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Design of 100MW Solar PV on-Grid Connected Power Plant Using (PVsyst) in

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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426

Design of 100MW Solar PV on-Grid Connected

Power Plant Using (PVsyst) in Umm Al-Qura
University
Ahmed Alnoosani1, Mowffaq Oreijah2, Mohammed Alhazmi3, Yousef Samkari4, Hosam Faqeha5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, UQU, KSA

Abstract: Currently, the extensive use of energy generation based on fossil produced an excessive amount of CO2 emissions which
affect the environment. If this continuous, the atmosphere temperature is expected to increase, which increase storms, hurricanes,
droughts, and floods. Therefore, Urgent action is needed nowadays to change the energy system to renewable energy since it results in a
little to no emission. This paper presents the design and simulation of a solar PV grid-connected electricity generation system of
100MW capacity in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU). It also represents technical, economic potential, and annual performance of the
solar PV system. The design is validated and simulated by using PVSYST software in order to determine the optimum size, the
specifications of the PV grid-connected system, and the electrical power generation. The amount of electricity that a solar PV plant
generates is 100 MW. This amount could be used to reduce the load of Saudi electricity company (SEC) and help to minimize the
annual electricity bill of Umm Al-Qura University (UQU). The study provides an abridged financial evaluation of the solar PV plant
along with the operation and maintenance costs. The results of this project should encourage Umm Al-Qura University to decide on
installing a solar PV system to reduce load shedding and minimize the cost of supplying electricity to its facilitates. Moreover, the solar
power plant helps to conserve oil and reduce environmental impacts. A project like this can also act as a guideline for possible solar
systems in other different institutions.

Keywords: Solar energy, Solar Photovoltaics; Renewable energy; Solar on-grid system; PV efficiency.

1. Introduction Ranvijay Singh Meena and Savrabh Mishra (2012) explained

a technology based on the phenomenon of direct conversion
Renewable energies have experienced significant growth in of radiations coming from a heat source into electrical
recent years, and It becomes a more critical type of energy in energy using photovoltaic cells. The study introduces new
developed and developing countries in order to produce possibilities for the environment-friendly generation of
electricity. Among these technologies, solar energy electricity and also demonstrated better utilization of waste
considered an optimistic type of energy since it grows faster. heat energy [2].
It produces clean electricity from the Sun, which considers a
stable and efficient energy technology. Due to the increase in Nur Dalilah Nordin and Hasimah Abdul Rahman (2016)
electricity demand in the last years, it becomes necessary to presented a novel optimization method for sizing and design
reduce electricity consumption. of the stand-alone photovoltaic system (PV). They explained
the analysis of loss of power supply to arrange the PV arrays
Solar energy is set to become an economical method in the and batteries. The study discussed the design in terms of cost
coming years since it has better technology in terms of analysis [3]
applications and cost.
Sanae Dahbi, Abdelhak Aziz, Abdelhafid Messaoudi, Imane
Moreover, the sun is free and considered an unlimited source Mazozi, Kamal Kassmi, Naima Benazzi (2017). They
of energy. The significant advantage of solar energy over present a design of a new clean storage device for a
other traditional power generators is that the sunlight photovoltaic system (PV) supported by the electrical grid.
converted directly into solar energy with the use of a solar The photovoltaic system supplies power to a DC load, and
photovoltaic system. when the power is insufficient, the electrical grid
compensates the energy deficit [4].
In the present, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has announced
Vision 2030 by the National Transformation Plan (NTP). It V. Perraki and P. Kounavis (2016) evaluates the impact of
clearly outlines renewable energy goals under the King temperature and irradiation on the behavior of
Salman Renewable Energy Initiative. In fact, Saudi Arabia monocrystalline silicon, Copper Indium diselenide (CIS)
will install 9.5 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2023 modules, and polycrystalline silicon. In a Mediterranean site,
[1]. an outdoor experimental setup has been placed in order to
collect data of panels to study the effect of temperature and
There are several types of research related to Solar irradiation [5].
Photovoltaic System have been studied through this paper to
compare, mature, and develop the study of a Solar Khadiza Umme Tahera, Raisa Fabiha, Md. Ziaur Rahman
Photovoltaic System in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU). Khan (2018) studied the design of a grid-connected solar
photovoltaic for a residential hall in BUET. They calculated

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Paper ID: 30101901 10.21275/30101901 356
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the load rooftop area in order to get the system size and Ching-Lung Lin, (2015) describes and evaluates the electric
analysis of the system to reduce dependence on grid power. energy generation efficiency. He shows and provides
Their project considered a guideline to build such possible analysis to improve the efficiency of the solar PV system. He
solar PV system [6]. further recommended methods that help to enhance the
efficiency of solar photovoltaic electric energy generation
Waqas Ali, Haroon Farooq, Ata Ur Rehman, Qasim Awais, around 30.18% [14]
Mohsin Jamil, Ali Noman, (2018) discussed the designing of
stand-alone solar photovoltaic (PV) system. The study has Saeed Kamali, (2016) descussed the design to cover the
guidelines, site selection, stand-alone application method, residents’ electricity and economic analysis of a standalone
and technical considerations needed to design a solar PV photovoltaic system during the winter. The study includes
system.[7] the PV peak power, PV panels area, inverter, the battery
capacity, and charge controller. It shows how the standalone
Coc Okom, E.O Diemuodeke, E.O Omunakwe, E Nnamdi, photovoltaic system is considered economically feasible and
(2012) presented the design analysis of a photovoltaic (PV) the better way to produce the energy [15].
system to power the Laboratory. The study has a detailed
analysis of economic viability and break-even point of the Reinders, A., Verlinden, P., Sark, W. V., & Freundlich, A.
system in order to provide the optimum economic (2017) explained the fundamental and application of
benefits.[8] Photovoltaic solar energy. They presented, in chapter 1 & 2,
the basic functional principle of photovoltaics, including the
David A. Torrey and James M. Kokernak (2006) discussed introduction to semiconductor materials and topics related to
the issues associated with developing solar PV system solar cells device in general. Moreover, the second half of
productivity. The study focused on comparing a series- the book was focused more on the application of
parallel array to a series string array and the impact on photovoltaics technologies. In details, Chapter 9 explore PV
energy production. Partial shade is used to highlight technologies that applied in space, and chapter 10 presented
significant differences between the operation of the two PV modules and their manufacturing processes. While, in
arrays [9] chapter 11, PV technologies applied in systems, buildings,
and various products are placed in the spotlight [16].
V. Tyagi, Nurul A. Rahim, N.Rahim, Jeyraj A. and L.
Selvaraj (2013) demonstrated the efficiency improvement of Reinders, A., Verlinden, P., Sark, W. V., & Freundlich, A.
solar cells for commercial use. The efficiency of (2017) explained the fundamental and application of
monocrystalline silicon improves from 15% in the 1950s and Photovoltaic solar energy. In chapter 3, they described the
reach 17% in 1970s. Nowadays, the efficiency increases up design aspects and the actual function of crystalline silicon
to 28%. In this study, the growth of solar PV technologies, solar cells, the most dominated solar technology in the
efficiency, performances, and cost analysis discussed in current PV market. Thin-film solar cells in chapter 4
detailed [10]. discussed while in chapter 4, they discussed the thin film
silicon-based PV technologies. Also, organic PV cells and
Wael Charfi, Monia Chaabane, Hatem Mhiri, Philippe their application demonstrated in chapter 6 and 8 [16].
Bournot, (2018) presented an experimental study of the
photovoltaic panel with the self-cooled operation. The In this article, a Solar Photovoltaic System in Umm Al-Qura
design has natural ventilation that helps to reduce University (UQU) proposed because energy plays a
temperature and improve the performance in high- significant rule in the development of civilizations.
temperature hours of the day. The study shows that this Therefore, many studies are discussed on the use of solar
method will help to avoid dust accumulation on the solar PV energy in order to increase efficiency, reduce the cost
surface. The project includes the 3D CFD model to consumption, reduce power consumption, eliminate carbon
demonstrate the performance of the solar PV system and emissions, and reduce the demand of fossil fuel. The primary
compares the numerical results and experimental data [11]. function of this article is to use solar photovoltaic system
(PV) in order to reduce the energy consumptions about
Mohammad Al-Najideen and Saad S.Alrwashdeh have 100MW of electricity in Umm Al-Qura University (UQU).
studied the Design of a solar photovoltaic system in order to
satisfy the electricity demand for the faculty of Engineering
at Mu’tah University in Jordan. The solar PV system provide
more than 50 kW grid-connected, which efficiently reduce
energy bill due to dropping the energy consumption as well 1.1 System Design and Objectives
as the electricity generation [12].
Engr. Dr. Okwu P I, Engr Okolo Chidiebere C, Engr Okeke Designing of PV plants are required thousands of PV panels,
Obinna, Engr. Matthew D. O, Engr Ajuzie Uche, (2017) has and each panel produced hundreds of watts. During the
provided the guidelines for installing photovoltaic power design procedures of the PV plant, the designer needs to
systems in order to describe the design, and installation plans select and choose the right number, size, and type of PV
should be set to achieve the optimum result of using the right modules and inverters. Furthermore, components required to
PV system [13]. install the PV plants in order to increase the energy
production as well as improve the lifetime maintenance of
the plant. The PV plants design of 100MW requires a decent
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Paper ID: 30101901 10.21275/30101901 357
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ISSN: 2319-7064
ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426
knowledge about the system and components. Therefore, the Lloc 27.8
designer will need to know more about the site selection and N (day) 365
solar data, components and specification, the efficiency of B 99.89
Solar PV, design optimization, and cost analysis. E -3.51
Solar Time (hrs) 14.43
1.2 Site selection and solar data of Solar Power Plant
2. Selecting and sizing of Solar pv and inverter
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is located in the middle east of
Asia. Its holy city Makkah is located at 21° 25' North Efficiency and cost are the factors that affect the selection of
latitude and 39° 34' East longitude. Saudi Arabia is one of a PV module for grid-connected systems. So, selecting the
the most potentially productive regions among MEC for right type of PV, whether to use Mono-crystalline or Poly-
harvesting solar power [17]. The area of Makkah is crystalline is essential. Mono-crystalline considered the most
considered an ideal location for solar energy utilization since efficient type of solar panels with an overall efficiency of
it exposed to the sun's rays throughout the year for long approximately 20% and a reasonable price. For this design,
hours during the days [18]. It has an average daily solar many PV panel options studied in terms of power, cost, type,
radiation rate of about 5,640kilowatt-hours per square meter and warranty. Therefore, commercial solar of 370 Wp
per day (kWh/m²/day) [18]. Umm Al-Qura is a large public production selected and adopted in this work. Electrical Data
Islamic University located in Makkah with lots of free lands. specification for commercial Solar Panel shown in Table 2.
This land could be useful to establish a solar power plant in
order to cover some of its needs (100MW). The amount of Table 2: Electrical Data specification for commercial Solar
solar produced will help to reduce the electrical energy PV
consumption. Figure 1 shows the solar map of Umm Al-Qura MONO
Type
University in Saudi Arabia, employing long-term satellite- CRYSTALLINE
based solar irradiation data. No’s of module 1622
Maximum Power (Pmax) 370Wp
Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp) 39.9V
Maximum Power Current (Imp) 9.28A
Open-circuit Voltage (Voc) 48.5V
Short-circuit Current (Isc) 9.61A
Nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) 45±2℃
Operating Temperature(C) -40°C ~ +85°C
Module Efficiency 19.08%

inverters are used here for converting Direct Current (DC)

into Alternating Current (AC) and suppressing the harmonics
produced after the conversion. Therefore, 9 numbers of
165kW inverters are used in the plant. Electrical Data
specification for commercial inverter shown in Table 3.
Figure 1: A Solar Irradiation Map of Saudi Arabia
(kWh/m2/year) [19]. Table 3: Electrical Data Specification for Commercial
Inverter
The following formula is used to calculate the solar time of Type Grid Inverter
Input DC voltage 800Vdc
Makkah city in Saudi Arabia. It gives the clear solar time
Input DC current 118.0Adc
period based on the standard civil time, Longitude at the
Output AC voltage 320Vac
location (Lloc), Longitude at which the standard time (Lst), No. of Phases 3 phases
and number of days (N) as shown below; Efficiency 96.64%
No of inverters 9
Solar Time = Standard Civil Time + 4 (Lst–Lloc)+E [20] The PV array and inverter characteristics are considered one
E = 9.87 sin(2B) – 7.53 cos(B) – 1.5 sin(B) [21] of the most important elements for selecting and designing
B = 360 (n – 81) / 364 [22] the solar PV system, since the characteristics have the
Table 1: Solar time of Makkah information of PV modules, array global power, array
Parameter Value
operation conditions, and inverter. The following Figure 2.
Standard Civil Time 13.5
Provided a report with a detailed description of the
Lst 42.7
characteristics of both PV module and inverter.

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Paper ID: 30101901 10.21275/30101901 358
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Figure 2: The PV array and inverter characteristics

2.1 The efficiency of Solar PV decrease according to the temperature increases. The
conversion efficiency of the module decreases with an
This system requires an in-depth study of all the factors that increase in module surface temperature [25]. Therefore,
affect the efficiency of solar PV. Usually, the maximum solar selecting the right type of PV module according to the
PV efficiency is around 25%. A study of factors that affect temperature and location is significant.
the solar PV system is considered significant since it helps to 5) The PV module shade: A solar PV performance is
improve efficiency, as mentioned below: reduced due to the shading effects such as the passing of
clouds, near buildings, or trees [26]. In shading
1) The PV module direction: A direction change in the PV condition, the short circuit current leads to a decrease in
module not according to Azimuth, will reduce the current power output. Therefore, the better performance of solar
and lead to reduce the power [23]. Solar panels should panels comes when there are no shading conditions.
face the south according to Umm Al-Qura University's 6) The PV module Ingress Protection (IP): The IP is an
location in the northeast side of the earth. There are two indication tool used for water and dust protection. The
methods to find Azimuth angle. The first is to use the tools have two digits; the first digit represents the level of
solar tracker, which help to move the PV to the maximum water and the second digit represents the level of dust.
radiation. The second is manually by using a compass to The high number is, the more protection has, while the
south direction with a 15-degree angle. lowers indicates minimum [27,28].
2) The PV module angle: The angle is another factor to
adjust after installing the PV module in the south 3. Design based on software
direction. The solar angle of PV needs to face the sun,
and the most suitable angle changes according to location Design and Estimate the results of a 100MW solar power
and seasons of the year. A lower tilt angle is increasing in plant by using PVsyst software version 6.8.4. The system is
productivity of summer months. While in winter, higher designed based on the above specification to provide the
tilt angles are used for lower irradiance conditions. required energy. The following Figure.3 shows the
3) The PV module irradiance: The input variable geographical site parameters for Umm Al-Qura University.
irradiance affects solar modules efficiency. The Also, Figure.4 displays the system design of the solar
irradiance is changed from 400W/m2 to 800W/m2, which module, inverter, and array design.
change the output efficiency of a module [24]. If the
irradiance increases, the maximum power is progressing,
and the efficiency elevated.
4) The PV module temperature: The solar PV module
operates according to a laboratory standard at 25°C
temperature and 1000W/m2. The current and voltage

Figure 3: Geographical Conditions

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Figure 4: System Design (Solar Module, Inverter, Array Design)

Figure 5: Solar paths at Umm Al-Qura University

4. Design layout 5. Calculation of required area

PV grid-connected system consists of PV array, inverters, As solar modules are not energy-dense, they require a
user (load), and grid connection. A grid has no storage substantial amount of space in order to work. The solar
component as the generated energy is sold back to the main module selected has a length of 1956mm (10956m) and a
grid [29]. The proposed model is illustrated as shown in width of 992mm (0.992m). It means each panel has an area
Figure 6. by the PVsyst software. It clearly shows how the of
system is connected and how the user gets the power from 1.956 x 0.992 = 1.94 m2.
the PV power plant. Therefore, the total modules area to design the plant = Total
modules x Modules area.
= 1620 x 1.94 = 3142.80m2
The space between the panels needs to account (these panels
need a stand). So, the total space required is estimated by
dividing the total area by 0.7, which:
= 3142.80/0.7 = 4489.72m2

6. Results and Discussion

The simulation results of a proposed photovoltaic system
analyzed in this section. The obtained result show from the
Figure 6: PVsyst Schematic Diagram of System simulation model of 100 MW MONO CRYSTALLINE
photovoltaic system displayed in PVsyst as per the project
specifications and constraints. In this simulation, mainly
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produced energy, specific production, and performance ratio. From the main simulation results, two parameters were
Obtained results analyzed for assessing the performance of assessed. First parameter is the total amount of energy
the MONO CRYSTALLINE photovoltaic system. produced from the 100 MWp MONO CRYSTALLINE
photovoltaic system on annual basis which is referred as
6.1 Main simulation results produced energy 1109.7 MWh/year. Second parameter is the
annual average performance ratio (PR) is 78%.

Table 4: Balances and main result of 100 MWp Mono Crystalline photovoltaic system
Months GlobHor DiffHor GlobInc GlobEff E_Array E_Grid PR (%)
(kWh/m2) (kWh/m2) (kWh/m2) (kWh/m2) (MWh) (MWh)
January 148.9 35.56 189.6 185.4 96.2 92.6 0.814
February 165.4 33.53 198.5 194.1 98.8 95.1 0.799
March 184.9 64.36 199.9 194.6 98.7 95.1 0.793
April 207.1 65.59 207.6 201.9 100.7 96.9 0.779
May 241.1 59.69 225.7 219.3 107.3 103.3 0.763
June 221.0 76.60 201.8 195.3 96.3 92.7 0.767
July 215.3 85.11 199.2 192.9 95.2 91.7 0.768
August 197.3 87.33 193.1 187.5 92.6 89.1 0.770
September 183.6 74.63 192.8 187.4 92.5 89.1 0.771
October 180.1 51.71 206.9 202.1 99.9 96.2 0.775
November 146.2 42.62 182.1 177.6 90.7 87.4 0.800
December 128.2 45.12 164.5 160.1 83.6 80.5 0.816
Year 2219.0 721.85 2361.9 2298.1 1152.6 1109.7 0.784

Where;
GlobHor: Horizontal global irradiation.
DiffHor: Horizontal diffuse irradiation.
T_Amb: T ambient.
Glob Inc: Global incident in plane.
GlobEff: Effective Global, correspond for IAM and
shadings.
EArray: Effective energy at the output of the array.
E_Grid: Energy injected into grid.
PR: Performance Ratio

6.2 Performance ratio and normalized production

Figure 7: Performance ration (%)
6.3 Performance Ratio
The following Figure 8. Presents the normalized production
The performance ratio is a quality factor that measures the of PV power plant. It gives the collection losses of PV array,
quality of a PV plant. It describes the relationship between system losses, and produced useful energy of inverter output.
the theoretical and actual energy outputs of the PV plant. It clearly shows the monthly production and losses per kWh.
The PR shows the energy after deduction of energy
consumption and losses. Usually, the Performance ratio is
around 80% due to the unavoidable losses during operation.
The more the PR is close to 80 %, the more the system will
be effective and efficient. The following Figure. 7. shows the
performance ratio (PR) of the PV plant of 100 MW using
mono crystalline photovoltaic system. The PV plant monthly
performance ratio is around 78.0 %, which is considered a
valuable amount since the system cover 20% of Umm Al-
Qura University.

Figure 8: Normalized production energy per month

6.4 Fuel and CO2 Consumptions

Using a PV power plant will provide a positive effect on the

environment. It helps to reduce greenhouse gases during the
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generation of electricity from fossil fuels, such as nitrogen the following conclusions were: This project clearly shows
oxide (NOx), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), and Carbon dioxide the effect of temperature variation on the performance of
(CO2). Also, it helps to reduce the cumulation of ash [30]. photovoltaic modules on a daily and yearly basis. The
efficiency is more sensitive to temperature than the solar
Table 5: Values for products by the power plants with fossil irradiation. During morning time, the efficiency of the plant
fuels with electricity production is high until the afternoon and then starting to decrease to
By products of For annual energy sunset. The efficiency of modules ranges from 19.08% to
Per kWh
coal power plant production of 1109.7 MWh 14.5%, with variation in the averaged module temperature
NOx 2.59 g 2874.123 kg from 40C to 70C. So, cooling of solar modules may be
SO2 1.24 g 1376.028 kg advisable to increase the efficiency.
CO2 970 g 75459.6 kg
Ash 68 g 1076409 kg References
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ISSN: 2319-7064
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Volume 8 Issue 11, November 2019

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