MT131 Tutorial - 2 Sets Functions Sequences and Summation - 2023-2024

Module #3 - Sets
Arab Open University

Faculty of Computer Studies
MT131 - Discrete Mathematics
9/25/2023
Module #3 - Sets
2. Sets, Functions, Sequences

and Summation
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Sets
• Sets are one of the basic building blocks for the types of
objects considered in discrete mathematics.
– Important for counting.
– Programming languages have set operations.
• Set theory is an important branch of mathematics.
– Many different systems of axioms have been used to
develop set theory.
– Here we are not concerned with a formal set of axioms
for set theory. Instead, we will use what is called naïve
set theory.
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Arab Open University – Faculty of Computer Studies MT131 - Discrete Mathematics
Module #3 - Sets
Sets
• A set is an unordered collection of objects.
– The students in this class.
– The chairs in this room.
• The objects in a set are called the elements, or members of the
set. A set is said to contain its elements.
• The notation a ∈ A denotes that a is an element of the set A.
• If a is not a member of A, write a ∉ A
• There must be an underlying Universal set U, either specifically
stated or understood.
• For example:
 A = {1, 3, 5, 7}; 3  A , 2  A
 C = {x | x = n2 + 1, n is an integer, 0 ≤ n ≤ 10}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank
Module #3 - Sets
Describing a Set: Roster Method
• S = {a, b, c, d}
• Order not important
S = {a, b, c, d} = {b, c, a, d}
• Each distinct object is either a member or not; listing more
than once does not change the set.
S = {a, b, c, d} = {a, b, c, b, c, d}
• Ellipses (…) may be used to describe a set without listing
all of the members when the pattern is clear.
S = {a, b, c, d, …, z }
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Roster Method
• Set of all vowels in the English alphabet:

V = {a, e, i, o, u}
• Set of all odd positive integers less than 10:
O = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
• Set of all positive integers less than 100:
S = {1, 2, 3, …, 99}
• Set of all integers less than 0:
L = {…, -3, -2, -1}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Some Important Sets
• N = natural numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}

• Z = integers = {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
• Z⁺ = positive integers = {1, 2, 3, …}
• R = set of real numbers
• R+ = set of positive real numbers
• C = set of complex numbers
• Q = set of rational numbers
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Describing a Set: Set-Builder

Notation
• Specify the property or properties that all members must
satisfy:
S = {x | x is a positive integer less than 100}
T = {x | x is an odd positive integer less than 10}
O = {x ∈ Z⁺ | x is odd and x < 10}
• A predicate may be used:
S = {x | P(x)}
• Example: S = {x | Prime(x)}
• Positive rational numbers:
Q+ = {x ∈ R | x = p/q, for some positive integers p, q}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank
Module #3 - Sets
Describing a Set: Interval

Notation
[a, b] = {x | a ≤ x ≤ b}
[a, b) = {x | a ≤ x < b}
(a, b] = {x | a < x ≤ b}
(a, b) = {x | a < x < b}
Closed interval [a, b]

Open interval (a, b)
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Examples
Use the set builder notation to describe the sets

A = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …}
B = {a, d, e, h, m, o}
A = { x | x = n2 , n is positive integer}
B = { x | x is a letter of the word mohamed}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Describing a Set: Venn Diagrams
U : universal set
S
2 3
5 7
Prime < 10 John Venn

1834-1923
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Membership in Sets and the

Empty Set
• x  S : x is an element or member of the set S.
e.g. 3  N
“a” {x | x is a letter of the alphabet}
• x  S : (x  S) “x is not in S ”
•  (null or the empty set) is the unique set that contains no
elements.
•  = {}
• Empty set  does not equal the singleton set { }
 ≠ { }
9/25/2023
Module #3 - Sets
Definition of Set Equality
• Two sets are declared to be equal if and only if they

contain exactly the same elements.
i.e. A and B are equal if and only if
x (x  A  x  B)
Example: (Order and repetition do not matter)

{1, 3 , 5} = {3, 5, 1} = {1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Subset Relation
• S  T (“S is a subset of T ”) means that every element of

S is also an element of T.
S  T  x ( x  S  x  T )
•  S &S S
• If S  T is true and T  S is true then S = T,
x (x  S  x  T)
• (S  T ) means S / T
i.e.  x (x  S  x  T )
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Proper Subset
• S  T (S is a proper subset of T ) means every element of
S is also an element of T, but S  T.
Venn Diagram equivalent of S  T
S
T
e.g. {1, 2}  {1, 2, 3}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Sets Are Objects, Too!
• The objects that are elements of a set may themselves be

sets.
e.g. let S = {x | x  {1,2,3}}
then S = {,
{1}, {2}, {3},
{1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3},
{1,2,3}}
• Note that 1  {1}  {{1}}
9/25/2023 16
Module #3 - Sets
Cardinality and Finiteness
• |S| or card(S) (read the cardinality of S ) is a measure of

how many different elements S has.
e.g. | | = |{ }| = 0
|{1, 2, 3, 5}| = 4
|{a, b, c}| = 3
|{{1, 2, 3},{4, 5}}| = 2
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
The Power Set Operation
• The power set P(S) of a set S is the set of all subsets of S.

e.g.
 P({a}) = {, {a}}
 P({a, b}) = {, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}
 P({1, 2, 3}) = {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2},
{1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}
 P({}) = {, {}}
 P() = {}
Note: If a set has n elements then P(S) has 2n elements.
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Ordered n-tuples
• The ordered n-tuple (a1, a2, …, an) is the ordered collection

that has a1 as its first element, a2 as its second element and
so on.
• These are like sets, except that duplicates matter, and the
order makes a difference.
e.g. (2, 5, 6, 7) is a 4-tuple.
• Note that (1, 2)  (2, 1)  (2, 1, 1).
• Note that 2-tuples are called ordered pairs.
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Cartesian Products of Sets
• The Cartesian product of any two sets A and B is defined by

AB : {(a, b) | a  A  b  B }.
e.g. {a, b}{1, 2} = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2)}
• Note that for finite A and B, |AB| = |A||B|.

• Note that the Cartesian product is not commutative: AB ≠
BA.
e.g. {1, 2}{a, b} = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b)}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Cartesian Products of Sets
• The Cartesian products of the sets A1, A2, …, An, denoted

by A1  A2  …  An , is the set of ordered n-tuples (a1, a2,
…, an) where ai belongs to Ai for i = 1, …, n.
Example: What is A  B  C where A = {0, 1}, B = {1, 2} and

C = {0, 1, 2}
Solution: A  B  C = {(0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 2), (0, 2, 0),
(0, 2, 1), (0, 2, 2), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 0), (1, 2,
1), (1, 2, 2)}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Set Operations
The Union Operator 
• For any two sets A and B, AB is the set containing all
elements that are either in A, or in B or in both.
• Formally:
AB = {x | x A  x  B}.
{2, 3, 5}{3, 5, 7} = {2, 3, 5, 3, 5, 7} = {2, 3, 5, 7}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
The Intersection Operator 

• For any two sets A and B, their intersection AB is the set
containing all elements that are in both A and in B.
• Formally:
AB = {x | x  A  x  B}.
• {a, b, c}  {2, 3} =  disjoint
• {2, 4, 6}  {3, 4, 5} = {4}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Inclusion-Exclusion Principle
• How many elements are in AB?

|AB| = |A|  |B|  |AB|
Example:
{1, 2, 3}  {2, 3, 4, 5} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
{1, 2, 3}  {2, 3, 4, 5} = {2, 3}
|{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}| = 3 + 4 – 2 = 5
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Set Difference
• For any two sets A and B, the difference of A and B,
written A  B, is the set of all elements that are in A but
not in B.
A  B : x  x  A  x  B
 x  x  A  x  B
A – B = A  B is called the complement of B with respect
to A.
e.g. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11} = {1, 4, 6 }
Set A  B
Set A Set B
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank
Module #3 - Sets
Symmetric Difference
• For any two sets A and B, the symmetric difference of A
and B, written , is the set of all elements that are in
A but not in B or in B but not in A.
: x  (x  A  x  B)  (x  B  x  A)
 (A – B)  (B – A)  (A  B) – (A  B)
U
A B
e.g. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11} = {1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11}

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank
Module #3 - Sets
Set Complements
• U : Universe of Discourse
A : For any set A  U, the complement of A,
i.e. it is U  A.
A  {x | x  A} A
A
e.g. If U = N,
U
{3, 5}  {0,1, 2, 4, 6, 7, ...}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Example
Let A and B are two subsets of a set E such that AB = {1,
2}, |A|= 3, |B| = 4, A = {3, 4, 5, 9} and B = {5, 7, 9}. Find the
sets A, B and E.
A 7 1 3 B
E 2 4
5 9
A = {1, 2, 7}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4},

E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank
Module #3 - Sets
Example
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
• AB = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
• AB = {4, 5}
• A = {0, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
• B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 9, 10}
• A  B = {1, 2, 3}
• B  A = {6, 7, 8}
• AB = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8}
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Set Identities
• Identity: A = A = AU
• Domination: AU = U , A = 
• Idempotent: AA = A = AA
• Double complement: ( A )  A
• Commutative: AB = BA , AB = BA
• Associative: A(BC) = (AB)C
A(BC) = (AB)C
• Distribution: A(BC) = (AB)(AC)
A(BC) = (AB)(AC)
• De Morgan’s Law: A  B  A  B
A B  A  B
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank
Module #3 - Sets
Proving Set Identities
To prove statements about sets of the form E1 = E2, where the

Es are set expressions, there are three useful techniques:
1. Proving E1  E2 and E2  E1 separately.
2. Using set builder notation and logical equivalences.
3. Using set identities.
4. Using Membership table
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Example: Show AB = A B
Method 1: Prove E1  E2 and E2  E1
Assume x  AB
 x  AB by the definition of the complement
  x  AB by the definition of the negation
  ((x  A)  (x  B)) by the definition of intersection
  (x A)   ( x B) by De Morgan’s law
 x  A  x  B by the definition of negation
 x  A  x  B by the definition of the complement
 x  A  B by the definition of union
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Method 2: Set Builder Notation

Show that A B  A B
A  B  { x | x  A  B}
 { x | ( x  A  B )}
 { x | ( x  A  x  B )}
 { x | x  A  x  B )}
 { x | x  A  x  B )}
 { x | x  A  x  B )}
 { x | x  A  B )}  A  B
(c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank 33

Module #3 - Sets
Method 3 : Using Set Identities
Show that A  ( B  C )  (C  B)  A
A  ( B  C )  A  ( B  C ) De Morgan' s law
 A  ( B  C ) De Morgan' s law
 ( B  C )  A Commutativ e law
 (C  B)  A Commutativ e law
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Method 3 : Using Set Identities
Show that ( B  C )  A  ( B  A)  (C  A).
(B  C)  A  (B  C)  A
 ( B  A)  (C  A)
 ( B  A)  (C  A).
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Method 4 : Membership Tables

Construct a membership table to show that the distributive
law holds:
A B C
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank
Module #3 - Sets
Computer Representation of Sets
• Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. The bit string (of

length |U| = 10) that represents the set A = {1, 3, 5, 6, 9}
has a one in the first, third, fifth, sixth, and ninth position,
and zero elsewhere. It is
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0.
9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Module #3 - Sets
Functions
Definition: Let A and B be nonempty sets. A function f
from A to B, denoted f : A  B is an assignment of each
element of A to exactly one element of B. We write f (a) =
b if b is the unique element of B assigned by the function f
to the element a of A.
Grades
• Functions are sometimes Students
A
called mappings or Carlota Rodriguez
transformations. B
Sandeep Patel
C
Jalen Williams D
Kathy Scott F
9/25/2023 38
Module #3 - Sets
Functions
• A function f : A  B can also be defined as a subset of

A×B (a relation). This subset is restricted to be a relation
where no two elements of the relation have the same first
element.
• Specifically, a function f from A to B contains one, and
only one ordered pair (a, b) for every element a ∈ A.
xx  A  y[ y  B  ( x, y )  f ]
and
x, y1, y2 [( x, y1 )  f  ( x, y2 )  f ]  y1  y2 
9/25/2023 39
Module #3 - Sets
Functions
Given a function f : A  B
• We say f maps A to B or
f is a mapping from A to B.
• A is called the domain of f.
• B is called the codomain of f.
• If f (a) = b,
– then b is called the image of a under f.
– a is called the preimage of b.
• The range of f is the set of all images of points in A under
f. We denote it by f (A).
• Two functions are equal when they have the same domain,
the same codomain and map each element of the domain to
the same element of the codomain.
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Module #3 - Sets
Representing Functions
Functions may be specified in different ways:

– An explicit statement of the assignment
Students and grades example
– A formula.
f (x) = x + 1
– A computer program
A Java program that when given an integer n,
produces the nth Fibonacci Number.
9/25/2023 41
Module #3 - Sets
Injections
Definition: A function f is said to be one-to-one, or

injective, if and only if f (a) = f (b) implies that a = b for
all a and b in the domain of f. A function is said to be an
injection if it is one-to-one. A B
a x
e.g. The function f (x) = x  1 from Z v
b y
to Z is one-to-one since
c
f (a) = f (b) z
d
a1=b1
w
a=b
9/25/2023 42
Module #3 - Sets
Surjections
Definition: A function f from A to B is called onto, or

surjective, if and only if for every element b  B there is
an element a  A with f (a) = b. A function f is called a
surjection if it is onto. A B
a x
b
e.g. The function f (x) = x  1 from Z y
c
to Z is onto since z
d
for all b  Z, there is a  Z
such that f (a) = b (a = b + 1)
9/25/2023 43
Module #3 - Sets
Bijections
Definition: A function f is a one-to-one correspondence, or

a bijection, if it is both one-to-one and onto (surjective and
injective).
A B
a x
b y
e.g. The function f (x) = x  1 from Z
c
to Z is one-to-one and onto, hence z
d
bijective w
9/25/2023 44
Module #3 - Sets
Showing that f is one-to-one or onto

Example 1: Let f be the function from {a, b, c, d} to {1, 2, 3}
defined by f (a) = 3, f (b) = 2, f (c) = 1, and f (d) = 3. Is f an
onto function?
Solution: Yes, f is onto since all three elements of the codomain
are images of elements in the domain. If the codomain were
changed to {1, 2, 3, 4}, f would not be onto.
Example 2: Is the function f (x) = x2 from the set of integers to

the set of integers onto?
Solution: No, f is not onto because, for example, there is no
integer x with x2 = −1.
9/25/2023 45
Module #3 - Sets
Inverse Functions
Definition: Let f be a bijection from A to B. Then the

inverse of f, denoted f 1, is the function from B to A
defined as
No inverse exists unless f is a bijection. Why?
9/25/2023 46
Module #3 - Sets
Inverse Functions
f
A B A B
v a v
a
b b
w w
c c
d x d x
y y
9/25/2023 47
Module #3 - Sets
Questions
Example 1: Let f be the function from {a, b, c} to {1, 2, 3} such
that f (a) = 2, f (b) = 3, and f (c) = 1. Is f invertible and if so
what is its inverse?
Solution: The function f is invertible because it is a one-to-one
correspondence. The inverse function f -1 reverses the
correspondence given by f, so f -1 (1) = c, f -1 (2) = a, and f -1
(3) = b.
Example 2: Let f : Z  Z be such that f (x) = x + 1. Is f
invertible, and if so, what is its inverse?
Solution: The function f is invertible because it is a one-to-one
correspondence (f (a) = f (b)  a + 1 = b + 1  a = b). The
inverse function f -1 reverses the correspondence so
f -1 (y) = y – 1.
9/25/2023 48
Module #3 - Sets
Composition
Definition: Let f : B → C, g: A → B. The composition of f
with g, denoted f ∘ g is the function from A to C defined by
f ∘ g (x) = f (g(x))
9/25/2023 49
Module #3 - Sets
Composition
Example 1: Let g be the function from the set {a, b, c} to itself such that
g(a) = b, g(b) = c, and g(c) = a. Let f be the function from the set {a, b,
c} to the set {1, 2, 3} such that f (a) = 3, f (b) = 2, and f (c) = 1. What is
the composition of f and g, and what is the composition of g and f.
Solution: The composition f ∘ g is defined by
f ∘ g (a)= f (g(a)) = f (b) = 2.
f ∘ g (b)= f (g(b)) = f (c) = 1.
f ∘ g (c)= f (g(c)) = f (a) = 3.
Note that g ∘ f is not defined, because the range of f is not a subset
of the domain of g.
Example 2: If f (x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x + 1, then
9/25/2023 50
Module #3 - Sets
Composition
Example 3: Let f and g be functions from the set of integers to the

set of integers defined by f (x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = 3x + 2. What
is the composition of f and g and also the composition of g and
f?
Solution:
f ∘ g (x) = f (g(x)) = f (3x + 2) = 2(3x + 2) + 3 = 6x + 7
g ∘ f (x) = g(f (x)) = g(2x + 3) = 3(2x + 3) + 2 = 6x + 11

Module #3 - Sets
Graphs of Functions
Let f be a function from the set A to the set B. The graph of the
function f is the set of ordered pairs {(a, b) | a ∈ A and f (a) = b}.
Graph of f (n) = 2n + 1 from N to Graph of f (x) = x2 from Z to Z

N

Module #3 - Sets
Important Functions
(a) The floor function, denoted
is the largest integer less than or equal to x.
(b) The ceiling function, denoted
is the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
Graphs of floor and ceiling from R to Z

Module #3 - Sets
Sequences and Summations
• Sequences are ordered lists of elements.

• Sequences used in discrete mathematics in many ways. For
example, they can be used to represent solutions to certain
counting problems.
• Sequences are also an important data structure in computer
science.
• We will often need to work with sums of terms of sequences in
our study of discrete mathematics

Module #3 - Sets
Sequences

Module #3 - Sets
Geometric Sequence

Module #3 - Sets
Arithmetic Sequence

Module #3 - Sets
Summations

Module #3 - Sets
Examples

Module #3 - Sets
Summation Formulas

Module #3 - Sets
Summation Manipulations
-

Module #3 - Sets
Example
100 2
Find 𝑘=50 𝑘 ?
100 49 100
𝑘2 = ( 𝑘2) + 𝑘2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=50
100 100 49
𝑘2 = ( 𝑘2) − 𝑘2
𝑘=50 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
100.101.201 49.50.99
= −
6 6
= 338,350 − 40,425
= 297,925
Module #3 - Sets
Extra Practice (Book Page 177-178)

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Module #3 - Sets

Arab Open University

MT131 - Discrete Mathematics

2. Sets, Functions, Sequences

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Describing a Set: Roster Method

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

• Set of all vowels in the English alphabet:

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Some Important Sets

• N = natural numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Describing a Set: Set-Builder

Describing a Set: Interval

Closed interval [a, b]

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Use the set builder notation to describe the sets

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Describing a Set: Venn Diagrams

Prime < 10 John Venn

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Membership in Sets and the

Definition of Set Equality

• Two sets are declared to be equal if and only if they

Example: (Order and repetition do not matter)

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

• S  T (“S is a subset of T ”) means that every element of

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Venn Diagram equivalent of S  T

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Sets Are Objects, Too!

• The objects that are elements of a set may themselves be

Cardinality and Finiteness

• |S| or card(S) (read the cardinality of S ) is a measure of

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

The Power Set Operation

• The power set P(S) of a set S is the set of all subsets of S.

Note: If a set has n elements then P(S) has 2n elements.

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

• The ordered n-tuple (a1, a2, …, an) is the ordered collection

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Cartesian Products of Sets

• The Cartesian product of any two sets A and B is defined by

• Note that for finite A and B, |AB| = |A||B|.

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

Cartesian Products of Sets

• The Cartesian products of the sets A1, A2, …, An, denoted

Example: What is A  B  C where A = {0, 1}, B = {1, 2} and

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

{2, 3, 5}{3, 5, 7} = {2, 3, 5, 3, 5, 7} = {2, 3, 5, 7}

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

The Intersection Operator 

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

• How many elements are in AB?

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

e.g. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11} = {1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11}

9/25/2023 (c)2001-2003, Michael P. Frank

A = {1, 2, 7}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4},