Guide Questions for Experiment No.

Phylum Porifera

1.Give at least three (3) distinguishing traits of Phylum Porifera

Body shape can be cylindrical, vase-like, rounded or sac-like.

2.What are the three (3) main classes of Phylum Porifera?
The Hexactinellida glass sponges, the Demospongia, and the Calcarea calcareous
sponges.
3.Discuss the difference between each main classes.
Class Calcarea contains calcium carbonate spicules and no spongin, class
Hexactinellida contains six-rayed siliceous spicules and no spongin, and class
Demospongia contains spongin fibers and/or siliceous spicules, though one genus
(Oscarella) has neither.
4.What are the ecological roles and significance of the sponges? Sponges play a
vital role in nutrient cycling and organic matter turnover within aquatic ecosystems.
5.What are spicules made of and why are they so important to sponges?
Spicules are the structural components of a sponge, or the "bricks," and the shapes,
sizes, and composition are unique for each species.

Phylum Cnidaria

1.Give at least three (3) distinguishing traits of Phylum Cnidaria

-radially symmetrical

-Their bodies have two cell layers rather than the three of so-called higher animals,

-They lack cephalization

2.What are the four (4) main classes of Phylum Cnidaria?
Anthozoa, Cubozoa, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa
3.Discuss the difference between each main classes.
Anthozoa, which includes true corals, anemones, and sea pens; Cubozoa, the
amazing box jellies with complex eyes and potent toxins; Hydrozoa, the most diverse
group with siphonophores, hydroids, fire corals, and many medusae; and.
Scyphozoa, the true jellyfish.
4.What is the purpose of the four circles on the moon sea jelly’s head?
These four circles are gonads, the reproductive organs located at the bottom of the
stomach, and they are normally purple in colour.
5. Give at least two (2) difference between Phylum Cnidaria and Phylum Porifera
oriferans do not possess true tissues, whereas cnidarians do have tissues. Because
of this difference, poriferans do not have a nerve net or muscle cells for locomotion,
which cnidarians have medusa and polyp.

Guide Questions for Experiment No. 7

Phylum Platyhelminthes

1.Give at least three (3) distinguishing traits of Phylum Platyhelminthes

They are triploblastic, acoelomate, and bilaterally symmetrical. They may be

free-living or parasites. The body has a soft covering with or without cilia.
2.Why is this invertebrate having a flat body? They are acoelomates (having no body
cavity), and have no specialised circulatory and respiratory organs
3.What are the four (4) main classes of Platyhelminthes?
Class Turbellaria (turbellarians, flatworms) Class Monogenea (parasitic flukes)
Class Trematoda (parasitic flukes) Class Cestoda (tapeworms)
4.Discuss the difference between each main classes.
5.What is the difference between ectoparasites and endoparasites?
Endoparasites live inside an organism, and ectoparasites live on the surface of the
host. Parasites can be carnivorous if living with animals or herbivorous if living with
plants.
6.What is the difference between Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica?
gigantica are longer but narrower, with a smaller shoulder, more anterior testes,
larger ventral sucker and shorter cephalic cone compared to F.
Phylum Nematoda

1.Give at least three (3) distinguishing traits of Phylum Nematoda

Their body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. They are cylindrical in shape.
They exhibit tissue level organization. Their body has a cavity or pseudocoelom.
2.What are the two (2) main classes of Nematoda?
Enoplea and Chromadorea
3.Discuss the difference between each main classes.
Class Enoplea consists of nematodes whose esophagus is cylindrical, and the
sensory organs appear as pockets. Class Chromadorea consists of nematodes
whose esophagus is more round and spiral/split sensory organs.
4.Illustrate a diagram for the mode of transmission of Ascaris

Why does Enterobius vermicularis are most common among children?

Some hygiene behaviours in children can be assumed to increase the risk of E.

vermicularis infestation.

Guide Questions for Experiment No. 8

Phylum Arthropoda
1.Give at least three (3) distinguishing traits of Phylum Arthropoda
They possess an exoskeleton. They have jointed appendages. Their body is
segmented. They are bilaterally symmetrical.
2.What are the four (4) main classes of Arthropoda?
Chelicerata (arachnids), Crustacea (crustaceans), Hexapoda (insects and
springtails), and Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes).
3.Discuss the difference between each main classes.
The Hexapoda are the largest grouping of Arthropods, containing the more than one
million species of insects, having representatives with six legs and one pair of
antennae. The Myriapoda are terrestrial, prefering humid environments; they have
between 10 and 750 legs. The Crustacea are primarily aquatic arthropods, but also
include terrestrial forms, which have a cephalothorax covered by a carapace. The
Chelicerata, which includes the spiders, horseshoe crabs, and scorpions, have
mouth parts that are fang-like and used for capturing prey.
4.What do arthropods use to sense their environments?
Sensitive hairs on the surface of the body can detect touch, water currents, or
chemicals.
5.Name one (1) arthropod that can thrived in cold marine waters.
Hydrothermal vent crabs thrive in cold marine waters.
6.How do the animals in this group get food?
Arthropods all have mouthparts that help capture and eat prey, dependent on their
diet. There, digestive enzymes are made that help break down the food, helping it to
absorb.
Phylum Annelida

1.Give at least three (3) distinguishing traits of Phylum Annelida

ossession of a body cavity (or coelom), movable bristles (or setae), and a body
divided into segments by transverse rings, or annulations,
2.What are the four (4) main classes of Annelida?
Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Polychaeta, and Archiannelida.
3.Discuss the difference between each main classes.
Class Polychaeta: marine annelids; Class Oligochaeta: marine, freshwater and
terrestrial annelids including earthworms; Class Hirudinea: marine, fresh water and
terrestrial leeches.
4.How do annelids consume food?
The mouth is covered by prostomium and food is ingested through it. The
chemoreceptors present there help in identifying the food they eat. It is followed by
the pharynx, oesophagus, muscular gizzard, intestine and anus.
5.How do annelids reproduce and develop?
Most species of annelids can reproduce both asexually and sexually. However,
leeches can reproduce only sexually. Asexual reproduction may occur by budding or
fission. Sexual reproduction varies by species.
Phylum Mollusca

1.Give at least three (3) distinguishing traits of Phylum Mollusca

Mollusca have soft-bodies, triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical and coelomate.

2.What are the seven (7) main classes of Mollusca?
Aplacophora, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Bivalvia, Gastropoda,
Cephalopoda, and Scaphopoda.
3.Discuss the difference between each main classes
Aplacophora (no shell), Polyplacophora (chitons), Monoplacophora (single external
shell), Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Cephalopoda (octopuses and squids), Bivalvia
(clams, oysters, mussels, cockles, scallops, and other) and Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
4.How many chambered hearts does the molluscan have?
Molluscs have a three-chambered heart.
5.how do these species reproduce and develop?
Reproduction via an unfertilized gamete (parthenogenesis). Gradually enlarge and
extend their shells by adding new layers of those building blocks – calcium,
carbonate and proteins.
 Guide Questions for Experiment No. 9

Phylum Echinodermata

1.Give at least three (3) distinguishing traits of Phylum Echinodermata

Distinguished by characteristics such as spiny-skin, pentaradial symmetry, and an

endoskeleton composed of calcareous ossicles.
2.What are the four (4) main classes of Echinodermata?
Asteroidea, Crinoidea , Echinoidea , Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea
3.Discuss the difference between each main classes
Asteroidea (star fish), Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars), Echinoidea (sea
urchins and sand dollars), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), and Ophiuroidea (brittle
stars).
4.How does sea stars move?
sea stars move by using tiny tube feet located on the underside of their bodies.
5.What term describes how an animal grows new replacements for lost body parts
Regeneration is a natural process that allows plants and animals to replace or
restore damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts to full
function.
Phylum Chordata

1.Give at least three (3) distinguishing traits of Phylum Chordata

a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.
2.What are the four (4) main classes of Chordata?
Craniata or Vertebrata ,Tunicata or Urochordata \ and Cephalochordata
3.Discuss the difference between each main classes
Craniata or Vertebrata (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals); Tunicata or
Urochordata (sea squirts, salps and relatives, and larvaceans); and
Cephalochordata (lancelets).
4.Does the 3-germ layer (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) present in all
Chordates?
5.What is the biggest difference between class Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes?
The primary distinction between the classes of fish known as Chondrichthyes and
osteichthyans is that the former are cartilaginous fish with a bony endoskeleton, while the
latter are cartilaginous fish with a cartilaginous endoskeleton.
6.What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic?
An exothermic process releases heat, causing the temperature of the immediate
surroundings to rise. An endothermic process absorbs heat and cools the surroundings.
7.Which classes of Chordata are endothermic?
class mammalia
8.Which classes of Chordata are exothermic?
Amphibians