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Engineering Chemistry - Lecture 2

This document discusses the gas laws and the ideal gas equation. It introduces the four variables that define the state of a gas - temperature, pressure, volume, and amount. Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Avogadro's Law are explained as they relate to how gas properties change with temperature, pressure, and amount. The ideal gas equation is derived by combining these gas laws. The relationships between the gas laws and the ideal gas equation are also explored.

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El Sayed Zakaria
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53 views23 pages

Engineering Chemistry - Lecture 2

This document discusses the gas laws and the ideal gas equation. It introduces the four variables that define the state of a gas - temperature, pressure, volume, and amount. Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Avogadro's Law are explained as they relate to how gas properties change with temperature, pressure, and amount. The ideal gas equation is derived by combining these gas laws. The relationships between the gas laws and the ideal gas equation are also explored.

Uploaded by

El Sayed Zakaria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Specialized Scientific Programs (SSP)

Lecture (2)

2
1. The gas laws
2. The ideal gas equation

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 The gas laws are equations express the relationships between
Temperature, pressure, volume, and amount of gas.

 Experiments reveal that four variables are needed to define the


physical condition (or state) of a gas:
 Temperature (T)
 Pressure (P)
 Volume (V)
 Amount of gas (i.e., usually in moles “n”) previous lecture notes

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 The Pressure-Volume (P-V) relationships: Boyle’s Law

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 The Pressure-Volume (P-V) relationships: Boyle’s Law
 The volume of a fixed quantity of gas maintained at constant
temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure.

1
𝑉𝛼
𝑃
1
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ×
𝑃
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

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 The Temperature-Volume (T-V) relationships: Charle’s Law
 Volume increases as temperature increases and decreases as
temperature decreases.
𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 × 𝑇 ⇒ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇

Note: This constant depends on (1) pressure and (2) amount of


gas.

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 The Temperature-Volume (T-V) relationships: Charle’s Law
Known as absolute zero

Charles’s law states:


−273 ℃ = 0.0 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛

The volume of a fixed


amount of gas
maintained at constant
pressure is directly
proportional to its
absolute
temperature.

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 The Quantity-Volume relationships: Avogardo’s Law
 Avogadro’s hypothesis: Equal volumes of gases at the same
temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.

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 The Quantity-Volume relationships: Avogardo’s Law
 Avogadro’s law follows from Avogadro’s hypothesis: The volume
of a gas maintained at constant temperature and pressure is
directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas.
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 × 𝑛

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 In the previous section, three historically important gas laws, that
describe the relationships between four variables, were examined.

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𝑛𝑇
𝑉𝛼
𝑃
𝑛𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃
Note:
This constant is defined as the universal ideal gas constant (R).
𝑛𝑇
𝑉=𝑅 ⇒ 𝑃𝑉=𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑃

Ideal gas equation

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 The value and the units of
the gas constant depend on
the units of P, V, T, and n.
Notes:
- Temperature must always be expressed as
an absolute temperature (i.e., kelvin or
Rankine).
- The quantity of gas (n) is normally
expressed in moles.
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 Standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP):

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Relating the ideal gas equation and gas laws:
 The gas laws discussed earlier are special cases of the ideal gas
equation.

When n and T are kept constants Boyle’s law


 This relation can be used to determine how the volume of a gas
changes when its pressure changes.

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Relating the ideal gas equation and gas laws:
 Because the product PV is a constant (when a gas is held at
constant n and T) then we have that:

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
Where 𝑃1 and 𝑉1 are initial values while 𝑃2 and 𝑉2 are final values.

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Relating the ideal gas equation and gas laws:
 We are often faced with the situation in which P, V, and T all change
for a fixed number of moles of gas. Because n is constant in this
situation, the ideal-gas equation gives:

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