e onul Mari

all he elermenfs belo he d o on al a/

hen he moll?s alleod fe hianqulo Mmui

Oi
A
Q

fowe iangulay Mai

O
A
ay

ymmeiL Mal
Said fo be mmetic
mahiG ss
A Squoe

amahi
s saiol fo be Symme
fh the otherwovo the obqo ol
all he elemens abone nd below
coith there posPAorn
eSame
3
S
A 2 3

A13
 Kau mmerc Moi
Squa motiy ssafo to be Shew Smmei

-Oji

A
5

O 2
3 3 3
a2-S

he ofa gonal elemnise r e sRe Samndr

2Nlpetent MatA
ASqane mah' A_called nflpotent mak? theve
xSt a osffe nteges 'n Sych hat

here calleo ndex e the motc'i

wekutay Mahcs
maix
Assalo to be fnuslutau
oIndennpotent Mai S
maic A' fs indopotopt Makit i
uar called
A A
Hexmi Eian Modis
fn ohsch (i, D}"
Dlement Ts qal the Confugobe cmpler
elenent aj = 0J;
he (
air

2 C3-41 t 21
S- Ai)
A (314i) 6
C-2/) (S14)

O21

a13 C 2/) a3 ((-2:)

the dPeq on oal tlemend o_ - a t Heymf ian

Mabi ea
JRe fo fan ofb
be she
Honffan i
aji
Cs-41) C27)
(34 4 (S-4i)
C-2i) -(StA)) 37

oe this oll elémer he dfaßeno olad

Sne Ho mifion mohics 0 etmreJ.

o p n a _ are_pmely fmmoharq 3
dtous heml

ensbese amalis
Z A mxn then hebspoye
6 A is clcno tec b A ox ohich s
amabic c Oxoley Dxm

A a

O3

12

O3 O23 a 33
33
h o qonal Mot ies
A oakirs salleel_oytheqanal makis i
A-AT
e ddilRe Suhshe tf on fuo_/ofs
r t o o mabees Same xoley
hen O.ddifion c fhese mabire

A O12 b3
Ct2 CAz3 b2 b3
O3 a32 b31 b bs

b bi bis
b b3
a 3 a32 a33 b3 b3

(o, b,,) (an b,)

(ab) (a t b
(ay t bu) (t32 b2) a33 bs)
 Mabie
MulHtp fcoHen c t
- mareß then

b
AB
A2 a a3 b 626
a33- b3 b3z

(aub2+ Qi2 b2 B13b2 )

br2 t az2 b2 +02, b32)

a + a22 +Oz b3) (a2
(a3 bnt Ol32 bz +A 33 h
a3, b 32 b2i t O33 D3)

a3zta 32b taag h3

Mlt bIFcafen R Mo E s hen cOmmuahe

A 8 = R-A not comuloty

Mul f6/fcaidn C
Lte assocfa Hue
 Afs mafs then

AT) - A

T
A o ue makrey some_otie
hen
ATB

A s anq makies ancl k is anq ongtart Hen

(k A)T =kA
1/ALBa_tu maiey hen
/A-BT A -8)E
AB au thye Mahire hen

A BT=CA
MineY a atv%
A is o SquaU mairs and ait fs an
Plement Lchfch s n the YC_ancl J *
Cekiumn hen deteminant efthe Makix aft
deletin ISallecl minor
CThe elemCnt

A a13

Cs
 3 azz z3
M
A32 Qs3

Ci2
a3 Cz3
a 33
a 3

ino

a22 23
3
a 3

Dekxofnant 0 _ aMabix
a

A 3
Oi
31 32 O33

a23 a3 t O i 2
2

a3 ai 32
3

= az2033 d z a32)Qi2( - a303)

O3 21 Q3-a22 3i
 d Rit the ore
e O He

n vevse mobf

mo ohich fs hon-
then fnunse
A cdi A prsufdeol 1AfD

2Cforov a maix
O
A O
a13

O1 a 33 a3

Q1z O13
as a33 31 03

a2 O3 as
q22 A23 azr a 23

dfoin o a mois
Tanspose uo-acoy sCalled Adjetnd uA

oke
T3 Ts the fhuese then AT
x_
Ocle
A nfq
uesse a o moth
hen
Let Poses t u e
-O
A=I

Comb HOL O
AB AC

sngulaon maies theen

A B e hur non-

A B

(A B.
GAhd h e 7nuens o s the m a i s

A
2

A 2 = 4 -3
2 -

Co-fotor A
- -
asjon fA_ 2
 Qcla 2 1,
A1

rd dhe 9ouOSe he moiS

LA _GS/1-4)-2/2- 4)
+2
(4+2)

3t + 12 = 27
6
-4)
-(-2-4)_ C-4)

6 +6 -3

6 3
3

adj A 3
27
 an of q Malvirs
fub matu
ebi,
A 9s fhe fype MKD dhen a
mafy Swy Cslouog 7 bsth
bioned D eauing Sum vou
caq
-
Qy

3 O343x4 eLins,A
C

22 a3

Q32 3

C u Qu an
Q2 Q22|22

abaties hohiy
Kank of a Mat
(perite Pntemo
a mah A
posses olCoufr q
biepeies

LonR c7a mati dneted by

 heve atleat ono SLae maht A
H_
Od e v R7)whese defevminert 7s net

Sus
Sauoren mahiz
AA dey G)
(4
Sfrgulcn

RabRKahk o Q matin A eodey m

FA).
in 4 enenal fe)Emin(,

nKanR
n e a null mati fs roys Jev
s armathix e Ovder nxh
A
Minimuwm yan R
SO) =
A) =

ovder
0hon-Sin9lo moT
i d
DXD Hen
SA)=n
amakin A then
A s the assose
SA)=Je)_
 mot i
Konb moi

be
A

SA) nin(, 3)
A) = 1

he vanR

A 23
O 2

AL(6-3) - ( ) 3 ( )

Hene Pon 3

fhed e

3
Leeniy cu Opeafian Metheo
Let (onsTdY o ma
A 92 C23
Osi a32 O53 s

O Ccnuesf 9F n pperfanqua Mohi

n epeoRon we e a mah?
e ehon O Ýiangulan foym

nen s calleolon R the

mah

tno fhe ank thc mai

2

A 2 2

25x3
P P 2
3

C
2
R 6
 Her
fhe ane /hree

SA)=

fnol tho ran k h e masics

A
2
R 2

Orehy ihscl
henspOs? chonge de Oy Cokeun
A
2

R2R
3

R2
- 2
ten. c nvecs hy ee

noxma Zoxty

Pncory sih

2
)Don STqula Mohi
he ol,i
ned he nonS Ca mouhe feY

cOn be w en

A
ALc

o
o o
R2-R o
R3-3R) -2-2
2-2

A3-
b -2
A
2 -1 1
C2-C
O 2-2 O
C3-C -2-1 J

- O
-1

-2-
-1 o o
O: O

Non SPngulo maiS

- O
AVexse of a maticS b
by
E Ro ansfo mafien Ethoo

Lot A
Ps a ahe tfovde D
hfh fs DonSfotLa hen

A LA

Conue fhe mol s A On the LHSG

eaHton (0
uSing
Pden it mahi S by
peraish only
by
BA

I Shews hat A = B

A 2
aoli
3 2

2
Can be oi#e
A=1A
3
23 A
2 o o