Continuity and Differentiability 95

Continuity and
05 Differentiability
5.1 Introduction 5.5 Logarithmic Differentiation
5.2 Continuity 5.6 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric
5.3 Differentiability Forms

5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 5.7 Second Order Derivative

5.8 Mean Value Theorem

Topicwise Analysis of Last 10 Years’ CBSE Board Questions

8 Maximum weightage is of Second Order 8 Only SA type questions were asked till now
Derivative 8 No VBQ type questions were asked till now

QUICK RECAP
CONTINUITY X Discontinuity of a Function : A real function
f is said to be discontinuous at x = c, if it is not
8 A real valued function f is said to be continuous continuous at x = c.
at a point x = c, if the function is defined at x = c i.e., f is discontinuous if any of the following
and lim f (x ) = f (c) or we say f is continuous at reasons arise:
x c
(i) lim f (x ) or lim f (x ) or both does not
x = c iff =
lim f (x ) =
lim f (x ) f (c) x c− x c+
x c− x c+ exist.
96 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

(ii) lim f (x ) lim f (x ) (iii) Polynomial function

x c− x c+ (iv) Modulus function
(iii) =
lim f (x ) lim f (x ) f (c) (v) Sine and cosine functions
x c− x c+ (vi) Exponential function
X A function f is said to be continuous in an
DIFFERENTIABILITY
interval (a, b) iff f is continuous at every point in
the interval (a, b) ; and f is said to be continuous 8 Let f(x) be a real function and a be any real
in the interval [a, b] iff f is continuous in the number. Then, we define
interval (a, b) and it is continuous at a from the (i) Right-hand derivative :
right and at b from the left.
X A function f is said to be discontinuous in the f (a + h) − f (a)
lim , if it exists, is called
interval (a, b) if it is not continuous at atleast h 0 + h
one point in the given interval. the right-hand derivative of f(x) at x = a
X Algebra of Continuous Functions : If f and g and is denoted by Rf (a).
be two real valued functions, continuous at (ii) Left-hand derivative :
x = c, then
(i) f + g is continuous at x = c. f (a − h) − ( fa)
lim , if it exists, is called
(ii) f – g is continuous at x = c. h 0 − −h
(iii) f . g is continuous at x = c. the left-hand derivative of f(x) at x = a and
f is denoted by Lf (a).
(iv) is continuous at x = c, (provided A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at
g
g(c) 0). x = a, if Rf (a) = Lf (a).
X Composition of two continuous functions is The common value of Rf (a) and Lf (a) is
continuous i.e., if f and g are two real valued denoted by f (a) and it known as the derivative
functions and g is continuous at c and f is of f(x) at x = a. If, however, Rf (a) Lf (a) we
continuous at g(c), then fog is continuous at c. say that f(x) is not differentiable at x = a.
X The following functions are continuous X A function is said to be differentiable in (a, b), if
everywhere. it is differentiable at every point of (a, b).
(i) Constant function X Every differentiable function is continuous but
(ii) Identity function the converse is not necessarily true.

SOME GENERAL DERIVATIVES

Function Derivative Function Derivative Function Derivative
xn nxn–1 sin x cos x cos x – sin x
tan x sec2 x cot x – cosec2 x sec x sec x tan x
cosec x – cosec x cot x eax aeax ex ex

1 −1
sin–1 x ; x (−1, 1) cos–1 x ; x (−1, 1) tan–1 x 1
1− x 2 2 ;x R
1− x 1 + x2

cot–1 x 1 sec–1 x 1 cosec–1x − 1

− ;x R ;x R – [–1, 1] ;x R –[–1,1]
1 + x2 2
x x −1 x x2 − 1

1
loge x 1 ax ax loge a; a > 0 loga x ; x > 0 and a > 0
;x>0 x log e a
x
Continuity and Differentiability 97

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION is called natural logarithm.

X The function logax (a > 0, 1) has the following
8 If a is any positive real number, then the
properties :
function f defined by f(x) = ax is called the
exponential function. (i) loga(mn) = logam + loga n ; m, n > 0

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION (ii) log a= m

log a m − log a n ; m, n 0
n
8 Let a > 1 be a real number. The logarithmic (iii) logamn = nlogam ; m > 0
function of x to the base a is the function
y = f(x)= logax i.e., loga x = b, if x = ab log x
(iv) =
log a x ;x 0
X The logarithm function, with base a = 10, is log a
called common logarithm and with base a = e, (v) loga a = 1, loga1 = 0
SOME PROPERTIES OF DERIVATIVES
1. Sum or Difference (u ± v) = u ± v
2. Product Rule (uv) = u v + uv
3. Quotient Rule u u v − uv
= ,v≠0
v v2
4. Composite Function (Chain Rule) dy dy dt
(a) Let y = f(t) and t = g(x), then =
dx dt dx
dy dy dt du
(b) Let y = f(t), t = g(u) and u = m(x), then =
dx dt du dx
5. Implicit Function Here, we differentiate the function of type f(x, y) = 0.
6. Logarithmic Function If y = uv, where u and v are the functions of x, then log y = v log u.
d v du dv
(uv ) uv
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get = + log u
dx u dx dx
7. Parametric Function dy dy / dt g (t )
If x = f(t) and y = g(t), then
= = , f (t ) 0
dx dx / dt f (t )
8. Second Order Derivative dy
Let y = f (x), then = f (x )
dx
d dy d2 y
If f (x) is differentiable, then = f (x ) or 2 = f (x )
dx dx dx

ROLLE’S THEOREM MEAN VALUE THEOREM

8 Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function 8 Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function on
on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) such that [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), then there exists
f(a) = f(b), then there exists some c (a, b) such f (b) − f (a)
some c (a, b) such that f (c) =
that f (c) = 0 b−a
98 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

Previous Years’ CBSE

PREVIOUS Board
YEARS MCQS Questions

5.2 Continuity 6. Find the value of k so that the following function

is continuous at x = 2.
SA (4 marks)
x 3 + x 2 − 16 x + 20
; x 2
1. Find the values of p and q, for which f (x ) = (x − 2)2
1 − sin3 x k ; x=2
, if x /2
3 cos2 x (Delhi 2012C)
f (x ) = p, if x = / 2
7. Find the value of k so that the following function
q(1 − sin x )
, if x /2
( − 2 x )2 is continuous at x = :
2
is continuous at x = /2.
k cos x
(Delhi 2016, Foreign 2008) , if x
f (x ) = − 2x 2
2. Find the value of the constant k so that the (Delhi 2012C)
function f, defined below, is continuous at x= 0,
5, if x =
2
where
8. If the function f(x) given by
1 − cos 4 x
, if x 0 3ax + b, if x 1
f (x ) = 8x 2
k , if x = 0 f (x ) = 11, if x = 1
(AI 2014C)
5ax − 2b, if x 1
3. Find the value of k, for which
is continuous at x = 1, find the values of a and b.
1 + kx − 1 − kx
, if − 1 x 0 (Delhi 2012C, 2011, AI 2010C)
f (x ) = x
2x + 1 9. Find the values of a and b such that the following
, if 0 x function f(x) is a continuous function :
x −1
is continuous at x = 0. (AI 2013) 5, x 1
f (x ) = ax + b, 2 x 10 (Delhi 2011)
1 − cos 4 x
, when x 0 21, x 10
x2
4. If f (x ) = a, when x = 0
10. For what value of a is the function f defined by
x
, when x 0 a sin ( x + 1), x 0
16 + x − 4 2
f (x ) =
tan x − sin x
and f is continuous at x = 0, find the value of a. , x 0
(Delhi 2013C, AI 2012C, 2010C) x3
continuous at x = 0 ? (Delhi 2011)
1, if x 3
5. If f ( x ) = ax + b, if 3 x 5, 11. Find the relationship between a and b so that
7, if x 5 the function ‘f ’ defined by
find the values of a and b so that f(x) is a ax + 1, if x 3
f (x ) =
continuous function. bx + 3, if x 3
(AI 2013C, Delhi 2012C) is continuous at x = 3. (AI 2011)
 Continuity and Differentiability 99

12. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) at 19. For what value of k is the following function
1 continuous at x = 2 ?
x = , when f(x) is defined as follows:
2 2 x + 1, x 2
1 1
+ x, 0 x = f (x ) = k, x 2 (Delhi 2008)
2 2
1 3x − 1, x 2
f (x ) = 1, x= (Delhi 2011C)
2 20. If f(x) defined by the following is continuous at
3 1
+ x, x x = 0, find the value of a, b and c.
2 2
sin(a + 1) x + sin x
13. Find the value of ‘a’ if the function f(x) defined , if x 0
by x
2 x − 1, x 2 f (x ) = c, if x=0
f (x ) = a, x = 2 is continuous at x = 2. x + bx − 2
x
x + 1, x 2 3/2
, if x 0
bx
(AI 2011C)
(AI 2008)
14. Find all points of discontinuity of f, where f is
defined as follows : 21. If the following function f(x) is continuous at
| x | + 3, x −3 x = 0, find the value of k.
f (x ) = − 2 x , −3 x 3 (Delhi 2010) 1 − cos 2 x
, x 0
6 x + 2, x 3 f (x ) = 2x 2 (Delhi 2008C)
k, x=0
15. For what value of k is the function defined by
k( x 2 + 2), if x 0 22. Find the value of k if the function
f (x ) =
3x + 1, if x 0 kx 2 , x 1
continuous at x = 0 ? Also, write whether the
f (x ) = is continuous at x = 1.
4, x 1 (Delhi 2007)
function is continuous at x = 1. (Delhi 2010C)
16. Find the values of a and b such that the function x 2 − 25
defined as follows is continuous : , if x 5
x + 2, x 2 23. If f (x ) = x−5
f ( x ) = ax + b, 2 x 5 (Delhi 2010C) k, if x = 5
3x − 2, x 5 is continuous at x = 5, find the value of k.
(AI 2007)
17. Show that the function f(x) defined by
sin x 5.3 Differentiability
+ cos x , x 0
x
f (x ) = 2, x =0 SA (4 marks)

4(1 − 1 − x ) 24. Find the values of a and b, if the function f

, x 0
x x 2 + 3x + a , x 1
is continuous at x = 0. (AI 2009) defined by f (x ) =
bx + 2 , x 1
18. If the function defined by
is differentiable at x = 1. (Foreign 2016)
2 x − 1, x 2
= f (x ) = a, x 2 −1 1 + x2 + 1 − x2
25. If y = tan , x2 1
x + 1, x 2 1 + x2 − 1 − x2
is continuous at x = 2, find the value of a. Also,
discuss the continuity of f(x) at x = 3. dy
then find . (Delhi 2015)
(Delhi 2009C) dx
100 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

x +1 36. If y = a sin x + b cos x, prove that

26. If f =
(x ) x 2 + 1; g ( x ) = and h(x) = 2x–3, 2
x2 + 1 y2 +
dy
= a 2 + b2 . (AI 2011C)
then find f [h (g (x))]. (AI 2015) dx
27. Show that the function f(x) = x – 1 + x + 1 , 37. Show that the function defined as follows, is
for all x R, is not differentiable at the points continuous at x = 2, but not differentiable.
x = –1 and x = 1. (AI 2015) 3x − 2, 0 x 1
28. Find whether the following function is f (x=) 2x 2 − x, 1 x 2
differentiable at x = 1 and x = 2 or not. 5x − 4, x 2 (Delhi 2010)
x, x 1
f (x ) = 2 − x, 1 x 2  2 dy
2 38. If y = cos −1  3x + 4 1 − x  , find .
−2 + 3x − x , x 2  5  dx
(Foreign 2015) (AI 2010)

29. For what value of the function defined by  − − 2  dy

39. If y = cos −1  2 x 3 1 x  , find .
(x 2 + 2), if x 0  13  dx
f (x ) = is continuous at
4 x + 6, if x 0 (AI 2010C)
x = 0? Hence check the differentiability of f(x) dy
40. Find , if (x2 + y2)2 = xy. (Delhi 2009)
at x = 0. (AI 2015C) dx
30. If cosy = xcos(a + y), where cos a ±1, prove
−1
1 + sin x + 1 − sin x dy
2 41. If y = cot ,find .
dy cos (a + y )
that = . (Foreign 2014) 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x dx
dx sin a
(Delhi 2008)
−1 2
31. If y sin
= x 1 − x − x 1 − x and
1+ x − 1− x
dy 42. Differentiate tan −1 w.r.t. x.
0 < x < 1, then find . 1+ x + 1− x
dx
(AI 2014C, Delhi 2010)
(Delhi 2008)
32. Show that the function f(x) = |x – 3|, x R, is dy
continuous but not differentiable at x = 3. 43. If xy + y2 = tan x + y, find . (AI 2008)
dx
(Delhi 2013, AI 2012C)
2
33. If sin y = x sin(a + y), then prove that 44. Differentiate sin −1 5x +12 1 − x w.r.t. x.
2 13
dy sin (a + y ) (AI 2008)
= .
dx sin a
(Delhi 2012, 2011C, AI 2009)
5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic
2
34. Differentiate tan −1
1+ x −1
with respect Functions
x
to x. (AI 2012)
SA (4 marks)

35. If x 1 + y + y 1 + x =
0 for x y. Prove the x cos −1 x
45. If y = − log 1 − x 2 , then prove that
following : 2
1− x
dy −1 dy cos −1 x
= . (Delhi 2011C, AI 2008C) = . (Delhi 2015C)
dx (1 + x )2 dx (1 − x 2 )3/2
Continuity and Differentiability 101

dy y−x
58. Differentiate the following with respect to x :
46. If ex + ey = ex + y, prove that +e = 0
dx 2 x +1 3x
(Foreign 2014) sin −1 (AI 2013)
1 + (36)x
a x−a dy log x
=
47. If y tan −1 + log , prove that 59. If xy = ex–y, prove that = .
x x +a dx (1 + log x )2
dy 2a3
= 4 . (AI 2014C) (AI 2013, Delhi 2010C)
dx x − a 4
x +1
dy 2
48. If log( 1 + x −= 2
x ) y 1 + x , show that2 60. Find , if y = sin −1 . (AI 2013C)
dx 1 + 4x
dy
(1 + x 2 ) + xy + 1 =0 (AI 2011C) dy
dx 61. If (cos x)y = (cos y)x, find .
dx
1 1 dy (Delhi 2012, AI 2009)
49. If =
y x 2 + 1 − log + 1 + 2 , find .
x x dx
sin x − cos x x2 − 1 dy
(Delhi 2008) =
62. If y x + , find .
2 dx
x +1
1 − cos 2 x (Delhi 2012C)
50. If y = log , then show that
1 + cos 2 x
dy 2x 2 − 3
dy 63. Find =
when y x cot x + .
= 2 cosec 2 x. (AI 2007C) dx x2 + x + 2
dx
(AI 2012C)
5.5 Logarithmic Differentiation x cos x x2 + 1
64. Differentiate x + w.r.t. x.
SA (4 marks) x2 − 1
51. Differentiate xsin x + (sin x)cos x with respect to x. (Delhi 2011)
(AI 2016, Delhi 2009) dy log x
65. If xy = ex – y, show that = .
dy dx {log( xe)}2
If y (sin x )x + sin −1 x , then find
52.= .
dx (AI 2011)
(Delhi 2015C, 2013C, 2009, AI 2009C) dy
66. Find , if y = (cos x)x + (sin x)1/x.
dy y dx (Delhi 2010)
53. If xmyn = (x + y)m+n, prove that = .
dx x
67. If y = (sin x – cos x)sin x – cos x,
(Foreign 2014)
3 dy
x x , then find . (AI 2010C)
x− y dy 4 4 dx
54. If (x − y ) e =
a, prove that y +x= 2 y.
dx 68. Differentiate the following with respect to x.
(Delhi 2014C) (x)cos x + (sin x)tan x (Delhi 2009)
dy dy
55. If (tan–1x)y + ycotx = 1, then find . 69. If y = (log x)x + (x)cos x, find .
dx dx
(AI 2014C) (Delhi 2009C)
56. Differentiate the following function with dy
respect to x : (log x)x + xlogx. (Delhi 2013) 70. If y = (x)sin x + (log x)x, find .
dx
(Delhi 2009 C)
x y–x dy (1 + log y )2
57. If y = e , prove that = . dy
dx log y 71. If y = xx – (sin x)x, find . (AI 2009C)
(AI 2013) dx
102 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

x2 + 1 dy −1 −1
=
72. If y (log x )
cos x
+ , find . =
83. If x = asin t , y a cos t
, show that
2
x −1 dx dy y
(Delhi 2008C) = − . (AI 2012)
dx x
73. Differentiate (sin x)tan x + (cos x)sec x w.r.t. x.
(Delhi 2007C) dy
84. If x = a( – sin ) and y = a (1 + cos ), find
dx
5.6 Derivatives of Functions in at = . (Delhi 2011C)
3
Parametric Forms
t
SA (4 marks) 85.=
If x a (cos t + log tan ) and y = a sin t, find
2
dy
74. If x = a sin 2t(1 + cos 2t) and . (Delhi 2011C)
dx
y = b cos 2t(1 – cos 2t), find the values of
dy
at t = and t = . 86.=
If x a cos + log tan and y = a sin ,
dx 4 3 2
(Delhi 2016, AI 2016)
dy
75. Differentiate find the value of at = . (AI 2008)
dx 4
2
1 + x −1 2x
tan −1 w.r.t. sin −1 , if x (−1, 1)
x 1+ x 2 5.7 Second Order Derivative
(Foreign 2016, Delhi 2014)
SA (4 marks)
76. If x = ae (sin t + cos t) and y = aet(sin t – cos t),
t
2
dy x + y d2 y 1 dy y
prove that = . (AI 2015C) 87. If y = xx, prove that − − =
0.
dx x − y dx 2 y dx x
(Delhi 2016, 2014)
1 − x2 88. If y = 2cos(log x) + 3sin(log x), prove that
77. Differentiate tan −1 with respect to
x d2 y dy
−1 2 x2 +x +y=0 (AI 2016)
cos 2x 1 − x , when x 0. (Delhi 2014) dx 2 dx

x 89. If x = sin t and y = sin pt. Prove that

78. Differentiate tan −1 with respect to
1 − x2
d2 y dy
(1 − x 2 ) −x + p2 y = 0 (Foreign 2016)
dx 2 dx
sin −1 (2 x 1 − x 2 ). (Delhi 2014)
90. If x = a cos + b sin , y = a sin – b cos , show
dy
79. Find the value of at = , if 2 d2 y dy
dx 4 that y −x
+y=0
2dx
x = ae (sin – cos ) and y = ae (sin + cos ). dx
(AI 2014) (Delhi 2015, Foreign 2014, AI 2013C)
m sin −1 x
80. If x = a sin 2t (1 + cos2t) and y = b cos 2t(1 – cos 2t), 91. If=y e , −1 x 1, then show that
dy b 2
show that at t = , = . (AI 2014) d y xdy
4 dx a (1 − x 2 ) 2
− − m2 y =
0.
dx dx
81. If x = cos t(3 – 2 cos2t) and y = sint (3 – 2 sin2t), (AI 2015, 2010)
dy
find the value of at t = . (AI 2014) 92. If y = ( x + 1 + x 2 )n , then show that
dx 4
82. If x = 2 cos – cos 2 and y = 2sin – sin 2 , d2 y dy
(1 + x 2 ) 2
+x = n2 y .
dy 3 dx dx
then prove that = tan . (Delhi 2013C)
dx 2 (Foreign 2015, Delhi 2013C)
Continuity and Differentiability 103

103. If y = sin–1 x, show that

3 3 d2 y
93. If x = a sec , y = a tan , find at = . d2 y dy
dx 2 4 (1 − x 2 ) 2
−x =
0 (Delhi 2012)
(Delhi 2015C) dx dx
104. If y = (tan–1x)2, show that
94. If y = Aemx + Benx, show that
d2 y dy
d2 y dy (x 2 + 1)2 + 2 x( x 2 + 1) = 2.
− (m + n) + mny = 0. dx 2 dx
2 dx
dx (Delhi 2012, AI 2012)
(AI 2015C, 2014, 2009C, 2007)
105. If y = 3 cos(log x) + 4 sin(logx), show that
95. If x = a(cos t + t sin t) and y = a(sin t – t cos t),
d2 y dy
d2 y x2 +x + y = 0.
2 dx
then find the value of at t = . dx
dx 2 4 (Delhi 2012, 2009, 2009C)
(Delhi 2014C)
106. If x = a (cos t + t sin t) and y = a(sin t – t cos t),
t 2 2 2
96.=
If x a cos t + log tan , y = a sin t , evaluate 0 t , find d x , d y and d y .
2 2 dt 2 dt 2 dx 2
d2 y (AI 2012, 2011C, Delhi 2012C)
at t = . (Delhi 2014C)
dx 2 3
t
97. If x = a sin t and y = a(cos t + log tan(t/2)), find 107. =
If x a cos t + log tan , y = a sin t , find
2
d2 y d2 y
2
d y
. (Delhi 2013) and . (AI 2012)
2
dx dt 2 dx 2

98. If y = log  x + x 2 + a2  , show that t

  108. If=x cos t + log tan , y = sin t , then find the
2
d2 y dy 2
d y 2
d y
(x 2 + a2 ) +x 0. (Delhi 2013, 2013C)
= value of and at t = . (AI 2012C)
dx 2 dx 2
dt dx 2 4
99. If x = a cos3 and y = a sin3 , then find the
d2 y
d2 y 109. If x = a( – sin ), y = a (1 + cos ), find .
value of at = . (AI 2013) dx 2
dx 2 6 (Delhi 2011)
x 110. If x = a ( + sin ) and y = a(1 – cos ), find
100. If y = x log , then prove that
a + bx d2 y
. (AI 2011C)
d2 y dy
2 dx 2
3
x = x −y . (Delhi 2013C)
dx 2 dx 111. If y = cosec–1x, x > 1, then show that
d2 y dy
1 x(x 2 − 1) 2
+ (2 x 2 − 1) =
0. (AI 2010)
101. If x = tan log y , then show that dx dx
a
112. If y = (cot–1 x)2, then show that
d2 y dy
(1 + x 2 ) + (2 x − a) = 0. (AI 2013C, 2011) d2 y dy
dx 2 dx (x 2 + 1)2 2
+ 2 x (x 2 + 1) = 2.
dx dx
102. If x = cos and y = sin3 , then prove that (Delhi 2010C)
d2 y dy
2 113. If y = 3e2x + 2e3x, then prove that
y= + 3 sin2 (5 cos2 − 1). d 2 y 5dy
2 dx
dx − + 6y =
0. (AI 2009, 2007)
(AI 2013C) dx 2 dx
104 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

sin −1 x 117. If y = sin(log x), then prove that

114. If y = , then show that d2 y dy
1 − x2 x2 +x +y= 0. (Delhi 2007)
2
dx dx
d2 y dy 118. If y = x + tan x, then prove that
(1 − x 2 ) − 3x − y= 0. (AI 2009)
dx 2 dx d2 y
cos2 x − 2 y + 2x = 0. (AI 2007)
115. If y = ex (sin x + cos x), then prove that dx 2
d 2 y 2dy
− + 2y = 0. (AI 2009)
5.8 Mean Value Theorem
dx 2 dx
116. If y = ex sin x, then prove that SA (4 marks)
2
d y 2dy 119. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function
− + 2y =
0. (AI 2009C)
dx 2 dx f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 on [1, 3]. (AI 2007)
Continuity and Differentiability 105

Detailed Solutions

1. f(x) is continuous at /2. 2 0 +1

=
lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) f ( / 2) Now f (0) = = −1
...(1) 0 −1
x /2 − x /2 +
2 + h +1
Now, =
lim f (x ) lim f −h lim=
f (x ) lim f (0 + h) = lim = −1
2 x 0 + h 0 h 0 h −1
x /2 − h 0

1 − sin3 −h 1 + kh − 1 − kh
2 1 − cos3 h lim=
f ( x ) lim f (0 − h) = lim
= lim = lim x 0 − h 0 h 0 h
h 0
3 cos2 −h
h 0 3 sin2 h
2 1 + kh − 1 − kh 1 + kh + 1 − kh
= lim
(1 − cos h)(1 + cos h + cos h) 2 h 0 h 1 + kh + 1 − kh
= lim (1 + kh) − (1 − kh)
h 0 3(1 − cos h)(1 + cos h) = lim
2 h 0 h[ 1 + kh + 1 − kh]
(1 + cos h + cos h) 1 + 1 + 1 1
= lim = = 2k 2k
h 0 3(1 + cos h) 3(1 + 1) 2 = lim = = k
h 0 1 + kh + 1 − kh 2
and =
lim f (x ) lim f +h From (1), we get k = –1
x /2 + h 0 2
4. Q f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
q 1 − sin +h
2 q(1 − cos h) lim f ( x ) =
f (0) = lim f ( x ) ...(1)
= lim = lim
h 0 2 h 0 4h 2 x 0+ x 0−
+h −2
2 Now f(0) = a
h h
2 sin2 lim=
f (x ) lim f (0 + h) = lim
q 2= q 2 = q +
= lim x 0 h 0 h 0 16 + h − 4
4 h 0 h 2 4 4 8
4
4 h 16 + h + 4
= lim
1 q h 0 16 + h − 4 16 + h + 4
and f ( / 2) = p == p
2 8
h 16 + h + 4
1 = lim = lim 16 + h + 4 =8
p = and q = 4 [From (1)]
2 h 0 16 + h − 4 2 h 0
1 − cos 4(−h)
2. Q f(x) is continuous at x = 0. =
lim f (x ) lim f (0 − h) = lim
f(0) = k x 0 − h 0 h 0 (−h)2
1 − cos 4 x 1 − cos 4h 2 sin2 2h
and lim f ( x ) = lim = lim = lim
x 0 x 0 8x 2 h 0 h2 h 0 h2
2
2 sin2 2 x sin 2 x sin 2h
2
= lim = lim =1 = 8. lim =8
x 0 8x 2 x 0 2x h 0 2h
Q f is continuous at x = 0 From (1), we get a = 8
f (0) = lim f ( x ) k = 1
x 0 5. Continuity at x = 3
3. Q f(x) is continuous at x = 0 Q f (x) is continuous at x = 3
lim f ( x ) =f (0) = lim f ( x ) ...(1) f (3) = lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) ...(1)
x 0 +
x 0 − x 3− x 3+
 106 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

Now, f(3) = 1 Here f(1) = 11

=
lim f ( x ) lim f (3=
− h) =
lim 1 1 lim= f (x ) lim =
f (1− h) lim[5a(1− h) − 2b]=
5a − 2b
x 3− h 0 h 0 x 1− h 0 h 0
=
lim f (x ) lim f (3 + h) f (x ) lim =
lim= f (1+ h) lim[3a(1+ h) + b]=
3a + b
x 3+ h 0 x 1+ h 0 h 0
= lim[a(3 + h) + b] =
3a + b From (1), we get
h 0
5a – 2b = 11 and 3a + b = 11
From (1), 3a + b = 1 ...(2) Solving these, we get
Continuity at x = 5
a = 3, b = 2.
Q f(x) is continuous at x = 5
f (5) = lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) ...(3) 9. Refer to answer 5.
x 5− x 5+
10. Q f(x) is continuous at x = 0,
Now f(5) = 7 lim f (x ) ==
lim f (x ) f (0) ...(1)
lim=f (x ) lim f (5=
+ h) lim
= 7 7 x 0− x 0+
+ h 0 h 0
x 5
=
lim f (x ) lim f (5 − h) Here,=
f (0) a=
sin a
x 5− h 0 2
= lim [a(5 − h) + b] =
5a + b lim f (x ) =
lim a sin (−h +1)
h 0
x 0− h 0 2
From (3), 5a + b = 7 ...(4) −
Solving (2) and (4) we get = lim a sin −h = lim a cos h =a
h 0 2 2 h 0 2
a = 3, b = – 8.
tan h − sin h
6. Q f(x) is continuous at x = 2 lim f (x ) = lim
x 0+ h 0 h3
lim f (x ) =
f (2) ...(1) sin h 1
x 2 − sin h −1
sin h
Here f(2) = k cos h cos h
= lim = lim
3 2
x + x − 16 x + 20 h 0 h3 h 0 h3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 2 x 2 ( x − 2)2 sin h 1 − cos h
= lim lim
(x − 2) (x + 5) 2 h 0 h h 0 cos h h2
= lim= lim (x + 5) = 7
x 2 (x − 2)2 x 2 h
2 sin2
From (1), we get k = 7 1 2 = 1 1=1
= 1 lim lim
h 0 cos h x 0 2 2 2
Q f(x) is continuous at x = h
7. , 4
2 2
f = lim f (x ) ...(1) 1
a=
2 x 2
2
1
Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 0, if a = .
Here f =5 2
2
k cos +h 11. Q f(x) is continuous at x = 3
k cos x 2 ... (1)
lim f ( x ) = lim = lim lim f (x ) =lim f (x ) = f (3)
− 2x h 0 x 3− x 3+
x x −2 +h
2 2 2 lim=
f (x ) lim (a(3 − h) + 1) =
3a + 1
−k sin h k sin h k k h 3− h 0
= =
= lim lim .1 =
h 0 − 2h 2 h 0 h 2 2 =
lim f (x ) lim (b(3 + h) + 3) =
3b + 3
x 3+ h 0
From (1), we get k = 10
Also, f(3) = 3a + 1
8. Q f(x) is continuous at x = 1 2
lim f (x ) =
f (1) = lim f (x ) ...(1) From (1), 3a + 1=3b + 3 , a−b=
3
x 1− x 1+ which is the required relation between a and b.
Continuity and Differentiability 107

1 1
12. Here, f = 1. f(x) is continuous at x = 0, if k =
.
2 2
1 1 1 Also, f(x) is continuous at x = 1 as f(x) = 3x + 1 is a
lim= f (x ) lim f = − h lim + − h =1 polynomial function.
1
− h 0 2 h 0 2 2
x
2 16. Q f(x) is continuous at x = 2 and x = 5
1 3 1 lim f (x ) = f (2) and lim f (x ) = f (5)
lim= f (x ) lim f = + h lim + + h =2 x 2+ x 5−
1
+ h 0 2 h 0 2 2
x =
lim (ax + b) 4 and lim (ax + b) = 13
2 x 2 x 5
Since lim f (x ) lim f (x ) 2a + b = 4 ...(1) and 5a + b = 13 ...(2)
+ −
x
1
x
1 Solving these equations, we get a = 3 and b = –2
2 2
17. =
lim f (x ) lim f (0 − h)
1 0− h 0
f is not continuous at x = . x
2
4[1 − 1 − (0 − h)] 4[1 − 1 + h ]
13. For f to be continuous at x = 2, we must have = lim = lim
lim f= ( x ) f=
(2) lim f ( x ) ... (1) h 0 0−h h 0 −h
x 2− x 2+
4[1 − 1 + h ] 1 + 1 + h
Now f(2) = a = lim
h 0 −h 1+ 1+ h
lim= f (x ) lim f=
(2 − h) lim[2(2 − h) − 1] =
3
x 2− h 0 h 0 4[1 − (1 + h)] 4 ( − h)
= lim = lim
lim=
f (x ) lim f (=
2 + h) lim[(2 + h) + 1] =
3 h 0 −h[1 + 1 + h ] h 0 −h[1 + 1 + h ]
x 2+ h 0 h 0
From (1), we get a = 3 44
= lim =2 =
14. Continuity at x = – 3 : h 0 1+ 1+ h 1+1
=
lim f (x ) lim | x= | +3 lim (− x + 3) =
3+3=6 lim=f (x ) lim f (0 + h)
x − 3− x − 3− x −3 x 0+ h 0
lim =
f (x ) lim (−2 x ) = 6 sin(0 + h) sin h
x − 3+ x −3 = lim + cos
= (0 + h) lim + cos h
f (–3) = |–3| + 3 = 3 + 3 = 6 0+h
h 0 h 0 h
Thus, = lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) f (−3) sin h
x − 3− x − 3+ = lim + lim cos h = 1 + 1 = 2
h 0 h h 0
f is continuous at x = – 3.
Continuity at x = 3 : and f(0) = 2
lim f= (x ) lim (−2 x ) = − 6 =
lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) f (0)
x 3− x 3 x 0− x 0+
=
lim f (x ) lim (6 x +=
2) 6(3) + 2 = 20 Hence, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
x 3+ x 3
18. Refer to answer 13.
Thus, lim f (x ) lim f (x ) Also f(x) is continuous at x = 3 as f(x) = x + 1 is a
− +
x 3 x 3
f(x) is discontinuous at x = 3. polynomial function.
So, the only point of discontinuity of f is x = 3. 19. Refer to answer 13.
15. We have, lim 2
= f (x ) lim k(h + 2) = 2k 20. For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0, we must
x 0− h 0 have
lim=
f (x ) lim (3h + 1) = 1 =
lim f (x ) =
lim f (x ) f (0)
x 0+ h 0
x 0− x 0+
and f(0) = 2k
Now,
As f(x) is continuous at x = 0
sin(a + 1)(0 − h) + sin(0 − h)
lim f ( x ) =
lim f ( x ) = f (0) lim f (x ) = lim
x 0 −
x 0 +
x 0 − h 0 0−h
1 − h sin(a + 1) − sin h
2k =
1 k= = lim
2 h 0 −h
108 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

sin(a + 1)h sin h x 2 + 3x − 4 bx − 2 − a

= lim (a + 1) + lim ⇒ lim =
lim
h 0 (a + 1)h h 0 h x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1
= (a + 1) + 1 = a + 2 ...(1)
(x + 4)(x − 1) bx − b
0 + h + b(0 + h) − 0 + h 2 ⇒ lim =
lim [From (1)]
And, lim f (x ) = lim x →1 x −1 x →1 x − 1
x 0+ h 0 b(0 + h)3/2 b(x − 1)
lim (x + 4) = lim 5=
b
h + bh − h2
1 + bh − 1 h x 1 x −1
x 1
= lim = lim Putting b = 5 in (1), we get a = 3
3/ 2 3/ 2
h 0 bh h 0 bh Hence, a = 3 and b = 5
1 + bh − 1 1 + bh + 1 25. We have,
= lim
h 0 bh 1 + bh + 1
1 + x2 + 1 − x2
1 + bh − 1 1 bh y = tan −1 , x2 1
= lim = lim = ...(2) 2 2
h 0 bh( 1 + bh +1) h 0 bh( 1 + bh +1) 2 1+ x − 1− x
2
Also, f(0) = c ...(3) Putting x = cos = cos–1 (x2) we get
From (1), (2) and (3), we get 1 + cos + 1 − cos
y = tan −1
1 −3 1 1 + cos − 1 − cos
a + 2 == c a = and c =
2 2 2
and b can be any real number. cos + sin 1 + tan
= tan −1 2 2 = tan −1 2
21. Refer to answer 2.
cos − sin 1 − tan
22. Q f(x) is continuous at x = 1 2 2 2
lim f (x ) =lim f (x ) = f (1)
x 1− x 1+ = tan −1 tan + = +
2 4 2 2 4
4= k(1) k= 4
1 −1 2
f(x) is continuous at x = 1, if k = 4. y =+ cos (x )
4 2
23. Q f(x) is continuous at x = 5 Differentiating w.r.t x on both sides, we get
lim f (x ) =f (5) = k dy 1 2x −x
x 5 = − =
dx 2 1 − x4 1 − x4
x 2 − 25 (x + 5)(x − 5)
lim = k lim =k 1
x 5 x −5 x 5 x −5
lim (x + 5=
) k k = 10
26. Here f =
(x ) x 2 +=
1 (x 2 + 1) 2
x 5 1
1 2 − x
f(x) is continuous at x = 5, if k = 10. =
f (x ) (x + 1) 2 2 x = , ...(1)
24. Given that f(x) is differentiable at x = 1. 2 2
x +1
Therefore, f(x) is continuous at x = 1 x +1
g (x ) =
⇒ lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) =f (1) x2 + 1
x →1− x →1+
(x 2 +1) 1− (x +1) 2 x − x 2 − 2 x +1
⇒ lim (x 2 + 3x + a) = lim (bx + 2) = 1 + 3 + a g (x ) = = ...(2)
x →1 x →1 (x 2 +1)2 (x 2 +1)2
1+3+a=b+2
and h(x) = 2x – 3
a–b+2=0 ...(1)
h (x) = 2 ...(3)
Again, f(x) is differentiable at x = 1. So,
2
(L.H.D. at x = 1) = (R.H.D. at x = 1) − x − 2 x +1
f [h ( g (x ))]= f h [Using (2)]
f (x ) − f (1) f (x ) − f (1) (x 2 +1)2
⇒ lim =lim
x →1− x − 1 x →1+ x −1 =f (2) [Using (3)]
2 (bx + 2) − (4 + a) 2 2
(x + 3x + a) − (4 + a)
⇒ lim =
lim = = [Using (1)]
x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1 22 + 1 5
Continuity and Differentiability 109

27. The given function is f(x) = |x – 1| + |x + 1|

(x 2 + 2), if x 0
−(x − 1) − (x + 1), x − 1 −2 x , x − 1 29. Here f (x ) =
4 x + 6, if x 0
= −(x − 1) + x + 1 , − 1 x 1 = 2, −1 x 1
2
x −1+ x +1 , x 1 2x, x 1 At x = 0, f(0) = (0 + 2) = 2
=
L.H. L. = lim f (x ) lim f (0 − h)
At x = 1, x 0− h 0
2
f (1 − h) − f (1) 2−2 = lim [(0 − h) + 2] =
2
f (1− ) =
lim = lim =0 h 0
h 0 −h h 0 −h
=
R.H. L. =
lim f (x ) lim f (0 + h)
f (1+ h) − f (1) x 0+ h 0
+
f (1 ) =
lim = lim[4(0 + h) + 6] =
6
h 0 h h 0
2(1+ h) − 2 2h For f to be continuous at x = 0
= lim = lim = 2
h 0 h h 0 h 2 =6 = 3.
f (1–) f (1+) Hence the function becomes
f is not differentiable at x = 1. 3(x 2 + 2), if x 0
At x = –1, f (x ) =
4x + 6 if x 0
f (−1 − h) − f (−1)
f (−1− ) = lim
h 0 −h f (0 − h) − f (0)
f (0− ) = lim
h 0 0−h
−2(−1 − h) − (2) 2h
= lim = lim = −2
h 0 −h h 0 −h 3(h2 + 2) − 6
= lim = lim (−3h) = 0
h 0 −h h 0
f (−1 + h) − f (−1) 2−2
f (−1+ ) = lim = lim =0 f (0 + h) − f (0) 4h + 6 − 6
h 0 h h 0 h and f (0+ ) = lim = lim =4
– + h 0 0+h h 0 h
f (–1 ) f (–1 )
f is not differentiable at x = –1. f (0–) f (0+)
f is not differentiable at x = 0.
28. At x = 1:
30. We have cosy = xcos(a + y)
f (x ) − f (1) x −1
f (1− ) = lim = lim =1 cos y
x 1− x −1 x 1 x −1 x=
cos(a + y )
f (x ) − f (1)
f (1+ ) = lim Differentiating w.r.t. y on both sides, we get
x 1 x −1+
d d
2 − x −1 1− x cos(a + y ) cos y − cos y cos(a + y )
= lim = lim = −1 dx dy dy
x 1 x −1 x 1 x −1 =
Since, f (1–) f (1+) dy cos2 (a + y )
f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. dx cos(a + y )(− sin y ) + cos y sin(a + y )
At x = 2 : =
dy cos2 (a + y )
f (x ) − f (2) 2−x −0
f (2− ) = lim = lim = −1
x 2 − x −2 x 2 x−2 dx cos y sin(a + y ) − cos(a + y )sin y
=
f (x ) − f (2) dy cos2 (a + y )
f (2+ ) = lim
x 2 + x −2
sin[(a + y ) − y] sin a
−2 + 3x − x 2 − 0 (1 − x )(x − 2) = =
= lim = lim = −1 2 2
cos (a + y ) cos (a + y )
x 2 x − 2 x 2 x −2
Since, f (2–) = f (2+) dy cos2 (a + y )
=
f(x) is differentiable at x = 2. dx sin a
110 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

31. We
= have, y sin −1 x 1 − x − x 1 − x 2 35. We have, x 1 + y + y 1 + x =
0

sin −1 x 1 − ( x )2 − x 1 − x 2
y= x 1+ y = − y 1+ x x 2 (1 + y ) =
y 2 (1 + x )
−x
sin −1 x − sin −1 x
y= (x 2 − y 2 ) + xy (x − y=
) 0 y=
x +1
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy (x +1)(−1) − (− x )(1) − x −1 + x −1
dy 1 1 d = = =
= − x dx (x + 1)2
(x + 1)2
(x + 1)2
dx 1 − x2 2 dx
1− x
36. Here, y = a sinx + b cos x
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − = − dy
1− x 2 1− x 2 x 1− x 2 2 x − x2 = a cos x − b sin x
dx
2
x − 3 , if x 3 2 dy
32. f(x) = |x – 3| = Now, L.H.S. = y +
−(x − 3), if x 3 dx
We have f(3) = |3 – 3| = 0 = (a sin x + b cos x)2 + (acos x – b sin x)2
lim=f (x ) lim f (=3 + h) lim (3 + h) − 3 =lim h = 0 = a2sin2 x + b2cos2 x + 2ab sin x cos x + a2cos2x
x 3+ h 0 h 0 h 0
+ b2sin2x – 2ab sin x cos x
lim=
f (x ) lim f (3=
− h) lim [−(3 − h =
− 3)] lim
= h 0 = a2 (sin2x + cos2x) + b2(cos2 x + sin2x)
x 3− h 0 h 0 h 0
= a2 + b2 = R.H.S.
Q =
lim f (x ) =
lim f (x ) f (3) = 0
x 3+ x 3−
So, f(x) is continuous at x = 3. 37.=
L.H.L. lim f (x ) lim (2 x 2 − x ) =
= 6
x 2− x 2
f (3 + h) − f (3) = =
lim f (x ) lim (5x − 4) =
6
Now, Rf (3) = lim R.H.L.
h 0 h x 2+ x 2
2
(3 + h − 3) − 0 h Also, f(2) = 2(2) – 2 = 6
= lim = lim = 1
h 0 h h 0h As, =
lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) f (2)
x 2− x 2+
f (3 − h) − f (3) f(x) is continuous at x = 2.
And Lf (3) = lim
h 0 −h Test of differentiability :
[− (3 − h − 3)] − 0 h f (2 − h) − f (2)
= lim = lim = −1 We have, Lf (2) = lim
h 0 −h h 0 −h h 0 −h
Thus, Rf (3) Lf (3)
f(x) is not differentiable at x = 3. 2(2 − h)2 − (2 − h) − 6
= lim
h 0 −h
33. Refer to answer 30.
8 + 2h2 − 8h + h − 8
2 = lim
1+ x −1 −h
34. Let y = tan −1 h 0
x 2h − 7h = lim −h (−2h + 7) = 7
2
Put x = tan –1
= tan x = lim
h 0 −h h 0 −h
1 + tan2 − 1 sec − 1 f (2 + h) − f (2)
tan −1
y= = tan −1 Rf (2) = lim
tan tan h 0 h
1 − cos 5(2 + h) − 4 − 6
tan −1
y= = tan −1 tan = lim
sin 2 h 0 h
1 1 10 + 5h − 10
y = = tan −1 x = lim = lim = 5
5h
2 2 h 0 h h 0 h
dy 1 1
= Q Lf (2) Rf (2)
dx 2 1 + x 2 Hence, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 2.
 Continuity and Differentiability 111

3x + 4 1 − x 2 1+ x − 1− x
38. We have, y = cos −1 42. Let y = tan −1
5 1+ x + 1− x
Putting x = sin = sin–1x, we get 1
3 sin + 4 cos Putting x = cos 2 =cos −1 x , we get
y = cos −1 2
5 1 + cos 2 − 1 − cos 2
3 4 y = tan −1
y= cos −1 sin + cos 1 + cos 2 + 1 − cos 2
5 5
3 4 2 cos2 − 2 sin2
=Let =
sin and cos tan −1
y=
5 5 2 cos2 + 2 sin2
y = cos–1 [sin sin + cos cos ]
y = cos–1[cos( – )] y= – cos − sin 1 − tan
tan −1
y= = tan −1
y = – sin–1x cos + sin 1 + tan
dy −1
=
dx 1 − x2 tan −1 tan
y= −
4
39. Refer to answer 38. 1
y =− y= − cos −1 x
40. We have, (x2 + y2)2 = xy 4 4 2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dy 1
=
dy dy dx 2 1 − x 2
2(x 2 + y 2 ) 2 x + 2 y = x + y
dx dx 43. Given, xy + y2 = tan x + y
dy
(4 y ( x 2 + y 2 ) − x ) =
y − 4 x(x 2 + y 2 ) Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dx dy dy dy
dy y − 4 x 3 − 4 xy 2 x + y + 2=y sec2 x +
= dx dx dx
dx 4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 − x
dy
(x + 2 y − 1) = sec2 x − y
41. We have, dx
2
1 + sin x + 1 − sin x dy sec x − y
y = cot −1 =
dx x + 2 y − 1
1 + sin x − 1 − sin x
2 2
44. Refer to answer 38.
x x x x
cos + sin + cos − sin
x cos −1 x
cot −1
y=
2 2 2 2
45. Here y = − log 1 − x 2
2 2 2
x x x x 1− x
cos + sin − cos − sin
2 2 2 2 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
x x x x d d
cos + sin + cos − sin 1 − x2 (x cos −1 x ) − x cos −1 x 1 − x2
y=
cot −1 2 2 2 2 dy dx dx
=
x x x x dx 1 − x2
cos + sin − cos + sin
2 2 2 2
1 d
x − 1 − x2
2 cos 1− x 2 dx
2 x
cot −1
y= y= cot −1 cot
x 2 x −x
2 sin 1 − x2 1 cos −1 x − − x cos −1 x
2 1− x 2
1 − x2
x =
y= 1 − x2
2
1 −x
dy 1 −
= 2
dx 2 1− x 1 − x2
 112 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

x 2 cos −1 x (1 + x 2 )
dy
1 − x 2 cos −1 x − x + + xy + 1 = 0
dx
= 1 − x2 +
x
2
1− x 1 − x2 1 1
2 −1 2 −1 −1 49. We have,
= y x 2 + 1 − log + 1+
(1 − x )cos x + x cos x cos x x x2
= =
1− x 2
1− x 2 (1 − x 2 )3/2 2
y=x 2 + 1 − log 1 + x + 1
x y x+y y–x y
46. Given e + e = e 1+e =e ...(1) x
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we get
y=x 2 + 1 − log 1 + x 2 + 1 + log x
d dy
e y −x ( y − x) = e y Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dx dx
dy y − x y dy 2x 1 2x 1
dy dy = − +
e y −x −1 = e y (e − e ) = e y−x dx 2 x 2 + 1 x
dx dx dx 1 + x2 + 1 2 x +1 2

dy y−x [Using (1)] dy x x 1

(−1) = e = − +
dx dx 2 2 2 x
x +1 x +1 1+ x +1
dy
+ e y−x = 0
dx x 1 + x2 + 1 − 1 1 x 1
= + = +
a x −a x 2 +1 1 + x 2 + 1 x 1 + x2 + 1 x
Here, y tan −1
47. = + log
x x +a
a 1 x −a x2 + 1 + x2 + 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1 + 1
= tan −1 + log = =
x 2 x +a x 1 + x 2 +1 x 1 + x2 + 1
a 1
= tan −1 + [log( x − a) − log( x + a)]
x 2 x2 + 1
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get =
x
dy 1 d a 1 1 1
= 2 dx x
+ − 1 − cos 2 x
dx a 2 x − a x +a 50. We have, y = log
1+ 2 1 + cos 2 x
x
x2 1 1 ( x + a) − ( x − a) 2 sin2 x
= 2 a − 2 + y=
log = log(tan x )
x +a 2
x 2 x 2 − a2 2 cos2 x
dy 1
−a a −a( x 2 − a2 ) + a( x 2 + a2 ) = sec2 x
= + = dx tan x
x 2 + a2 x 2 − a2 x 4 − a4 cos x 1 2 2
= = = = 2 cosec 2 x
2a3 2
sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x sin 2 x
=
x 4 − a4 51. Let y = xsin x + (sinx)cos x
y = esin x log x + ecos x log sin x
48. We have, log( 1 + x 2 −= x) y 1 + x2 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dy 1
1 1 = e sin x log x sin x + log x cos x
x −1 dx x
2
1+ x − x 1 + x2 cos x
+e cos x log sin x cos x + log sin x (− sin x )
dy x sin x
= 1 + x2 + y dy sin x
dx 1 + x2 x sin x
= + log x cos x
dx x
1 + x2 x − 1 + x2 dy cos2 x
= (1 + x 2 ) + xy +(sin x )cos x − sin x log sin x
1 + x2 − x 1 + x2 dx sin x
Continuity and Differentiability 113

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

52. Here,
= y (sin x )x + sin −1 x
du dv
e x log sin x + sin −1 x
y= + = 0 ...(1)
dx dx
dy x log sin x x cos x Now, u = (tan–1x)y
=
e + log sin x logu = y log (tan–1x)
dx sin x
1 1 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
+ 1 du dy 1 1
1− x 2 x ⋅ =log(tan −1 x ) + y ⋅ ⋅
−
dy x 1 u dx dx tan x 1 + x 2
1
=
(sin x ) (log sin x + x cot x ) +
dx du
2 x − x2 ⇒ = (tan −1 x ) y ×
dx
53. Given xmyn = (x + y)m + n
 dy −1 y 
Taking log on both the sides, we get  dx log(tan x ) + 2 −1 
...(2)
logxm + log yn = (m + n)log (x + y)  (1 + x )tan x 
m logx + n log y = (m + n) log (x + y) And v = ycotx
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get logv = cotx·logy
1 1 dy 1 dy Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
m +n = (m + n) 1+ 1 dv 1 dy
x y dx x+y dx = cot x ⋅ ⋅ − cosec2 x ⋅ log y
v dx y dx
dy n m + n m+n m dv  cot x dy 
− = − = y cot x 
⇒ ⋅ − cosec2 x ⋅ log y  ...(3)
dx y x + y x+y x dx  y dx 
dy nx + ny − my − ny mx + nx − mx − my From (1), (2) and (3), we get
=
dx y(x + y ) x(x + y )  dy y 
(tan −1 x ) y  log(tan −1 x ) +
dy nx − my nx − my dx 2 −1 
 (1 + x )tan x 
=
dx y(x + y ) x(x + y )  cot x dy 
+ y cot x  ⋅ − cosec 2 x ⋅ log y  =
0
dy y
= .  y dx 
dx x dy
x ⇒ [(tan −1 x ) y ⋅ log(tan −1 x ) + y cot x −1 ⋅ cot x]
x− y
dx
54. Here, (x − y ) ⋅ e = a y
= y cot x ⋅ cosec2 x ⋅ log y − (tan −1 x ) y −1 ⋅
Taking log on both sides, we get (1 + x 2 )
 x 
  y
⇒ log (x − y ) ⋅ e x − y  = log a y cot x ⋅ cosec2 x ⋅ log y − (tan −1 x ) y −1 ⋅
 
dy (1 + x 2 )
  \ =
dx (tan −1 x ) y .log(tan −1 )x + y cot x −1 .cot x
x
⇒ log(x − y ) + = log a
x−y 56. Let y = (log x)x + xlog x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get x log (log x ) 2
y= e + e(log x )
dy
(x − y ) 1 − x 1 − Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 dy dx
1− + =0 dy d d
x− y dx (x − y )2 = (log x )x {x log(log x )} + x log x {(log x )2 }
dx dx dx
 dy   dy  x 1 1
⇒ (x − y )  1 −  + x − y − x  1 −  = 0 = (log x ) x + log(log x )
 dx   dx  log x x
 dy  dy 1
⇒ − y 1 −  + x − y = 0 ⇒ y + x = 2 y + x log x 2(log x )
 dx  dx x
1 log x log x
55. Here, (tan–1x)y + ycotx = 1 = (log x )x + log(log x ) + 2 x
–1 y cotx log x x
u + v = 1 where u = (tan x) and v = y
114 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

57. Here yx = ey – x Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

Taking log on both sides, we get 1 dy
y (− sin x ) + log (cos x )
xlog y = (y – x)log e = y – x cos x dx
x(1 + logy) = y 1 dy
= x (− sin y ) + log (cos y ) 1
y cos y dx
x=
1 + log y dy
(x tan y + log(cos
= x )) y tan x + log(cos y )
Differentiating w.r.t. y, we get dx
1 dy y tan x + log(cos y )
(1 + log y ) 1 − y =
dx y log y dx x tan y + log(cos x )
= 2
=
dy (1 + log y ) (1 + log y )2 x2 − 1
2 Here y x sin x −cos x +
62.=
dy (1 + log y ) x2 + 1
=
dx log y sin x −cos x x2 − 1
=Let u x= and v
2
x +1
3 x x2 + 1
58. Let y = sin −1 y=u+v
1 + (36)x
dy du dv
=+ ...(1)
2 2 x 3x 2 6x dx dx dx
sin −1
y= = sin −1
1 + (36)x 1 + (6 x )2 Now, u = xsin x – cos x
x –1 x logu = (sinx – cosx)logx
Put 6 = tan = tan 6
2 tan Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
y= sin −1 = sin −1 (sin 2 )
1 + tan2 1 du 1
= (sin x − cos x ) + (cos x + sin x ) log x
y = 2 = 2tan–1(6x) u dx x
Now differentiating w.r.t. x, we get du sin x −cos x
= x
dy 1 d x dx
= 2 (6 ) sin x − cos x
dx x 2
1 + (6 ) dx + (cos x + sin x ) log x ...(2)
x
2 2 log 6 6 x
= 6 x log 6 = x x2 − 1 2
1 + (36)x 1 + (36) Now, v = = 1−
2 2
x +1 x +1
59. We have, xy = ex–y dv 4x
Taking log on both sides, we get 0 − 2 (−1)(x 2 + 1)−2 2 x =
= ...(3)
dx (x + 1)2
2
y log x =(x – y)log e = x – y
From (1), (2) and (3), we get
x
y(1 + log x) = x y= dy sin x − cos x sin x − cos x
(1 + log x ) =x . + (sin x + cos x ) log x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dx x
4x
1 +
(1 + log x )1 − x (x + 1)2
2
dy x 1 + log x − 1
= 2
= 2x 2 − 3
dx (1 + log x ) (1 + log x )2 63. Here,
= y x cot x +
dy log x x2 + x + 2
=
dx (1 + log x )2 cot x 2x 2 − 3
=
Let u x= ,v
x2 + x + 2
60. Refer to answer 58. dy du dv
y=
u+v = + ...(1)
61. We have, (cos x)y = (cos y)x dx dx dx
Taking log on both sides, we get Now, u = xcot x
y log (cos x) = x log (cos y) ... (i) log u = cot x · log x
 Continuity and Differentiability 115

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

(x 2 − 1) (2 x ) − (x 2 + 1) (2 x )
1 du 1 =
= cot x − cosec2 x log x (x 2 − 1)2
u dx x
du cot x cot x 2 x [ x 2 − 1 − x 2 − 1]
= x − cosec2 x log x ...(2)
= =
−4 x
dx x 2 2
...(3)
(x − 1) (x − 1)2
2
2x 2 − 3
Also, v = From (1), (2) and (3), we get
x2 + x + 2 dy x cos x
= x
dv ( x 2 + x + 2) 4 x − (2 x 2 − 3) (2 x + 1) [cos x − x sin x log x + cos x log x]
= dx
dx (x 2 + x + 2)2 −
4x
dv (4 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 8 x ) − (4 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 6 x − 3) (x − 1)2
2
=
dx (x 2 + x + 2)2 x cos x 4x
= x [cos x (1 + log x ) − x sin x log x]−
dv 2 x 2 + 14 x + 3 (x − 1)2
2
= ...(3)
dx (x 2 + x + 2)2 65. Refer to answer 59.
From (1), (2) and (3), we get We have,
dy log x log x log x
dy cot x 2 x 2 + 14 x + 3 = = =
= x cot x − cosec2 x log x + dx (1 + log x ) 2
(log e + x )2
(log(xe))2
dx x (x 2 + x + 2)2

x2+ 1 66. We have, y = (cosx)x + (sinx)1/x

x cos x
64. =
Let y x + log sin x
x2 − 1 x log cos x
y=
e +e x
x cos x x2 + 1
=Let u x= and v Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
x2 − 1
dy 1
y=u+v = e x log cos x x (− sin x ) + log cos x
dy du dv dx cos x
= + ...(1)
dx dx dx log sin x
1 1 −1
Now, u = xx cos x +e x (cos x ) + log sin x
Taking log on both sides, we get
x sin x x2
logu = xcosx · logx = (cos x )x [log cos x − x tan x]
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1
1 du d d cot x log sin x
= x cos x (log x ) + x log x (cos x ) + (sin x ) x −
u dx dx dx x x2
d
+ cos x log x (x ) 67. We have, y = (sin x – cos x)(sin x – cos x)
dx
1 du 1 Taking log on both sides, we get
= x cos x + x log x(− sin x ) + cos x log x log y = (sin x – cos x) log (sin x – cos x)
u dx x
= cos x – x sin x log x + cos x log x Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
du 1 dy (cos x + sin x )
= x x cos x [cos x − x sin x log x + cos x log x] ...(2) = (sin x − cos x )
dx y dx (sin x − cos x )
2
x +1 + log (sin x − cos x ) (cos x + sin x )
Also, v =
2 1 dy
x −1
= (cos x + sin x )[1 + log (sin x − cos x )]
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get y dx
d d dy (sin x − cos x )
(x 2 − 1) ( x 2 + 1) − ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 − 1) = (sin x − cos x )
dv dx dx dx
=
dx (x 2 − 1)2 [(cos x + sin x ) (1 + log (sin x − cos x ))]
 116 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

68. Let y = (x)cos x + (sin x)tan x cos x 4x

y = ecos x log x + etan x log sin x = (log x )cos x − sin x log(log x ) −
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
x log x (x − 1)2
2

cos x 73. Let y = (sin x)tan x + (cos x)sec x

dy
= e cos x log x − sin x log x y = etan x · log sin x + esec x · log cos x
dx x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
tan x log sin x tan x cos x 2 dy tan x 1
+e + sec x log
= sin x (sin x ) sec2 x log sin x + tan x cos x
sin x dx sin x
cos x cos x +(cos x )sec x
= x − sin x log x
x 1
sec x tan x log cos x + sec x (− sin x )
tan x 2 cos x
+ (sin x ) 1 + sec x log sin x
dy tan x
x cosx = (sin x ) sec2 x log sin x + 1
69. We have, y = (logx) + (x) dx
y = exlog(logx) + ecosx ·logx + (cos x)sec x {sec x tan x · log cos x – sec x tan x}
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 74. x = a sin2t (1 + cos2t), y = b cos2t (1 – cos2t)
dy x dx
= e x log(log x ) + log(log x ) =
Now, 2a cos 2t (1 + cos 2t ) + a sin 2t (−2 sin 2t )
dx x log x dt
= 2a cos2t + 2a[cos2 2t – sin2 2t]
cos x log x cos x
+e + log x(− sin x ) = 2a cos2t + 2a cos 4t
x
dy
1 Also, = −2b sin 2t (1 − cos 2t ) + b cos 2t (2 sin 2t )
= (log x )x + log(log x ) dt
log x
= –2b sin 2t + 4b (sin2t cos2t)
cos x = –2b sin2t + 2b sin4t
+ x cos x − sin x log x
x dy dy / dt 2b(sin 4t − sin 2t )
= =
So,
70. Refer to answer 69. dx dx / dt 2a(cos 4t + cos 2t )
71. We have, y = xx – (sinx)x dy b sin − sin( / 2)
y = exlogx – exlog sinx =
dx at t = / 4 a cos + cos( / 2)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
b 0 −1 b
dy x log x x = =
=e + log x a −1 + 0 a
dx x
x dy b sin(4 / 3) − sin(2 / 3)
−e x log sin x (cos x ) + log sin x =
sin x dx at t = /3 a cos(4 / 3) + cos(2 / 3))
= (x)x(1 + logx) – (sinx)x (xcot x + log sinx) − 3 3
−
2 b 2 2 = 3b
x +1 =
72. We
= have, y (log x )cos x + a −1 1 a
x2 − 1 −
2 2
x2 + 1
e cos x log(log x ) +
y= 1 + x2 − 1
x2 − 1 75. Let u = tan −1
x
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy cos x Put x = tan = tan–1x
= (log x )cos x + log(log x ) (− sin x )
dx x log x 1 + tan2 − 1
tan −1
u=
tan
(x 2 − 1)2 x − (x 2 + 1)(2 x )
+ sec − 1 1 − cos
(x 2 − 1)2 tan −1
u= u=tan −1
tan sin
Continuity and Differentiability 117

Also let,
2 sin2 −1
tan −1
u= 2 u=tan −1 tan =v cos (2 x 1 − x 2 ) v = cos −1 (2 cos 1 − cos2 )
2
2 sin cos = cos–1(2 cos sin ) = cos–1(sin 2 )
2 2
1 = cos −1 cos
u = u =tan −1 x −2 = −2
2 2 2 2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dv
du 1 =
−2
= d
dx 2 1 + x 2
du du / d −1
2x = =
Now
Also, let v = sin
−1
v = 2tan x –1 dv dv / d 2
1 + x2
78. Refer to answer 77.
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dv 2 79. Refer to answer 76.
=
dx 1 + x 2 dy dy / d 2ae cos
=
= = cot
du 1 dx dx / d 2ae sin
du dx 2(1 + x 2 ) du 1
== = dy
dv dv 2 dv 4 =
cot = 1
dx = 4
dx 1 + x2 4

76. We have x = aet(sin t + cos t) 80. Refer to answer 74.

dx 81. Here, x = cos t(3 – 2cos2t), y = sin t(3 – 2 sin2t)
aet (sin t + cos t ) + aet (cos t − sin t ) = 2ae cos t
t
=
dt dx
= − sin t (3 − 2 cos2 t ) + cos t [2 2 cos t sin t ]
and y = aet(sin t – cos t) dt
dy = – 3 sin t + 6 cos2 t sin t
= aet (sin t − cos t ) + aet (cos t + sin t ) = 2aetsin t
dt dy
= cos t (3 − 2 sin2 t ) + sin t (−2 2 sin t cos t )
and
dy dy / dt 2aet sin t dt
L.H.S.== = = tan t = – 3 cos t + 6 sin2t cos t
dx dx / dt 2aet cos t
x+ y dy dy / dt 3 cos t − 6 sin2 t cos t
Also, R.H.S= = =
x−y dx dx / dt −3 sin t + 6 cos2 t sin t

aet (sin t + cos t ) + aet (sin t − cos t ) 3 cos t cos 2t

= = cot t
= 3 sin t cos 2t
aet (sin t + cos t ) − aet (sin t − cos t )
dy
t
=
cot = 1
2ae sin t dx t = 4
= = tan t = L.H.S. 4
2aet cos t
82. Here, x = 2 cos – cos2 , y = 2 sin – sin 2
−1 1 − x2 dx dy
77. Let u = tan =− 2 sin + 2 sin 2 and
= 2 cos − 2 cos 2
x d d
Put x = cos
dy dy / d 2(cos − cos 2 )
= =
−1 1 − cos2 −1 sin dx dx / d 2(sin 2 − sin )
u= tan = tan
cos cos
= tan–1(tan ) = 3
2 sin sin
du = 2 2 = tan 3 .
= 1 3 2
d 2 cos sin
2 2
 118 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

−1 86. Refer to answer 85.

83. Here x = asin t dy
1 −1 = tan = 1
log x = sin t log a dx = 4
2 4
Differentiating w.r.t. t, we get 87. We have, y = xx
1 dx 1 1 y = ex log x
= log a ...(1)
x dt 2 1 − t2 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
−1 dy 1
Also, y = a cos t = e x log x x + log x
dx x
1
log y = cos −1 t log a dy dy
2 x x (1 log x )
=+ = y(1 + log x ) ...(1)
Differentiating w.r.t. t, we get dx dx
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 dy 1 −1
= log a ...(2)
y dt 2 d2 y dy 1
1 − t2 = (1 + log x ) +y
2 dx x
Now dividing (2) by (1), we get dx
2
1 dy d 2 y 1 dy y
= + [From (1)]
y dt dy y 2 y dx x
= −1 = − dx
1 dx dx x 2
d2 y 1 dy y
x dt − − =
0
2 y dx x
dx
dx
84. Here , x = a ( – sin ) =
a(1 − cos ) 88. We have, y = 2 cos (log x) + 3 sin (log x)
d
dy Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
and =
y a(1 + cos ) =a(− sin ) dy 1 1
d = −2 sin(log x ) + 3 cos(log x )
dx x x
dy dy / d −a sin − sin
= = = dy
dx dx / d a(1 − cos ) (1 − cos ) x = −2 sin(log x ) + 3 cos(log x ) ...(1)
dx
− sin Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy 3 = − 3 /2 = − 3
= d2 y dy 1 1
dx = 1 − (1 / 2) x + =
− 2 cos(log x ) − 3 sin(log x )
1 − cos 2 dx x x
3 dx
3
d2 y dy
t x2 +x = −[2 cos(log x ) + 3 sin(log x )]
85. Here,
= x a (cos t + log tan ) dx 2 dx
2 2
2d y dy d2 y dy
dx 1 1 2t x + x = − y x2 + x + y= 0
= a − sin t + sec dx 2 dx dx 2 dx
dt t 2 2
tan
2 89. We have, x = sin t and y = sin pt
t dx dy
cos = cos = t and p cos pt
2 1 1 dt dt
= a − sin t + = a − sin t + dy
t t sin t
sin 2 cos2 dy
2 2 = dt = p cos pt
dx dx cos t
(− sin2 t + 1) a cos2 t
=a = dt
sin t sin t Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Also, y = a sin t
dy d 2 y − p2 sin pt cos t + p cos pt sin t dt
= a cos t =
dt dx 2 cos2 t dx
2 2
dy dy / dt sin t d y − p sin pt cos t + p cos pt sin t
= = a cos t = tan t . =
dx dx / dt 2
a cos t dx 2 cos3 t
Continuity and Differentiability 119

d2 y p2 sin pt cos t p cos pt sin t d2 y 1 dy

=− + (1 − x 2 =
) m my + x
dx 2 cos3 t cos3 t dx 2 m dx
dy d2 y dy
d 2 y − p2 y
x (1 − x 2 ) = m2 y + x
=+ dx dx 2 dx
dx 2 cos2 t cos2 t 2
d y dy
(1 − x 2 ) −x − m2 y = 0
d2 y dy dx 2 dx
cos2 t − p2 y + x
=
2 dx
dx
92. We have, = y ( x + 1 + x 2 )n
d2 y dy Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
(1 − sin2 t ) = − p2 y + x
2 dx
dx dy 2x
n (x + 1 + x 2 )n−1 1 +
=
d2 y dy dx 2 1 + x2
(1 − x 2 ) −x + p2 y = 0
2 dx
dx
dy 1 + x2 + x
90. Given, x = a cos + b sin , y = a sin – b cos n(x + 1 + x 2 )n−1
=
dx 1 + x2
x2 = a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 + 2ab cos sin
and y2 = a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 – 2ab sin cos dy n(x + 1 + x 2 )n ny
Adding (1) and (2), we get = = ...(1)
dx 1+ x 2
1 + x2
x2 + y2 = a2 + b2
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
dy 2(xy )
dy dy ...(1) 1 + x2 −
2x + 2 y =0 x+y =0 2 dx
dx dx d y
=n 2 1 + x2
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dx 2 1 + x2
d2 y dy
2
d2 y ny xy
1+ y + =0 (1 + x 2 ) = n 1 + x2 −
dx 2 dx dx 2 1+ x 2
1 + x2
Multiplying by y on both sides, we get d2 y nxy
2 (1 + x 2 ) = n2 y −
d y dy dy 2
y2 + y +y=
0 dx 1 + x2
2 dx dx
dx
d2 y dy
2
d y dy (1 + x 2 ) = n2 y − x [From (1)]
2
y2 −x +y=
0 [From (1)] dx dx
dx 2 dx
d2 y dy
m sin −1
x
(1 + x 2 ) +x n2 y
=
91. We have, y = e 2 dx
dx
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 93. Here x = a sec3
dy m sin−1 x m my dx
a 3 sec2 sec tan = 3a sec tan
3
=e = ...(1) =
dx 1−x 2
1 − x2 d
and y = a tan3
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy
= a 3 tan2 sec2
dy y d
1 − x2 − (−2 x )
d2 y dx 2 1 −x 2
=m dy dy / d 3a tan2 sec2 tan
dx 2 = = = = sin
dx dx / d 3 sec
(1 − x 2 ) 3a sec tan
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
d2 y xy
(1 − x 2 =
) m my + [From (1)] d2 y d cos 1
dx 2
1 − x2 = = cos = cos 4 cot
2 dx 3 3a
dx 3a sec tan
 120 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

4 97. Refer to answer 96.

d2 y 1 1 1
= cos 4 cot = 1 2 2
dx 2 3a 4 4 3a 2 98. Given that y = log(x + x + a ) ...(1)
=
4 Differentiating (1) w.r.t. ‘x’ on both sides, we get
1 1 1 dy 1 d
= = = ⋅ ( x + x 2 + a2 )
3a 4 12a dx x + x 2 + a2 dx

94. Given y = Aemx + Benx 1  1 

= 1 + ⋅ 2x 
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get  
x + x 2 + a2  2 x 2 + a2 
dy
= Ae mx m + Benx n 1 ( x 2 + a2 + x )
dx = ⋅
d2 y x + x 2 + a2 x 2 + a2
= m2 Ae mx + n2 Benx
dx 2 dy 1 2 dy
⇒= ⇒ x 2 + a= 1 ...(2)
d2 y dy dx 2
x +a 2 dx
Now, L.H.S.
= − (m + n) + mny
dx 2 dx Again differentiating (2) on both sides w.r.t. x, we get
= m2Aemx + n2Benx –(m + n) (mAemx + nBenx) d2 y 2x dy
x 2 + a2 + = 0
2
mx 2
+ mn(Aemx + Benx) dx 2 x 2 + a2 dx
=Ae [m – (m + n)m + mn] d2 y dy
+ Benx [n2 – (m +n)n + mn] ⇒ ( x 2 + a2 ) +x =
0
2 dx
mx nx
= Ae × 0 + Be × 0 = 0 = R.H.S. dx
95. Here, x = a(cos t + t sin t) 99. Here x = a cos3 y = a sin3
dx dx dy
= a[− sin t + 1 sin t + t cos t ] = at cos t ...(1) = 3 a cos2 (− sin ) and
= 3a sin2 cos
dt d d
2
and y = a(sin t – t cos t) dy dy / d 3a sin cos
= = = − tan
dy dx dx / d −3a cos2 sin
= a[cos t − (1 cos t − t sin t )] = a t sin t
dt Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy / dt a t sin t d2 y d sec2
= = = tan t = − sec2 =−
dx dx / dt a t cos t dx 2 dx −3a cos2 sin
d2 y dt sec2 t 1 1
= sec2 t = [Using (1)] =
3a cos 4 sin
dx 2 dx a t cos t
1 1 d2 y 1 1
= = .
2 3a
a t cos3 t dx = cos 4 .sin
6 6 6
d2 y 1 1 4 3 8 2 1 1 32
= = 2 = = =
2 a a a
dx t= cos3 3a 4 27a
4 4 4 3 1
96. Refer to answer 85. 2 2
dy x
We get = tan t 100. Here, y = x log ... (1)
dx a + bx
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get y = x[logx – log(a + bx)] = x log x – x log (a + bx)
d2 y dt sec2 t sin t dy 1 1
== sec2 t = = x +1 log x − 1 log(a + bx ) + x b
2 dx a cos t / sin t a cos 4 t
2 dx x a + bx
dx
bx
sin = 1− + log x − log(a + bx )
d2 y 3 3 /2 8 3 a + bx
== =
dx 2 4 a(1 / 2)4 a dy a x
t= a cos = + log ...(2)
3 3 dx a + bx a + bx
Continuity and Differentiability 121

dy a y 3 cos2 − 3 sin2
= + [Using (1)] = sin3 + (−3 sin cos )2
dx a + bx x sin
Again differentiating (2) w.r.t. x, we get
= sin2 (3cos2 –3sin2 ) + 9sin2 cos2
dy
x −y = 3 sin2 (cos2 – sin2 + 3cos2 )
d2 y
= a (−1)(a + bx )−2 b + dx = 3 sin2 (4cos2 – sin2 )
dx 2 x2 = 3 sin2 (4cos2 – 1 + cos2 )
−ab a −abx + a(a + bx ) a2 = 3 sin2 (5cos2 –1) = R.H.S.
= + = =
(a + bx )2 x(a + bx ) x(a + bx )2 x(a + bx )2 103. Given y = sin–1 x
2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy 1
Now, R.H.S.
= x −y =
dx dx
2
1 − x2
2
a y ax Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
= x + −y =
a + bx x a + bx 1(−2 x )
1 − x 2 · 0 − 1·
d2 y d2 y 2 1 − x2
and L.H.S. = x 3 =
dx 2 dx 2 1 − x2
2
a2 x 2 ax d2 y x
= = = R.H.S. ⇒ (1 − x 2 ) =
2 a + bx 2
(a + bx ) dx 1 − x2
1 d2 y 1
101. We have, x = tan log y ⇒ (1 − x 2 ) − x· =
0
2
a dx 1 − x2
1 d2 y
log y = tan −1 x ⇒ (1 − x 2 ) − x·
dy
=
0
a 2 dx
dx
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 1 dy 1 dy 104. y = (tan–1x)2
= (1 + x 2 ) = ay
a y dx 1 + x 2 dx Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get dy d −1 1
2
= 2 tan −1 x =
(tan −1
x ) 2 tan x
d y dy dy dx dx 1 + x2
(1 + x 2 ) + 2x =
a
dx 2 dx dx dy
(x 2 + 1) = 2 tan −1 x
d2 y dy dx
(1 + x 2 ) + (2 x − a) =0 Again differentiating. w.r.t. x, we get
2 dx
dx
d2 y dy 1
3 (x 2 + 1) + 2x =
2
102. Given x = cos and y = sin dx 2 dx 1 + x2
dx dy
= − sin and = 3 sin2 cos d2 y dy
d d (x 2 + 1)2 + 2 x(x 2 + 1) =2
2 dx
dx
dy dy / d 3 sin2 cos
= = = −3 sin cos
dx dx / d − sin 105. Refer to answer 88.
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 106. Refer to answer 95.
d2 y d dx
= [−3 cos2 − 3 sin (− sin )] Since, we have = at cos t
dx 2 dx dt
− 1 d2x
= (−3 cos2 + 3 sin2 ) = a[t (− sin t ) + cos t ] = − at sin t + a cos t
sin dt 2
2
d2 y dy dy d2 y
= y
Now, L.H.S. + = at sin t = a[t cos t + sin t ]
and
dx 2 dx dt dt 2
122 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

107. Refer to answer 96. Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

Q y = a sin t  dy d 2 y  2
 dy  dy
dy (x 2 +1)2  2 ⋅  + 2(x 2 +1)(2 x )   = 4
= a cos t  dx dx 2   dx  dx
dt  
Again differentiating w.r.t. t, we get d2 y dy
2
d y \ (x 2 + 1)2 + 2 x (x 2 + 1) =
2
2 dx
= −a sin t dx
dt 2
113. Refer to answer 94.
108. Refer to answer 96.
109. Refer to answer 84. sin −1 x
114. We have, y =
q q 1 − x2
−2sin cos
dy − sin q 2 2
= =
We have, ⇒ 1 − x2 ⋅ y =sin −1 x
dx (1 − cos q) 2q
2sin
2 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy q d2 y 1 q dq dy x 1
⇒ = − cot ⇒ = cosec2 × 1 − x2 − y=
dx 2 dx 2 2 2 dx dx 1 − x2 1 − x2
q
cosec 4 dy
1 2q 1 ⇒ (1 − x 2 ) − xy =1
= × cosec × = 2 dx
2 2 2q 4a
2a sin Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2
d2 y dy dy
110. Refer to answer 109. (1 − x 2 ) − 2x −x −y=
0
2 dx dx
dx
111. We have, y = cosec–1 x
dy −1 dy d2 y dy
= x x2 − 1 =
−1 ⇒ (1 − x 2 ) − 3x −y=
0
2 dx
dx x x 2 − 1 dx dx
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 115. y = ex (sin x + cos x)
  dy
d2 y  (2 x ) dy ⇒ = e x (sin x + cos x ) + e x (cos x − sin x=) 2e x cos x
x x 2 −1 + x× + x 2 −1  =
0 dx
2   dx
dx  2 x 2 −1 
  Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2
d y  x + x − 1  dy
2 2 d2 y
⇒ x x2 − 1 +  =
0 = 2e x cos x − 2e x sin x
dx 2  
x 2 − 1  dx dx 2

d2 y dy d2 y
⇒ x(x − 1) 2 2
+ (2 x − 1) = 0 2e x (cos x − sin x )
=
dx 2 dx dx 2
112. We have, y = (cot–1x)2 d2 y 2dy
=
L.H.S. − + 2y
dy −1 2 dx
dx
⇒ = 2(cot −1 x ) ×
dx 1 + x2 = 2ex(cos x – sin x) – 4excosx + 2[ex(sinx + cosx)]
dy = 2ex[cosx – sinx – 2cosx + sinx + cosx]
⇒ (x 2 + 1) −2cot −1 x
= = 2ex × 0 = 0 = R.H.S.
dx
2  dy

2 116. We have, y = ex sin x
2
⇒ (x + 1)   = 4(cot −1 x )2 dy
 dx  =e x cos x + e x sin x
2 dx
 dy 
⇒ (x 2 + 1)2   = 4y dy
 dx  e x cos x + y
= ...(1)
dx
 Continuity and Differentiability 123

Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 118. We have, y = x + tan x

2 dy
d y x
= e x cos x − e sin x +
dy 1 + sec2 x
=
2 dx dx
dx
d2 y
d2 y
dy dy = 2sec x sec x tan x
= −y −y+ [From (1)] dx 2
dx2 dx
dx d 2 y 2 tan x d2 y
= cos2 x = 2( y − x )
d2 y 2dy dx 2 cos2 x dx 2
− + 2y =
0
2 dx
dx d2 y
cos2 x − 2 y + 2x =
0
117. We have, y = sin (log x) dx 2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
119. We have, f(x) = x2– 4x + 3
dy 1 cos log x (i) f(x) being a polynomial function is continuous
= cos log x =
dx x x in [1,3]
(ii) f(x) being a polynomial function is differentiable
dy in (1, 3)
x= cos(log x )
dx (iii) f(3) = 32– 4(3) + 3 = 0
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get and f(1) = 12 – 4(1) + 3 = 0. Thus f(1) = f(3)
d2 y dy −sin(log x ) Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are
x + = satisfied, so there exists atleast one point c (1, 3)
2 dx x
dx such that f (c) = 0
d2 y dy f (x) = 2x – 4 f (c) = 2c – 4
x2 +x +y=
0 f (c) = 2c – 4 = 0 c = 2 (1, 3)
2 dx
dx Hence, the Rolle’s theorem is verified.