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Integral notation
Recall that if we differentiate x 3 w.r.t x , we get 3x 2 .
d 3
In differential notation, we wrote this as (x ) = 3x 2 .
dx
This means: what we differentiate to get 3x 2 is x 3 + A.
Z
In integral notation, we write: 3x 2 dx = x 3 + A.
This means: if we integrate 3x 2 w.r.t x , we get x 3 + A.
Understood? By the way, why do we add the A to x 3 ?
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
d Z
Thus, if [F (x )] = f (x ), then f (x ) dx = F (x ) + A.
dx
1 2 d 1 x2
Z
2 2
e.g. x ex dx = ex + A since e = x ex .
2 dx 2
Z
Note therefore that to find “ f (x ) dx” means to find:
“what we differentiate to get f (x )”.
Z
1
e.g. dx = ln x + A.
x
Z
Clear? If yes, what is cos x dx equal to? Mhmmh?
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Terminology
Integrand: the function to be integrated.
Antiderivative: function we get after integrating.
Z
e.g. In the integral cos x dx = sin x + A,
cos x is the integrand.
sin x + A is the antiderivative of cos x .
Recall that A denotes an arbitrary constant.
Z
f (x ) dx is read as “integral of f (x ) w.r.t x ”.
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Basic results
These are integrals you need to know by heart.
x n+1
!
d
Note that = x n . Therefore,
dx n+1
Z
x n+1
x n dx = + A, where n 6= −1
n+1
Why have n 6= −1?
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
1
Note that when n = −1, then x n = x −1 = .
x
1
But, what we differentiate to get is ln |x | + A.
x
Therefore,
Z
1
dx = ln |x | + A
x
Why do we use |x | instead of just x ?
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Z Z
x 0+1
e.g. dx = x 0 dx = + A = x + A.
0+1
Z
x6
e.g. x 5 dx = + A. Clear?
6
3
Z √ Z
1 x2 2 3
e.g. x dx = x 2 dx = 3 + A = x 2 + A.
2
3
Z
1 Z
−3 x −2 1
e.g. dx = x dx = + A = − + A.
x3 −2 2x 2
Z
1
Understood? If yes, work out √
3
dx .
x2
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Complete the following basic results.
What do I differentiate to get ex ? Therefore,
Z
ex dx = . . .
What do I differentiate to get cos x ? Therefore,
Z
cos x dx = . . .
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
What do I differentiate to get sin x ? Therefore,
Z
sin x dx = . . .
What do I differentiate to get sec2 x ? Therefore,
Z
sec2 x dx = . . .
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
What do I differentiate to get cosec2 x ? Therefore,
Z
cosec2 x dx = . . .
What do I differentiate to get tan x sec x ? Therefore,
Z
tan x sec x dx = . . .
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
What do I differentiate to get cot x cosec x ? Therefore,
Z
cot x cosec x dx = . . .
Confirm the results by checking a textbook.
Correct the result where you had gone wrong.
Summarize the results and commit them to memory.
If something is not clear, don’t hesitate to ask me.
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Basic rules
d d
Let [F (x )] = f (x ) and [G(x )] = g(x ).
dx dx
d
For a constant k, {k [F (x ) + A]} = kf (x ).
dx
Z
So, kf (x ) dx = k [F (x ) + A]. Therefore,
Z Z
kf (x ) dx = k f (x ) dx
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
i.e. we can first factor out a constant.
x3
Z Z !
2 2
e.g. 3x dx = 3 x dx = 3 + A = x 3 + A.
3
Z
dx
Understood? If yes, work out √ .
44x
d
Note that {[F (x ) + A] + [G(x ) + A]} = f (x ) + g(x ).
dx
Z
So, f (x ) + g(x ) dx = [F (x ) + A] + [G(x ) + A]. Thus,
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Z Z Z
f (x ) + g(x ) dx = f (x ) dx + g(x ) dx
i.e. For a sum, integrate term by term. e.g.
x2
!
Z
5
2x − 3 sin x + dx = 2 − 3(− cos x ) + 5 ln |x | + A
x 2
= x 2 + 3 cos x + 5 ln |x | + A.
Understood? If not, let me know.
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
So, those are the two basic rules we’ll need i.e.
1 We can factor out a constant.
2 For a sum, we integrate term by term.
We often need to first break down the integrand.
Example 1
Z
Find x (2 − 3x )2 dx
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Solution 1
Z Z
2
x (2 − 3x ) dx = 4x − 12x 2 + 9x 3 dx (expand)
9
= 2x 2 − 4x 3 + x 4 + A
4
Example 2
Z
1 − 3x
Find √ dx
2 x
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Solution 2
Z
1 − 3x 1 Z −1
√ dx = x 2 (1 − 3x ) dx
2 x 2
1 Z −1 1
= x 2 − 3x 2 dx
2
1 1 3
= 2x 2 − 2x 2 + A
2
1 3
= x2 −x2 +A
Example 3
Z
1−x
Find √ dx
1+ x
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Solution 3
√ √
Z
1−x Z
(1 + x )(1 − x )
√ dx = √ dx
1+ x 1+ x
Z
1
= 1 − x 2 dx
2 3
= x − x2 +A
3
Example 4
Z
dx
Find
tan2 x
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Solution 4
Z
dx Z
= cot2 x dx
tan2 x
Z
= cosec2 x − 1 dx
= − cot x − x + A
Example 5
Z
sin2 θ
Find dθ
1 − cos θ
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Solution 5
Z
sin2 θ Z
1 − cos2 θ
dθ = dθ
1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
Z
(1 + cos θ)(1 − cos θ)
= dθ
1 − cos θ
Z
= 1 + cos θ dθ
= θ + sin θ + A
Example 6
Z
dx
Find
1 − sin x
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Solution 6
Z
dx Z
1 1 + sin x
= · dx
1 − sin x 1 − sin x 1 + sin x
Z
1 + sin x
= dx
1 − sin2 x
Z
1 + sin x
= dx
cos2 x
Z
= sec2 x + tan x sec x dx
= tan x + sec x + A
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Example 7
A curve passes through the point (1, −2) and its gradient at
1
any point (x , y ) is 3x 2 − . Find the equation of the curve.
x
Solution 7
dy 1
= 3x 2 −
dx x
Z
1
y= 3x 2 − dx
x
y = x 3 − ln |x | + A · · · (i)
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Solution (ctd)
⇒ −2 = 13 − ln |1| + A
⇒ A = −3
∴ y = x 3 − ln |x | − 3
Example 8
d2 y
Find y in terms of x given that 2 = 12x − 10 and that
dx
dy
when x = 2, = 7 and y = 4.
dx
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Solution 8
dy Z
= 12x − 10 dx
dx
= 6x 2 − 10x + A
⇒ 7 = 6(2)2 − 10(2) + A ⇒ A = 3
Z
y= 6x 2 − 10x + 3 dx
= 2x 3 − 5x 2 + 3x + A
⇒ 4 = 2(2)3 − 5(2)2 + 3(2) + A ⇒ A = 2
∴ y = 2x 3 − 5x 2 + 3x + 2
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
EXERCISE 1:
1 Find:
Z Z
(a) 4x 3 (1 − 3x 2 )2 dx (c) (tan x + sec x )2 dx
Z Z
(b) tan2 x dx (d) (tan x − cot x )2 dx
2 Work out:
dx 1 + cos2 x
Z Z
(a) (c) dx
1 − sin2 x 1 − sin2 x
Z
cos x
Z
1 + sin2 x
(b) dx (d) dx
1 − cos2 x 1 − sin2 x
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
3 Find:
Z
9−x Z
dx
(a) √ dx (c)
3− x 1 − cos x
Z
cos2 x Z
dx
(b) dx (d)
1 + sin x 1 + sin x
d2 y
4 At any point (x , y ) on a curve, = 6x − 4. If it passes
dx 2
through the points (1, 4) and (−1, 2), find its equation.
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
Thanks for attending
TR. SAMSON MUGAYA
Integration
