TEAM SPORTS (focusing on Officiating & Coaching)

OFFICIATING

Meaning of Officiate / Officiating

1. To act in an official capacity.

2. Act as an official at a sports event/contest.
3. To carry out an official duty or function.
4. To serve as a leader or celebrant of a ceremony.

Synonym of Officiating

Command (verb rule), administer, boss, in-charge.

The importance of officiating

Officials undertake an important role in the staging of competitions. They provide leadership and
guidance to participants, ensuring that the competition is conducted in a safe and fair manner.
Qualities such as integrity/probity, honesty, trustworthiness and respect are integral to the role of the
official.

The real meaning of integrity/probity

Integrity implies trustworthiness and incorruptibility to a degree that one is

incapable of being false to a trust, responsibility, or pledge. Probity implies tried
and proven honesty or integrity.

Character traits related to integrity

 Gracious.
 Respectful.
 Honest. Integrity requires honesty. ...
 Trustworthy. People with integrity follow through on their commitments. ...
 Hardworking.
 Responsible. Those with integrity take accountability for their actions. ...
 Helpful. When someone has integrity, they help those in need. ...
 Patient.

How do you know if someone lacks integrity?

There are clear warning signs that a person you're dealing with probably won't do the
right thing.
 Ambiguous, indirect or nonspecific speech. ...
 Defensiveness. ...
 Language and behavior inconsistency. ...
 Inability to apologize or accept accountability. ...
 Lack of reliability. ...
 Frequent compromises. ...
 Bragging. ...
 Rude arguments.

The golden rule of integrity

“Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” This seems the most familiar
version of the golden rule, highlighting its helpful and proactive gold standard.
 The four pillars of integrity
Integrity (n.): The quality or state of wholeness, congruence, alignment. The four
pillars: Emotional Intelligence, Impeccable Agreements, Healthy Responsibility,
and Conscious Communication.

The correct definition of honesty

Honesty, honor, integrity, probity mean uprightness of character or action. Honesty
implies a refusal to lie, steal, or deceive in any way. Honor suggests an active or
anxious regard for the standards of one's profession, calling, or position.

3 types of honesty

 Being true to yourself. We have many different "selves" in the course of

our lives and careers. ...
 Always aligning what you feel with what you say or do. ...
 Making values-based choices.

Trustworthiness in simple words

Worthy of being trusted; honest, reliable, or dependable.

The value of trustworthiness

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines trustworthiness as being worthy of
confidence, and being dependable. It can also be described as being reliable,
responsible, safe, secure, and steady. Trustworthiness is one of the most
important qualities in life. It is the quality on which all relationships are built.

There are five key elements of trust that drive our philosophy:
 Reliability: Being reliable creates trust.
 Honesty: Telling the truth creates trust.
 Good Will: Acting in good faith creates trust.
 Competency: Doing your job well creates trust.
 Open: Being vulnerable creates trust.

The true meaning of respect

Respect means that you accept somebody for who they are, even when they're
different from you or you don't agree with them. Respect in your relationships
builds feelings of trust, safety, and wellbeing. Respect doesn't have to come naturally –
it is something you learn & earn.

Another definition of respect

Some common synonyms of respect are admire, esteem, and regard. While all
these words mean "to recognize the worth of a person or thing," respect implies a
considered evaluation or estimation.

4 types of respect (in sequence)

Acknowledgment—>Tolerance—>Admiration—>Deference: Typical office
dynamics can embody this sequence, with tolerance coming after
acknowledgement, if only because, unlike a squatter, a new employee is invited
and recognized from the outset, which provides a base from which to negotiate
what will or will not be tolerated.
A good officiating official
Several other factors that make someone a good official include the knowledge of field
mechanics and positioning, communication skills, good "people" skills, the ability to take
criticism, game experience, and the willingness to learn from others.

Officiating in sports

Umpires, referees, and other sports officials preside over competitive athletic or sporting
events to help maintain standards of play. They detect infractions and decide penalties
according to the rules of the game.

The most important aspect in sports officiating

Ninety Percent of Officiating Is Being a People Person

Remember that listening is an important skill. If you're asked a question, answer it. Treat
everyone at the game with the same respect you want from him or her.

Improving your officiating skills

 Read the Rulebook. Refs enforce the rules so it's obviously vitally important to know
what the rules are and all it takes is a couple of hours to read the rulebook. ...
 Referee Games -- and critique yourself. The game can be a great teacher. ...
 Be Fit. ...
 Attend Clinics.
 OFFICIATING IN FOOTBALL (SOCCER)

Fact

Football (Association Football) is the world’s most popular sport and is played by 2 teams of 11
players. The object of the game is to score by getting the spherical ball into the opposing goal.

Scoring

In football, a goal is scored when the whole of the ball passes between the goalpost and
travels fully over the goal line. However, the goal is not awarded until the referee has signaled
this and they are confident that no infringement of the Laws of the Game has been committed.

The team at the end of the 90 minutes with the most goals will be declared the winners.
However, in the event that both teams have the same score, a draw is recorded.

Rules
 A senior football match consist of two 45-minute halves and a 15-minute halftime break.
 A team can start with a maximum of 11 players, of which 1 is a designated goalkeeper.
 To continue a match, a team must have a minimum of 7 players on the field.
 The ball must be deemed spherical and must have a circumference of 58-61 cm.
 A team is able to make substitution at any time of the match and are able to make a
maximum of 3 changes.
 A competitive game must be officiated by a referee and 2 assistant referees, also
known as linesmen.
 The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to constitute a goal.
 A referee may award a foul if they believe an unfair act is committed by a player. A foul
contravenes the Laws of the Game and can be given for a range of offenses (ex.
Pushing a player, kicking a player, handball, etc.).
 Fouls are punished by the award of a free kick (direct or indirect, depending on the
offense) or penalty kick to the opposing team if it is committed in the penalty box.
 In cases of foul play, a referee can penalize players with either a yellow or red card. A
yellow card gives a player a warning about their conduct and a red card requires them
to leave the field.
 In the event that a player receives 2 yellow cards, the referee will automatically show a
red card.
 A throw-in is awarded to a team if the opposition kicks the ball over the sidelines.
 A corner kick is awarded to a team if the opposition kicks the ball over the goal line on
either side of the goal post.
 A player is deemed offside if they are in front of the last defender when a teammate
passes the ball through to them (although this is often the most complicated of rules and
has a range of interpretations.

Officials & Referees

During a competitive game of football there is a referee and 2 assistant referees, also known
as linesmen or lineswomen, responsible for upholding the rules of the game. The referee’s
decision is always final and they have the ability to overrule an assistant referee if they
consider their decision to be wrong. A linesman does not just look out for offsides and throw-
ins, but acts as an additional referee and signals if they observe an infringement of the Laws of
the Game.

A football (soccer) match isn’t contingent on players alone. The officials and referees play a
large role during a match (game). They are often the most scrutinized people on the field.

Football (soccer) officials ensure that the games rules are followed in every match. There are
some nuances to the officials on the field, as not every official or referee has the same role.
There are 17 Laws of the Game that the officials work together to enforce throughout the
match.
The roles are as follows:
1. Head/Match Referee
2. Linesmen (Assistant Referees)
3. Fourth Official
4. Video Assistant Referee (VAR) or Video Match Official

Other Roles:
 Reserved Referee
 Reserved Linesmen (Assistant Referee)

Overall Responsibilities
Referees are responsible for ensuring that the game remains fair & safe for both teams. They
spend the entirety of the game either on the field with the players or running the touchlines,
monitoring out-of-bounds and offside calls. They also watch for fouls and dictate calls
throughout the game.

Head/Match Referee Responsibilities

The match referee stays on the field and moves with the run of play. They are
responsible for enforcing the Laws of the Game, controlling the match, acting as
timekeepers, reporting disciplinary actions, supervising and restarting play. They
are in-charge of handing out penalty cards, calling fouls, and communicating with
players on the field.

Linesmen Responsibilities
Linesmen stay on either side of the field, also running with the play of the game.
While they each stay on their side of the field, they are in-charge of calling out-of-
bounds for the whole line on their side. They also can signal fouls when they see
them and corner kicks. They will signal substitution when they occur.

Fourth Official Responsibilities

The Fourth Official stays off the field but plays a key role in regulating a soccer
game. They are responsible for supervising substitution, checking player
equipment, re-entering players to the field, supervising replacement balls,
signaling extra time at the end of the half and at full time, and monitoring players
and coaches in the technical areas.

Video Match Official / Video Assistant Referee

At some levels of play, a VAR (Video Assistant Referee) is used to review plays
that may have been missed or miscalled. This official will monitor the video feed
to recheck plays and call over the head/match referee to make the final call.

Referee Roles Summary

 Referees enforce the Laws of the Game
 Referees take action against team & players that violate the laws
 Referees declare the restart of play after it has been stopped
 Referees ensure the equipment used in the match is legal
 Referees are divided into types, each with their own set of responsibilities
 OFFICIATING IN BASKETBALL

Fact

Basketball is played by two (2) teams with five (5) players, with the aim of shooting a ball
through the opposing team’s hoop, which is positioned ten (10) feet above the ground.

Scoring

 If a shot is successfully scored from outside of the 3-point line, 3 points are awarded.
 If a shot is successfully scored from inside of the 3-point line, 2 points are awarded.
 If a team is awarded a technical foul then they will receive between 1 & 3 free shots.
Each shot scored will awarded with 1 point.

Rules (in a nutshell)

 A basketball team can have a maximum of 5 players on the court.

 Player substitutions can made at any time and there is no restriction on the number of
substitutions made.
 A ball can travel through dribbling and passing.
 A player is no longer able to dribble with the ball once the player puts 2 hands on the
ball. This does not include catching. At this point, a player must either pass or shoot.
 If a team wins possession back in their own half, they have 10 seconds to get it into
their opponent’s end or a foul will be called.
 An attacking team has 24 seconds from gaining possession of the ball to shot at the
basket.
 After the shot is taken, the clock is restarted for another 24 seconds.
 After a team scores a basket, the ball is returned back to the opposition to start again.
 All fouls that are committed throughout a game are to be accumulated and when a
certain number is reached, the umpire will award a free throw.
 Depending on where a technical foul is committed, the umpire may award a number of
free throws a player will receive.
 Violations will be awarded by the officials in basketball for player handling errors. These
include travelling, double dribble, goal-tending and back-court violations.

Officials & Referees

During a competitive game of basketball there 2 referees, a scorekeeper, timekeeper and a

shot clock operator. To ensure that everybody is aware of a decision made, the referees
perform a series of arm & had signals.

An official in basketball is a person responsible for spotting any rule violations and enforcing
the appropriate penalties. Officials are vitally important to any basketball game, as they help to
ensure a level playing field that prevents either team from having an unfair advantage.

The Basics of Refereeing

The referee in basketball is like any other referee in any sport; he/she must keep
order and make sure that all of the rules are followed. They are allowed to call
fouls and violations whenever the rules are not followed, and must enforce
consequences clearly to keep the game moving. No matter the call or time of the
game, all come from the officials and always fall to the crew chief or senior
official if there is a dispute in any way.

The Role of the Referee Pre-game

At any level of basketball the referees have some responsibilities that take place
before the game begins. They must make sure that every uniform is worn
correctly and no violations on this front are visible. Also, they will inspect the
court, hoops and game ball to make sure that it is sufficient and ready to be
played with and on. The referees usually meet with the team captains to go over
 any specific items they need to discuss or just general preparations for the game
too.

The main role of Referee (basketball referee calls)

The Referee’s main job on the basketball court is to administer fouls and calls
whenever the rules are not followed. They must do so to the best of their abilities
at all times and without any subjective judgment. Travels, double dribble, fouls,
moving screens, and other violations are all going to happen throughout the
game, so the referees must stay on top of it all and make the sure the game is
always played as fairly as possible.

Responsibilities

Pre-game
Basketball officials must perform a number of inspections to the start of each
game, primarily related to equipment. A few examples include making sure the
balls are properly inflated, confirming that each team’s jerseys meet league
regulations, checking roster cards for inactive players, and examining the court
for any wet spots or other potential slip hazards.

In-game
During the game, officials are tasked with calling fouls and violations, keeping
track of the game clock and handling disputes from coaches and players.
Officials need to remain focused and properly positioned throughout the game,
as even the smallest mental lapse can represent the difference between making
the right or wrong call.

Equipment

Basketball Referee Shirt

Officials are easy to spot on the basketball court, donning a white/black striped
shirt and slacks for amateur leagues. In other leagues, like the NBA (National
Basketball Association) USA & the PBA (Philippine Basketball Association),
referees will wear a more subtle grey shirt. Each official also has a whistle
hanging around their neck, which is used to alert coaches and players that play
has been stopped temporarily.

How many officials are assigned to each game?

There are 2 on-court officials, for amateurs, assigned to each game, while there
are 3 on-court officials, for professional and semi-professional, assigned to each
NBA & PBA game. Each official has a different title and set of responsibilities.
These three are referred to as the Crew Chief, the Referee and the Umpire.

Crew Chief
As the name implies, the crew chief is the head of the entire officiating crew.
Duties include making a final ruling when other officials disagree and maintaining
a strong line of communication with coaches, scorers and statisticians.

Referee
Officials that occupy the referee position primarily handle conduct violations.
While referees are well-equipped to call contact fouls and illegal positioning, they
are mostly relied upon to settle disputes and hand out technical fouls if player or
coach loses control of their emotions and behaves poorly.

Umpire
Umpires handle the clock (making sure the timer knows when to pause and
restart the game clock due a stoppage in play) and basic foul calls. For example,
the umpire will likely be the official to hand down a ruling when a defensive player
makes contact with an opposing player.
Replay Review / Basketball Replay Review
Another type of official that is rarely seen on-screen is the Replay Center Official.
When a close play occurs and the on-court officials cannot confidently make a
ruling in real time, they often turn to the replay official. The Replay Official is
generally not on-site and has access to several television screens that show the
play in slow-motion in number of different angles. Watching the play unfold
frame by frame with a careful eye ultimately allows the replay official to reach the
correct verdict, which is relayed to the on-court officials via a headset. Replays
are usually needed when the ball goes out-of-bounds and officials are unsure of
which team touched it last (this determines which team gets possession of the
ball).

How to become a basketball official?

Becoming a basketball official requires an immense amount of both physical and
tactical training. Not only must officials be in strong cardiovascular shape so that
they can run up and down the court with ease, they also need to develop
communication skills and a concrete understanding of how to interpret each of
the league’s many rules. Regardless of the level (high school, college or
professional), there is generally a certification course officials must pass in order
to be certified to officiate games by the governing league.