25/10/2023

ANALYSIS FOR EXTERNAL

REACTIONS AND INTERNAL
STRESS RESULTANTS EXTERNAL REACTIONS
OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE
STRUCTURES

EXTERNAL FORCES - REACTIONS EXAMPLE - BEAM

Procedures for determining the reactions of plane statically Determine the reactions on the beam.
determinate structures subjected to coplanar loads:
1. Free-Body Diagrams (FBD)
2. Static Determinacy
3. Equilibrium Equations and Conditions (if any)
4. Checking Computations
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EXAMPLE - BEAM EXAMPLE - BEAM

Free-Body Diagram (FBD) Static Determinacy =1

=3 =0
+ =3
r fi nr 3nr
3 0 1 3
3 = 3
Therefore, the beam is
Internally Stable; Statically Determinate Externally

EXAMPLE - BEAM EXAMPLE - FRAME

Determine the reactions on the beam.
Free-Body Diagram (FBD)

Equations of Equilibrium Support Reactions

+→ Σ = 0; − 250 cos 60 = 0 #$ = %&'()
+↺ Σ = 0; −250 sin 60 3 + 250 cos 60 0.3 + 4.5 − 60 = 0 *+ = %,-. ..()

+↑ Σ = 0; −250 sin 60 + 149.33 + =0 #+ = /0. &()

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EXAMPLE - FRAME EXAMPLE - FRAME

Equations of Equilibrium Support Reactions
Free-Body Diagram (FBD) Static Determinacy
+ =3 +→ Σ = 0; + 2 15 = 0 #$ = −.1() = .1() ←

r fi nr 3nr +↑ Σ =0
1
3 0 1 3 −2 9 − 3 9 =0 #+ = .%. '() ↑
2
3 = 3
+↺ Σ =0
Therefore, it is Statically Determinate Externally 15 9
− 2 15 − 32 9 4
2 2
1 2 5# = .60() − 7 ↺
− 3 9 9 =0
2 3

EXAMPLE - ARCH EXAMPLE - ARCH

Determine the reactions at the supports for the three-hinged Free-Body Diagram (FBD) Static Determinacy
arch.
Free-Body Diagram (FBD) + =3
2.5kN/m 2.5kN/m 2.5kN/m
r fi nr 3nr
4 2 2 6
6 = 6
B
1kN/m 1kN/m
1kN/m Therefore, it is Statically Determinate Externally
R = 30m R = 30m
R = 30m

A C

30m 30m 30m 30m 30m 30m

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EXAMPLE - ARCH
Support Reactions
2.5kN/m +↺ Σ 8 =0
− 60 − 1 30 15 + 32.5 60 4 30 = 0
#+ = /0. '() ↑
1kN/m +↺ Σ 9 = 0; :;<
R = 30m − 30 − 67.5 30 + 1 30 15 + 2.5 30 15 = 0 INTERNAL STRESS RESULTANTS
#$ = %'() →

+→ Σ = 0; > + 15 + 1 30 = 0
30m ?$ = −,'() = ,'() ←
30m
+↑ Σ = 0
> + 67.5 − 2.5@60A = 0
?+ = 6&. '() ↑

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSSES

The following procedure provides a means for applying the method
Two methods for analyzing a truss:
of sections to determine the internal normal force, shear force and
bending moment at a specific location in a structural member.
1. Method of Joints
1. Support Reactions In the method of joints, the axial forces in the members of a
2. Free-Body Diagrams (FBD) statically determinate truss are determined by considering the
3. Equations of Equilibrium equilibrium of its joints.
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ANALYSIS OF PLANE TRUSSES EXAMPLE – METHOD OF JOINTS

Procedure for Analysis:
Two methods for analyzing a truss:
1. Calculate the reactions at supports.
2. Method of Sections 2. Determine the static determinacy of the structure.
The method of sections involves cutting the truss into two portions 3. Draw the free-body diagram of a joint having at least one known
by passing an imaginary section through the members whose force and at most two unknown forces.
forces are desired. The desired member forces are then 4. Apply the two force equilibrium equations and solve for the two
determined by considering the equilibrium of one of the two unknown member forces.
portions of the truss. 5. Continue to analyze each of the other joints where again it is
necessary to choose a joint having at most two unknowns and at
least one known force.

EXAMPLE – METHOD OF JOINTS EXAMPLE – METHOD OF JOINTS

Free – Body Diagram (FBD)
42kN 42kN 42kN

28kN
28kN 28kN
Determine the forces in each
20m members of the truss shown by 20m
method of joints.

20m 15m 20m 15m

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EXAMPLE – METHOD OF JOINTS EXAMPLE – METHOD OF JOINTS

Static Determinacy 42kN
Reactions
42kN 28kN +→ BC$ = 1; − 28 = 0
m r j 2j
5 3 4 8 #$ = &6() →
28kN
8 = 8

20m +↺ B5? = 1
− 35 + 28 20 + 42@15A = 0
#+ = .,() ↑

20m 15m Therefore, it is Statically Determinate Truss. +↑ BC+ = 1

> + 34 − 42 = 0
?+ = 6() ↑

EXAMPLE – METHOD OF JOINTS EXAMPLE – METHOD OF JOINTS

1 3
+↑ Σ = 0 ; 34 + E =0
+→ Σ = 0; −6 + 98 =0 +→ Σ = 0; −6 + 8E =0
2 5 1 3
+→ Σ = 0; −28 + 48.08 − @10A = 0 OK
C#F = −,6. 16() = ,6. 16() @?A C*? = /() @GA C?F = %1() @?A 2 5
1 1
+→ Σ = 0; 28 − @48.08A + 9 =0 +↑ Σ = 0 ; 34 + E =0 1 4
2 2 +↑ Σ = 0; 48.08 − 42 + @10A = 0 OK
2 5
C#* = /() @GA C*F = 1
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EXAMPLE – METHOD OF SECTIONS EXAMPLE – METHOD OF SECTIONS

Procedure for Analysis: Procedure for Analysis:
1. Label each members in the truss. This will keep everything Every cut member exposes an unknown internal forces, so if you cut
organized and consistent. three members, you’ll expose three unknowns. Exposing more than
2. Verify the stability and determinacy of the structure. three members is not advised because you create more unknowns
than available equilibrium equations.
3. Determine the support reactions in the truss.
4. Make an imaginary cut through the structure. Do not cut thru 5. Select either part of the truss for the determination of member
more than three members. forces.
6. Apply the conditions of equilibrium to determine the axial forces.

EXAMPLE – METHOD OF SECTIONS EXAMPLE – METHOD OF SECTIONS

Static Determinacy
m r j 2j
25 3 14 28
Determine the forces members 28 = 28

FJ, HJ and HK of the truss shown

by method of sections.

Therefore, it is Statically Determinate Truss.

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EXAMPLE – METHOD OF SECTIONS EXAMPLE – METHOD OF SECTIONS

Section b - b Section a - a
+↺ B5H = 1 +↺ B5C = 1
3 4
−25 8 − IJ 12 = 0 −25 16 − 50 8 + 16.67 12 − IK 8 − IK @6A =0
5 5
IJ = −%/. /0() IK = −/&. '()
IJ = %/. /0() @?A IK = /&. '() @?A

ASSIGNMENT #1 – TRUSSES ANALYSIS OF CABLES AND ARCHES

Determine the force members in IH, ID and CD of the truss. State if
the members are in tension or compression. Assume all members CABLES
are pin connected.
Cables are often used in engineering structures for support and to
transmit loads from one member to another.

In the force analysis of such systems, the weight of the cable itself
may be neglected; however, when cables are used as guys for
radio antennas, electrical transmission lines and derricks, the
cable weight may become important and must be included in the
structural analysis.
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ANALYSIS OF CABLES AND ARCHES EXAMPLE – CABLE

Determine the tension in each cable segment and the distance yD
CABLES M P
+→ Σ = 0; L98 −L 9 =0
NO QM
Two cases will be R N
+↑ Σ = 0; L − L98 −2= 0
considered in the sections 9 QM NO

that follow: Solving,

• a cable subjected to STU = &. --VW SUX = %. /1VW
concentrated loads M
+→ Σ = 0; L8E YZ[\ − 1.60@ A =0
• a cable subjected to a NO
N
distributed load. +↑ Σ = 0; L8E [] \ + 1.60
NO
−4= 0
Provided these loadings Solving,
are coplanar with the
SX^ = .. 0&VW; _ = //. '1°
cable.

EXAMPLE – CABLE ASSIGNMENT #2 – ARCH

Determine the tension in each cable segment and the distance yD The three – hinged spandrel arch is subjected to the loading
Solving, shown. Determine the internal moment in the arch at point D.
SX^ = .. 0&VW; _ = //. '1°

From the geometry,

aE + 3bc \ = 9
+F = &. %17
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ASSIGNMENT #3– CABLE

Cable ABCD supports the loading shown. Determine the maximum
tension in the cable and the sag of point B.

THANK YOU !