BIG - VI - North Moluccas

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY OF INDONESIA

AND SURROUNDING AREAS
4th Edition, November 2011
J.T. VAN GORSEL
VI. NORTH MOLUCCAS
www.vangorselslist.com
VI. NORTH MOLUCCAS
This chapter of the bibliography contains about 320 titles on the northernmost part of the Indonesian Archipelago,
a geologically complex region with a number of active volcanic arcs, non-volcanic 'outer arcs', fragments of
remnant arcs and deep basins floored by oceanic crust.
It is subdivided in the following three chapters:

VI.1. North Moluccas (Halmahera, Bacan, Waigeo, Molucca Sea)
VI.2. Banggai, Sula, Taliabu, Obi
VI.3. Seram, Buru, Ambon
VI.1. North Moluccas (Halmahera, Bacan, Waigeo, Yapen, Molucca Sea)
Early geologic map of Halmahera- Bacan- Waigeo (Verbeek 1908)
This area of N Indonesia is in the realm of the Pacific Ocean (Philippine Sea Plate). The western part is the
Molucca Sea complex, where Molucca Sea Plate oceanic crust is subducting in two directions, under
Halmahera in the East and the Sangihe arc in the West. The S side is bordered by the Sorong Fault zone, a
major strike slip zone separating the W-moving Pacific from a N-moving Australia- New Guinea plate.
Islands are composed of fragments of Late Cretaceous- M Eocene and younger island arc volcanics, intruded
into and overlying collisional complexes with Jurassic or Cretaceous-age ophiolites. With the exception of
Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 1 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

parts of islands in the Sorong fault zone complex, no Pre-Tertiary sediments or continental crust material have
been reported.
The K-shaped island of Halmahera may be characterized as a smaller and younger copy of Sulawesi, with the
W arms forming a classic volcanic island arc and the central region and eastern arms containing ophiolite
complexes and interlayered sediments.
Suggested reading- Halmahera area

General, Tectonics Verbeek (1908), Wanner (1913), Brouwer (1923), Sukamto et al. (1981),
Hall (1987), Hall et al. (1988, 1990, 1995), Sukamto (1989),
Ali et al. (2001), Sodik et al. (1993).
Early geologic map of Banggai- Sula islands (Verbeek 1908)
This group of islands west of the Birds Head of W Papua is generally believed to represent a set of
microcontinental plates, sliced off the N margin of New Guinea. Basement consists of Paleozoic metamorphic
rocks, overlain by thick Triassic arc volcanics (Mangole Fm) and intruded by co-magmatic granite batholiths
(Banggai granite; K-Ar ages around 225 Ma). These form part of a long Permo-Triassic arc system that
continues East to New Guinea Birds Head (Netoni, Anggi granites), to PNG (Idenburg, Kubor, Strickland
granites; all ~220-240 Ma) and all along the E Australian active margin.
Historically, the Sula Islands have been famous for its marine Jurassic- Cretaceous marine sedimentary
sequence, with probably the richest Jurassic ammonite, belemnite and mollusc faunas in Indonesia. Classic
paleontological monographs on Sula Mesozoic fauna include Boehm (1904-1912), Kruizinga (1921, 1926, M-L
Jurassic belemnites, ammonites) and Challinor and Skwarko (1982; Jurassic belemnites).
The western edge of the Banggai-Sula plate collided with East Sulawesi, probably in Late Miocene time. The
foredeep created during this collision set up favorable conditions for the Miocene oil play in Miocene carbonate
buildups of the Tomori Basin of East Sulawesi.
Suggested reading
General, Tectonics Boehm (1904-1912), Brouwer (1921-1926),
Kruizinga (1921, 1926), Sukamto (1975),
Pigram et al. (1985), Garrard et al. (1998).

Seram and the chain of islands continuing in E/ SE direction all share a very complex fold-thrust belt geology,
with N-directed thrusting and with fragments of continental blocks, metamorphic rocks and ophiolite
complexes. Deformation is less intense West of Seram, on Buru island. Large ophiolite bodies and
metamorphics are present in SW Seram and Buru.
Paleozoic metamorphics are overlain by M-L Triassic Kanikeh Fm flysch-type clastics, overlain by Late
Triassic reefal and deepwater limestones (commonly interpreted as Jurassic, but paleontological evidence
appears to exclusively suggest a Late Triassic age; e.g. Martini et al., 2004). This series ahs been interpreted
as a Late Triassic intra-cratonic rift sequence.
The Triassic is overlain by a highly condensed Early-Middle Jurassic limestone (e.g. Wanner & Knipscheer
1951) or may locally be missing completely, and Late Jurassic Kola Shale and may represent continental
breakup and onset of spreading. The Nief Fm pelagic limestone sequence of latest Jurassic (calpionellids),
Cretaceous (Globotruncana) and Paleo-Eocene ages represents the oceanic drift or very distal passive margin
stage of the Buru- Seram microplate.
N-S cross-sections through NW Seram, showing N-directed folding and thrusting of metamorphics-granite
complex over folded Mesozoic sediments (mainly Triassic) (Rutten and Hotz, 1920).
Similarities in stratigraphy and structure between Seram and Timor have been noticed by many authors. There
are also similarities with the Triassic stratigraphy of nearby Misool, but the Jurassic- Paleogene of Seram-
Buru is in more distal facies, and lack the rich macrofossil faunas of Misool. There is also evidence of
consumed oceanic crust between Misool and Seram (see below), so the present-day proximity is not
necessarily the same as the paleo-position.
Widespread folding and thrusting of Eocene and older rocks, with the formation of the 'Salas Block Clay'
olistostome or melange, suggests a major collisional event, but the exact age of this remains uncertain. It is
probably related to ophiolite obduction at the S/SW side of Seram, which have a Late Miocene onset of
exhumation age (around 8 Ma; Linthout et al. 1996)
This young fold and thrust belt outcrops on Seram and continues N of Seram up to 100 km offshore (e.g. Teas
et al. 2009), where it looks like a continuation of the Banda Arc accretionary complex. This foldbelt is
commonly described as merely a zone of young thrusting within the 'Birds Head' part of the Australian
continental margin between Misool and Seram Islands (e.g. Granath et al. 2011), but the width of this belt
requires 100's of km of shortening. Also, a S-dipping subducted slab is clearly imaged below Seram by
tomography and by earthquake distributions, and remnants of a Plio-Pleistocene volcanic arc are present S of
Seram (Ambon). In my opinion it is difficult to not view Seram as a continuation of the (now mostly extinct)
Banda Arc subduction complex.

Deep water facies marls as young as Early Pleistocene outcrop on Seram island and suggest about 2 km of
Pleistocene uplift in SW Seram (De Smet et al., 1989).
Oil has been produced from Plio-Pleistocene sands in NE Seram since 1897 (Bula Field), and is believed to be
sourced from Late Triassic bituminous shale. Much later oil was also discovered in fractures in Late Triassic
limestones in the Oseil Field.
Suggested reading Seram- Buru

General, Tectonics Wanner (1907, 1923), Rutten and Hotz (1918-1920), Rutten (1927),
Germeraad (1946), Valk (1945), Van der Sluis (1950),
Wanner and Knipscheer (1951), Wanner et al. (1952),
Zillman and Paten (1975), Audley-Charles et al. (1979),
Linthout et al. (1989, 1996), Kemp and Mogg (1992),
Sopaheluwakan (1994),Kemp et al. (1996), Martini et al. (2004).

VI. NORTH MOLUCCAS
VI.1. North Moluccas (Halmahera, Bacan, Waigeo, Molucca Sea)
VI.1. Halmahera, Bacan, Waigeo, Molucca Sea

Acharya, H.K. (1979)- Seismicity of the Southern Philippine Sea. Marine Geol. 29, p. 25-32.
Andrews J.E. (1980)- Morphologic evidence for reorientation of seafloor spreading in the West Philippine
Basin. Geology 8, p. 140-143.
Anderson, C.D. (1999)- Cenozoic motion of the Philippine Sea Plate; new paleomagnetic data from eastern
Indonesia. Masters Thesis, Univ. California at Santa Barbara, 164p.
(Halmahera, Waigeo and other islands constitute largest land area of Philippine Sea Plate. New paleomagnetic
results from 24 sites. Halmahera region motion three segments: 0-25 Ma moved N and rotated 40° CW; no
rotation or latitude translation 25-40 Ma; 50° CW rotation and slight S-ward translation 40-50 Ma. Two
Cretaceous sites indicate another 90° CW rotation between ~73- 50 Ma, but interpretation speculative)
Apandi, T. & D. Sudana (1980)- Geologic map of the Ternate Quadrangle, North Maluku, 1: 250,000. Geol.
Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung.
Atmadja R.S. & R. Sukamto (1979)- Ophiolitic rock association on Talaud islands, East Indonesia. Bull. Geol.
Res. Dev. Centre, 1, p. 17-35.
Bader, A.G. & M. Pubellier (2000)- Forearc deformation and tectonic significance of the ultramafic Molucca
Central Ridge, Talaud islands (Indonesia). The Island Arc 9, 4, p. 653-663.
(Molucca Sea basin S of Mindanao underlain by N-S ophiolitic ridge, representing outer ridge of Sangihe
subduction zone, and outcrops on Talaud Islands. Forearc sediments uncomformably on (i) dismembered
ophiolitic series and (ii) thick melanges. Two deformation events. Earlier direction (N20°E) is thrusting event
affecting ophiolitic basement associated with edge of Celebes Sea. Incipient Sangihe subduction around 15 Ma
uplifted deformed crust and buried melanges beneath forearc sediments. Recent E-W shortening during
subduction of Snellius Plateau reactivated melanges within thrusts cutting forearc series)
Bader A.G., M. Pubellier, C. Rangin, C. Deplus & R. Louat (1999)- Active slivering of oceanic crust along the
Molucca Ridge (Indonesia-Philippine): implication for ophiolite incorporation in a subduction wedge. Tectonics
18, 4, p. 606-620.
(Marine geophysical survey in N Molucca Sea shows structure of classic active convergent margin, from W to
E: Sangihe volcanic arc, Molucca Ridge forearc basin resting on outer ridge, accretionary wedge, and Snellius
Ridge- Philippine Sea composite downgoing plate. Strong negative gravity anomaly above wedge suggests
basement deepening and rupture of 700-km-long s ubducting lithosphere. SSnellius Ridg separated recently
from S Philippine Basin by incipient Philippine Trench, deforming forearc region with backthrusting)
Baker, S.J. (1997)- Isotopic dating and island arc development in the Halmahera region, Eastern Indonesia.
Ph.D. Thesis Univ. London, p. 1-316.
(Halmahera area in zone of complex tectonics at junction between Eurasian margin, Philippine Sea and
Australian plates. Continental metamorphic rocks of probable Palaeozoic age, derived from New Guinea, are
found on Bacan and Obi. Ophiolitic rocks from Halmahera, Obi, Gag are of Philippine Sea plate origin, formed
an intra-oceanic forearc-arc-backarc system of Jurassic age. Intrusives into ophiolitic rocks on Halmahera and
Obi two phases of arc-related plutonic activity in the Middle to Late Cretaceous
Baker, S. & J. Malaihollo (1996)- Dating of Neogene igneous rocks in the Halmahera region: arc initiation and
development. In: R.Hall & D. Blundell (eds.) Tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia. Geol. Soc. London, Spec.
Publ. 106, p. 499-509.

(K-Ar ages of igneous rocks from Halmahera show history of intra-oceanic arc development since late M
Miocene, due to E-directed subduction of Molucca Sea plate under Philippine Sea plate. N-ward migration of
volcanic activity in Late Miocene- E Pliocene. Arc volcanism began around 11 Ma on Obi, with subduction
thought to have started around 15-17 Ma. No Neogene volcanism younger than 8 Ma in Obi area; on Bacan
volcanism ceased at 2 Ma. Late Pliocene crustal deformation caused 30-40 km W-ward shift of volcanic front.
Formation and propagation of Halmahera arc consequence of CW rotation of Philippine Sea plate)
Ballantyne, P. (1990)- The petrology of the ophiolitic basement rocks of eastern Halmahera, Indonesia. Ph.D.
Thesis University of London, p.
Ballantyne, P. (1991)- Petrological constraints upon the provenance and genesis of the East Halmahera
ophiolite. J. SE Asian Earth Sci. 6, 3-4, p. 259-269.
(E Halmahera dismembered ophiolite petrology. Cumulus mineralogy comparable with cumulates of Papuan
and Marum ophiolites of New Guinea. Ophiolitic rocks formed in supra-subduction zone environment. Volcanic
rocks not abundant in E Halmahera, but distinct suites, of boninitic, island arc and oceanic island /seamount
affinities)
Ballantyne, P. (1992)- Petrology and geochemistry of the plutonic rocks of the Halmahera ophiolite, eastern
Indonesia; an analogue of modern oceanic forearcs. In: L.M. Parson, B.J. Murton & P. Browning (eds.)
Ophiolites and their modern oceanic analogues. Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ. 60, p. 179-202.
(Halmahera ophiolite tectonically dismembered but all elements of complete ophiolite present, except sheeted
dyke complex. Ophiolite formed in supra-subduction zone setting before Late Cretaceous and interpreted to
represent forearc of Mesozoic arc whose remnants now found near margins of Philippine Sea Plate)
Ballantyne, P.D. & R. Hall (1990)- The petrology of the Halmahera Ophiolite, Indonesia; an early Tertiary
forearc. In: J. Malpas et al. (eds.) Ophiolites; oceanic crustal analogues, Proc. Symposium "Troodos 1987",
Geol. Survey Cyprus, Nicosia, p. 461-475.
Bessho, B. (1944)- Geology of the Halmahera islands. Geographical J. 56, 664, p. 145-203. (in Japanese)
Brata, K. (1989)- Petrography and provenance of Neogene sandstones of South Halmahera, East Indonesia.
M.Phil. Thesis, University of London, p. .
Brouwer, H. (1922)- Geologische onderzoekingen op de Sangi-eilanden en op de eilanden Ternate en Pisang.

Jaarboek Mijnwezen Ned. Oost Indie 49 (1920), Verhand. 2, p. 52-68.
(Mainly descriptions of various volcanoes of Sanghi islands, Ternate, Pisang)
Brouwer, H. (1923)- Geologische onderzoekingen op het eiland Halmaheira. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Ned. Oost
Indie 50 (1921), Verhand. 2, p. 5-72.
(‘Geological investigations on Halmaheira Island’. Includes thin section photos of deep marine U Cretaceous
Globotruncana limestones and shallow marine limestones of Eocene (Nummulites-Alveolina-Discocyclina)
limestone and Miocene age (Lepidocyclina) (forams brief description by Douville 1923 in same volume))
Brouwer, H. (1923)- Bijdrage tot de geologie van het eiland Batjan. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Ned. Oost Indie,
Verhand. 50 (1921), Verhand. 2, p. 73-106.
(‘Contribution to geology of the island of Bacan’. Bacan mostly schists and igneous rocks, including diorites,
gabbros, peridotites and andesites. Also Miocene Lepidocyclina limestone, associated with coal fragments)
Burgath, K., M. Mohr & W. Simanjuntak (1983)- New discoveries of blueschist metamorphism and mineral
occurrences in the Halmahera Gag ophiolite belt. Bull. Direct. Min. Res. Indonesia 13, 1, p. 1-19.
Carlile, J.C., G.R. Davey, I. Kadir, R.P. Langmead & W.J. Rafferty (1998)- Discovery and exploration of the
Gosowong epithermal gold deposit, Halmahera, Indonesia. J. Geochem. Expl. 60, 3, p. 207-227.

(Gosowong epithermal gold deposit low-sulphidation epithermal quartz vein in Halmahera Neogene magmatic
arc. Not much on geologic setting)
Charlton, T.R., R. Hall & E. Partoyo (1991)- The geology and tectonic evolution of Waigeo Island, NE
Indonesia. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 6, 3-4, p. 289-297.
(Waigeo ophiolitic basement of possible late Jurassic age, overlain by Paleogene forearc sediments. Basement
and sedimentary cover deformed by Late Oligocene S-directed thrusting, probably collision of arc with
continental block (New Guinea ?))
Clor, L.E., T.P. Fischer, D.R. Hilton, Z.D. Sharp & U. Hartono (2005)- Volatile and N isotope chemistry of the
Molucca Sea collision zone: tracing source components along the Sangihe Arc, Indonesia. Geochem., Geophys.,
Geosyst. 6, 3, 20 p.
(Volcanic gases from Sangihe Arc analyzed for trace chemistry and nitrogen isotope variations)
Cock G.C. & J.E Lynch (1999)- Discovery and evaluation of the Weda Bay nickel/ cobalt deposits, central
Halmahera, Indonesia. In: G. Weber (ed.) Proc. PACRIM '99 Congress, Australasian Inst. Mining Metallurgy,
Parkville, 4-99, p. 197-206.
(Weda Bay nickel- cobalt laterite deposits on Halmahera first drilled in 1996. Laterites have developed by
weathering over pre-Cretaceous serpentinised harzburgites and dunites)
Djaswadi, S., B. Tjahjono & T. Sudharto (1990)- Penjajagan mineral logam di Maluku Utara. Proc. 19th Ann.
Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Bandung, p. 302-324.
(Reconnaissance of metallic minerals in the North Moluccas)
Douville, H. (1923)- Sur quelques foraminiferes des Moluques orientales et de la Nouvelle Guinee. Jaarboek
Mijnwezen 1921, 50, 2, p. 107-116.
('On some foraminifera from the eastern Moluccas and from New Guinea'. Brief descriptions of Eocene larger
forams in samples collected by Brouwer in Halmahera: Early Eocene with alveolinids, Late Eocene with
Discocyclinids and Nummulites, NW common planktonics and Early Miocene with Lepidocyclinids,
Alveolinella. No location info)
Evans, C.A., J.W. Hawkins & G.F. Moore (1983)- Petrology and geochemistry of ophiolitic and associated
volcanic rocks of the Talaud Islands, Molucca sea collision zone, northeast Indonesia. In: T.W.C. Hilde & S.
Uyeda (eds.) Geodynamics of the western Pacific-Indonesian region, Amer. Geoph. Union Geodyn. Ser. 11, p.
159-172.
(Much of Talaud islands tectonic melange with up to 5km wide blocks of ophiolite, preserving complete oceanic
crustal sections. Pillow basalts associated with bedded chert and pelagic limestones with Eocene radiolaria.
Miocene basaltic andesites are not considered part of ophiolitic rocks.
Forde, E.J. (1997)- The geochemistry of the Neogene Halmahera Arc, Eastern Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis Univ.
London, p. 1-268.
(Halmahera arc is N-S intra-oceanic arc cutting across the islands of Halmahera and Bacan and is result of
eastward subduction of the Molucca Sea Plate. K/Ar dating revealed migration of volcanism along length of the
Halmahera arc. Oldest volcanics (~11 Ma) in S from Obi, where volcanism now extinct. To N in Bacan, ages
from 7 Ma- Quaternary, in C Halmahera from 6 - 2 Ma. Volcanic rocks from Obi, C Halmahera and N Bacan
typical intra-oceanic arc lavas. Volcanic rocks from W and S Bacan suggest assimilation of continental
component and supports hypothesis of overthrusting of Philippine Sea Plate ophiolitic and Australian plate
continental material, due to collision in Early Miocene)
Gemmell, J.B. (2007)- Hydrothermal alteration associated with the Gosowong epithermal Au-Ag deposit,
Halmahera, Indonesia; mineralogy, geochemistry, and exploration implications. Economic Geol. and Bull. Soc.
Economic Geol. 102, 5, p. 893-922.
(Gosowong epithermal Au-Ag deposit host rocks Miocene shallow marine, intermediate-basic volcanic and
volcaniclastic rocks)

Gogarten, E. (1918)- Geologie van Noord-Halmahera; voorlopige mededeeling. Verhand. Geol. Mijnbouwk.
Gen.Nederl. Kolon., Geol. Ser. 2, p. 267-280.
(‘Geology of North Halmahera, preliminary communication’. Summary of 1911 geological reconnaissance
along N coast of Halmahera. Not very useful, except perhaps presence of a belemnite in sandstone at SE
Morotai island (but fossil lost in transport to Germany))
Gogarten, E. (1918)- Die Vulkane der nordlichen Molukken. Zeitschrift Vulkanologie 4, p. 211-305.
('The volcanoes of the northern Moluccas')
Hakim, A.S. (1989)- Tertiary volcanic rocks from the Halmahera Arc, Indonesia: petrology, geochemistry and
low temperature alteration. M.Phil. Thesis, Univ. of London, p.
Hakim, A.S. & R. Hall (1991)- Tertiary volcanic rocks from the Halmahera arc. J. SE Asian Earth Sci. 6, 3-4, p.
271-287.
Hall, R. (1987)- Plate boundary evolution in the Halmahera Region, Indonesia. Tectonophysics 144, p. 337-352.
(Halmahera stratigraphy links to E Philippines and records history of Molucca Sea subduction. Halmahera- E
Mindanao basement part of Late Cretaceous-E Tertiary arc and forearc and part of single plate since Late
Eocene- E Oligocene. No evidence of Oligo-Miocene arc: Pliocene arc on E Tertiary arc basement. Arc
volcanism ceased briefly in Pleistocene and shifted W after deformation episode. Present arc built on deformed
Pliocene arc. Diachronous collision at W edge Philippine Sea Plate which began in Mindanao in Late Miocene
impeded Philippine Sea Plate movement and further motion achieved by strike-slip along Philippine Fault,
subduction at Philippine Trench and subduction of Molucca Sea lithosphere under Halmahera)
Hall, R. (1999)- Neogene history of collision in the Halmahera region, Indonesia. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv.
Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., G014, 8 p.
(Molucca Sea Plate almost entirely subducted remnant of double subduction system, with Sangihe Arc in W,
Halmahera Arc in E. In N Molucca Sea Halmahera Arc entirely overridden by Sangihe forearc, and in few
million years time entire Halmahera arc may have disappeared)
Hall, R., J.R. Ali, C.D. Anderson & S.J. Baker (1995)- Origin and motion history of the Philippine Sea Plate.
Tectonophysics 251, p. 229-250.
(Halmahera-Waigeo good Mesozoic- Tertiary stratigraphic record indicating long arc history for S part of
plate)
Hall, R., J.R. Ali & C.D. Anderson (1995)- Cenozoic motion of the Philippine Sea plate: palaeomagnetic
evidence from eastern Indonesia. Tectonics 14, p.1117-1132.
(New palaeomagnetic data N and S of Sorong Fault record S-ward movement during Eocene and N-ward
movement during Neogene. All sites N of Sorong Fault (Halmahera- Kasiruta- Waigeo) clockwise declinations.
Neogene rocks small deflections, Oligocene- M Eocene rocks clockwise declination deflections of ~40°.
Declinations of lower Eocene rocks indicate ~90° of clockwise rotation. Area N of Sorong Fault was always
part of Philippine Sea Plate)
Hall, R., M.G. Audley-Charles, F.T. Banner, S. Hidayat & S.L. Tobing (1988)- The basement rocks of the
Halmahera region, eastern Indonesia: a Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary arc and fore-arc. J. Geol. Soc. London
145, p. 65-84.
(W Halmahera active volcanic arc. E Halmahera basement dismembered ophiolites with slices of Mesozoic and
Eocene sediments, unconformably overlain by M Oligocene and younger sediments and volcanics. Mesozoic-
Eocene sediments similar to Marianas fore-arc. E Halmahera basement interpreted as pre-Oligocene fore-arc
lacking accretionary complex. Mesozoic- Tertiary sediments imbricated with igneous and metamorphic rocks
represent deeper parts of fore-arc during Late Eocene plate reorganization. S Bacan basement continental
metamorphic rocks associated with deformed ophiolitic complex, different from E Halmahera. Metamorphic

rocks interpreted to be part of N Australian continental margin basement, separated from Halmahera by splay
of Sorong Fault system. Deformed ophiolite complex of Bacan may represent magmatism in fault zone)
Hall, R., M.G. Audley-Charles, F.T. Banner, S. Hidayat & S.L. Tobing (1988)- Late Palaeogene- Quaternary
geology of Halmahera, Eastern Indonesia: initiation of a volcanic island arc. J. Geol. Soc. London 145, p. 577-
590.
(Halmahera rel. complete M Oligocene- Recent sedimentary section unconformable on ophiolitic complex,
part of Late Cretaceous- E Tertiary forearc. After volcanic arc activity ceased in Eocene, former fore-arc
terrane uplifted and eroded in Late Paleogene. Clast of Eocene reefal limestone with Discocyclina in
?Oligocene- E. Miocene Jawati conglomerate. Widespread Late Oligocene- Miocene carbonates. No evidence
of arc volcanism in C Halmahera between Eocene and Pliocene. Oligo-Miocene volcanism in nearby regions
interpreted as related to Sorong Fault system. Rapid subsidence in E Pliocene (tied to initiation of subduction
of Molucca Sea) lead to basinal marls deposition, followed by siliciclastic turbidites with increasing amounts
of calc-alkaline volcanic debris from W Halmahera Pliocene arc. Deformation in Pleistocene at junction of E
and W Halmahera. Third Halmahera arc (Quaternary) active in N part of the islands since 1 Ma)
Hall, R., P.D. Ballantyne, A.S. Hakim & G.J. Nichols (1996)- Basement rocks of Halmahera, eastern Indonesia:
implications for the early history of the Philippine Sea. In: G.P. & A.C. Salisbury (eds) Trans. 5th Circum-
Pacific Energy and Mineral Res. Conf., Honolulu 1990, Gulf Publishing, Houston, p. 301-317.
(Oldest rocks on Halmahera are 'supra-subduction zone' ophiolites, overlain by Late Cretaceous and Eocene
arc volcanics and sediments. Late Cretaceous- Eocene age plutonic rocks intrude ophiolites. Shallow marine
Eocene limestones unconformably overlain by Neogene sediments. Halmahera basement many similarities to
submarine plateaus and ridges of Philippine Sea and E Philippines basement terranes, suggesting existence of
extensive Late Cretaceous and Eocene volcanic arc(?) systems on Mesozoic ophiolitic basement)
Hall, R., M. Fuller, J.R. Ali & C.D. Anderson (1995)- The Philippine Sea plate: magnetism and reconstructions.
In: B. Taylor & J.H. Natland (eds.) Active margins and marginal basins: a synthesis of Western Pacific drilling
results. Amer. Geoph. Union Mon. 88, p. 371-404.
Hall, R. & G.J. Nichols (1990)- Terrane amalgamation in the Philippine Sea margin. Tectonophysics 181, p.
207-222.
Hall, R. & G. Nichols (1991)- Exploration in basins of the western Pacific margin: reducing the risk. In: J.W.
Cosgrave & M.E. Jones (eds.) Neotectonics and resources, Belhaven Press, London, p. 243-256.
(Mainly on Halmahera geology)
Hall, R., G.J. Nichols & P. Ballantyne (1990)- Basement rocks of Halmahera, eastern Indonesia; implications
for the early history of the Philippine Sea. In: Fifth Circum-Pacific Energy and mineral resources Conf., AAPG
Bull. 74, 6, p. 976.
Hall, R., G. Nichols, P. Ballantyne, T. Charlton & J. Ali (1991)- The character and significance of basement
rocks of the southern Molucca Sea region. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 6, p. 249-258.
(Pre-Neogene basement rocks in S Molucca Sea region include ophiolitic rocks, arc volcanics and continental
rocks. Ophiolitic complexes, interpreted as oldest parts of Philippine Sea Plate, overlain by U Cretaceous and
Eocene sediments and volcanics. Plutonic rocks of island arc origin intruding ophiolites yield Late Cretaceous
radiometric ages; amphibolites with ophiolitic protoliths yield Eocene ages. Ophiolites speculated to have
originated during mid-Cretaceous plate reorganization. Late Cretaceous-Paleogene arc volcanics in basement
of Morotai, W Halmahera and Bacan overlain by shallow water Eocene limestones and Oligocene rift sequence
with basaltic pillow lavas and volcaniclastic turbidites. Mid Eocene-Oligocene extension synchronous with
opening of central W Philippine Basin)
Handayani, L. (2004)- Seismic tomography constraints on reconstructing the Philippine Sea plate and its
margin. Ph.D. Thesis Texas A&M Univ., College Station, 144p.
(online at http://txspace.tamu.edu/bitstream/1969.1/1497/1/etd-tamu-2004C-GEOP-Handaya.pdf)

(High velocity mantle anomalies coincident with Wadati-Benioff zones. N-ward movement of Philippine Sea
Plate, WNW subduction of Pacific Plate since Eocene (~50 Ma), and N-ward subduction of Indian/ Australian
Plate best explain subducted slab anomalies. E plate boundary originated as transform zone that evolved into
subduction zone a few million years before Pacific Plate movement change. Initiation of this subduction zone
may be one of triggers of Pacific Plate motion changes. The 90° Philippine Sea Plate rotation in Hall (2002)
reconstruction not supported by slab distribution beneath Philippine Sea region. Minimal rotation of Philippine
Sea Plate assumed in reconstruction modeld)
Haston, R.B. & M. Fuller (1991)- Paleomagnetic data from the Philippine Sea Plate and their tectonic
significance. J. Geophys. Res. 96, p. 6073-6098.
Jaffe, L.A., D.R. Hilton, T.P. Fischer & U. Hartono (2004)- Tracing magma sources in an arc-arc collision
zone; helium and carbon isotope and relative abundance systematics of the Sangihe Arc, Indonesia. Geochem.,
Geoph., Geosyst. 5; 4, 17p. AGU
(Sangihe Arc presently colliding with Halmahera Arc, forming world's only arc-arc collision zone. He and C
isotopic and relative abundance data from Sangihe Arc volcanoes used to trace magma origins)
Karig, D.E. (1975)- Basin genesis in the Philippine Sea. In: Init. Repts. Deep Sea Drill. Proj. 31, p. 857-879.
Karig, D.E. (1983)- Temporal relationships between back arc basin formation and arc volcanism with special
reference to the Philippine Sea. In: D.E. Hayes (ed.) The tectonic and geologic evolution of Southeast Asian
seas and islands- II. Amer. Geoph. Union, Geoph. Mon. 27, p. 318-325.
(Back arc basin formation in Philippine Sea previously linked to minima in intensity of arc volcanism, but
wordwide study of last 5 M.y. and re-evalution of PS data suggest pulses of spreading and volcanism nearly
synchronous)
Kodama, K., B.H. Keating & C.E. Helsley (1983)- Paleomagnetism of the Bonin Islands and its tectonic
significance. Tectonophysics 95, p. 25-42.
(Bonin Islands on NE margin (27°N) of Philippine Sea composed of Eocene arc volcanics (with classic Middle
and Late Eocene larger foram assemblages (incl. Pellatispira; HvG). Islands have undergone N-ward
migration of at least 30° from the equatorial region together with (possibly clockwise) rotation of 30°-90°)
Kraeff, A. (1954)- De geologie van de chrysotiel- asbest voorkomens van de Oost-arm van Halmaheira.
Djawatan Geologi, Bandung. Report K54-1, 40p.
(‘Geology of chrysotyle-asbestos occurrences in Halmahera East Arm’)
Kusnama (1989)- Petrography and provenance of Neogene sandstones of South Halmahera, East Indonesia.
M.Phil. Thesis, Univ. London, p.
Kusnama (2008)- Karakteristik batubara daerah Patani, Halmahera Timur, Maluku Utara. Proc. 37th Ann. Conv.
Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Bandung, 1, p. 745-760.
('Characteristics of coal in the Patani area, E Halmahera, N Moluccas'. Around 1m thick Paleocene coals in
Dorosagu Fm of Patani area in two blocks: Paniti Blocks autochtonous coal with vitrinite reflectance Rv 0.42-
0.54%; Bicoli Block allochtonous deltaic coal deposits with clay partings and average Rv 0.36- 0.43)
Kusnama & D. Sukarna (1996)- The provenance of Neogene sandstones South Halmahera, East Indonesia. Bull.
Geol. Res. Dev. Center, Bandung, p. 181-201.
(Two provenance areas in Late Neogene Weda Group: in W mainly derived from andesitic volcanics, in E
mainly foraminiferal limestones?. With 3 paleogeographic maps for Late Miocene, E Pliocene, Late Pliocene)
Lallemand, S.E., M. Popoff, J.P. Cadet, A.G. Bader, M. Pubellier, C. Rangin, & B. Deffontaines (1998)-
Genetic relations between the central and southern Philippine Trench and the Sangihe Trench. J. Geophys. Res.
103, p. 933-950.

MacPherson, C.G., E.J. Forde, R. Hall & M.F. Thirlwall (2003)- Geochemical evolution of magmatism in an
arc-arc collision; the Halmahera and Sangihe Arcs, eastern Indonesia. In: R.D. Larter & P.T. Leat (eds.) Intra-
oceanic subduction systems; tectonic and magmatic processes. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 219, p. 207-220.
(Molucca Sea Collision Zone site of collision of two active subduction systems. Both Halmahera subduction
zone in E and Sangihe zone in W have subducted oceanic Molucca Sea Plate, now consumed. Both volcanic
arcs active since Neogene and show increased evidence for sediment recycling as collision progressed)
Malaihollo, J.F.A. (1993)- The geology and tectonics of the Bacan region, East Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis
University of London, 406 p. (unpublished)
Malaihollo, J.F.A. & R. Hall (1996)- The geology and tectonic evolution of the Bacan region, East Indonesia.
In: R. Hall & D.J. Blundell (eds.) Tectonic evolution of SE Asia, Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 106, p. 483-
497.
(Bacan near convergence Eurasian, Philippine Sea and Australian plates. Old? Sibela metamorphics with
young isotope ages juxtaposed against Sibela ophiolite with Cretaceous isotope age with Oligocene-Miocene
overprint. N Bacan oldest rocks low metamorphic U Eocene Bacan Fm arc volcanics and turbiditic
volcaniclastics. Similar Lower Miocene sequence in S Bacan. Major Lower Miocene unconformity,
representing Australian continent - Philippine Sea plate collision, overlain by shallow marine E-M Miocene
limestones with interbedss of Amasing Fm volcaniclastic sands. U Miocene- Pleistocene Kaputusan Fm arc
andesites from four eruption centres, shallow marine pyroclastic rocks and fringing coastal reef limestones.
Volcanic rocks produced by E-ward subduction of Molucca Sea plate. Quaternary basalts related to movement
along Sorong fault. Most of Bacan part of Philippine Sea plate since Cretaceous. Evidence for continental crust
of Australian origin in Bacan area by E Miocene)
McCaffrey, R. (1982)- Lithospheric deformation within the Molucca sea arc-arc collision- evidence from
shallow and intermediate earthquake activity. J. Geoph. Res. 87, p. 3663-3678.
McCaffrey, R. (1983)- Seismic-wave propagation beneath the Molucca Sea arc-arc collision zone, Indonesia.
Tectonophysics 96, p. 45-57.
McCaffrey, R. (1991)- Earthquakes and ophiolite emplacement in the Molucca Sea collision zone, Indonesia.
Tectonics 10, 2, p. 433-453.
(Earthquakes indicate high-angle (30-60°) thrust faults beneath Talaud-Mayu Ridge in Central Molucca Sea,
penetrating at least 15 km into upper mantle and elevate pieces of crust and upper mantle at rapid rate. These
pieces likely include thick ophiolites detached from Molucca Sea lithosphere. High seismic activity consistent
with Molucca Sea accommodating much of Philippine-Eurasian convergence)
McCaffrey, R., E.A. Silver & R.W. Raitt (1980)- Crustal structure of the Molucca Sea collision zone, Indonesia.
In: D.E. Hayes (ed.) The tectonic and geologic evolution of Southeast Asian seas and islands 1, Amer. Geoph.
Union, Geophys. Mon. 23, p. 161-178.
(Scripps 1976-1977 Molucca Sea seismic refraction profiles showing thick low-velocity collision complex.
Gravity models suggest steep upthrusted (up to 6 km) oceanic basement slab under Talaud- Mayu Ridge)
Middelburg, J.J., G.J. De Lange & R. Kreulen (1990)- Dolomite formation in anoxic sediments of Kau Bay,
Indonesia. Geology 18, 5, p. 399-402.
Middelburg, J.J. (1991)- Organic carbon, sulphur, and iron in Recent semi- euxinic sediments of Kau Bay,
Indonesia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 3, p. 815-828.
Milsom, J., R. Hall & T. Padmawidjaja (1996)- Gravity fields in eastern Halmahera and the Bonin Arc;
implications for ophiolite origin and emplacement. Tectonics 15, 1, p. 84-93.
(Classic large ophiolite bodies generally associated with large gravity anomalies. No large anomalies in
ophiolitic fragmented terranes like E Halmahera-Waigeo terrane. Ophiolites probably Jurassic age and

associated with Cretaceous- M Eocene island arc volcanics. Crust at least 20km thick, probably thickening in
intra-oceanic island arc. Waigeo also has Oligocene volcanoclastics)
Milsom, J., I. Parson, D. Massom, G. Nichols, N. Sikumbang & B. Dwiyanto (1996)- Tectonics of the Palau-
Halmahera- Waigeo triangle. In: G.P. & A.C. Salisbury (eds.) Trans. 5th Circum-Pacific Energy and Mineral
Res. Conf., Honolulu 1990, Gulf Publishing, Houston, p. 385-395.
(Region E of Halmahera occupied by number of blocks of thickened island-arc crust and regions of deeper
water underlain by oceanic crust. Geoloical history still obscure. East Philippine Sea Arc formed in Eocene;
had E-W strike in Oligocene, now N-S alignment after rotation of Philippine sea Plate. In earliest Miocene, a
second arc terrane, wich also included Eocene volcanics, welded onto New Guinea which at that time was
2000km S of present position))
Moore, G.F., D. Kadarisman, C.A. Evans & J.W. Hawkins (1981)- Geology of the Talaud Islands, Molucca Sea
collision zone, northeast Indonesia. J. Struct. Geol. 3, p. 467-475.
(M Miocene-Pleistocene sediments over Early Miocene(?) mélange complex)
Moore, G.F., D. Kadarisman & Sukamto (1980)- New data on the geology of the Talaud Islands, Molucca Sea.
Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre 13, p. 5-12.
(Talaud islands at N end of Molucca Sea with E-dipping slabs of ophiolite in tectonic melange, associated with
M Eocene cherts and limestones. Overlain by moderately deformed, very deep marine M Miocene- Pliocene
sediments. Talaud ophiolites interpreted as fragments of Eocene or older oceanic crust and mantle, emplaced
into forearc terrane in Early Miocene. Talued Island block uplifted >2000m since Pliocene)
Moore, G.F. & E.A. Silver (1983)- Collision processes in the northern Molucca Sea. In: D.E. Hayes (ed.) The
tectonic and geologic evolution of Southeast Asian seas and islands; 2. AGU Geoph. Mon. 27, p. 360-372.
(Collision zone between two facing island arcs. W Mindanao Arc collided in mid-Tertiary with E Mindanao
Arc. Thick sediments, presently being deformed in Molucca Sea collision zone, eroded from New Guinea and
Halmahera in S and from collision zone in Mindanao. Substantial strike-slip motion during collision. Two new
subduction zones are propagating southward.
Morrice, M.G. & J.B. Gill (1986)- Spatial patterns in the mineralogy of island-arc-magma series-Sangihe-Arc,
Indonesia. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 29, p. 311-353.
(500-km-long Sangihe arc is western of two colliding arcs in NE Indonesia. Andesites dominate. Plagioclase
basalts at S volcanic front evolve to two-pyroxene andesites; Augite basalts behind volcanic front and to N
where collision is more complete, evolve to hornblende andesites. Percentage of mantle fusion highest at S
volcanic front)
Morrice, M.G., P.A. Jezek, J.B. Gill, D.J. Whitford & M. Monoarfa (1983)- An introduction to the Sangihe arc:
volcanism accompanying arc-arc collision in the Molucca Sea, Indonesia. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 19, p.
135-165.
Morris, J.D., P.A. Jezek, S.R. Hart & J.B. Gill (1983)- The Halmahera island arc, Molucca Sea collision zone,
Indonesia: a geochemical survey. In: D.E. Hayes (ed.) The tectonic and geologic evolution of Southeast Asian
seas and islands, 2, Amer. Geophys. Union, Geoph. Mon. 27, p. 373-387.
(W Halmahera volcanic arc above 45° E-dipping Benioff zone which is present down to 230 km. Three regions
with distinct chemistry and tectonic setting. Most volcanoes part of calc-alkaline oceanic segment. Continental
suite on Bacan reflects intersection of oceanic arc with continental fragment. Origin of alkaline rocks on
inactive volcanic islands along Sorong Fault zone unclear)
Nichols, G.S. & R. Hall (1991)- Basin formation and Neogene sedimentation in a backarc setting, Halmahera,
eastern Indonesia. Marine Petrol. Geol. 8, p. 50-61.
(Halmahera Basin formed by subsidence of thickened crust of imbricated Mesozoic-Palaeogene arc and
ophiolite rocks. In Miocene basement complex formed thickened crust on which reef and reef-associated
sediments were deposited, similar to Philippine Sea Plate plateaux and ridges. Late Miocene convergence

between Philippine Sea Plate- Eurasian margin resulted in formation of Halmahera Trench to W. Subduction of
Molucca Sea Plate at trench caused development of volcanic island arc. Subsidence in back-arc area produced
sedimentary basin filled by clastics eroded from arc and uplifted basement and cover rocks. Basin asymmetric,
thickest sediments on W side, against volcanic arc. Halmahera Basin modified by Plio-Pleistocene E-W
compression as Molucca Sea Plate was eliminated by subduction).
Nichols, G,.R. Hall, J. Milsom, D. Masson, L. Parson, N. Sikumbang et al. (1990)- The southern termination of
the Philippine Trench. Tectonophysics 183, p. 289-303.
(Philippine Trench in process of propagating S and some of ESE-WNW convergence is transferred via broad
NE-SW zone of dextral strike-slip across N Halmahera into Molucca Sea Collision Zone. E Halmahera-Waigeo
Ophiolite Terrane area of shallow water and islands underlain by ophiolitic basement between Halmahera and
Sorong Fault Zone. Halmahera is in diffuse boundary zone at margin of Philippine Sea Plate)
Nichols, G., Kusnama & R. Hall (1991)- Sandstones of arc and ophiolite provenance in a backarc basin,
Halmahera, eastern Indonesia. In: A.C. Morton, S.P. Todd & P.D.W. Haughton (eds.) Developments in
sedimentary provenance studies, Geol. Soc., London, Spec. Publ. 57, p. 291-303.
(Late Neogene backarc basin on Halmahera distinctive detrital sandstones mineral assemblages. Quartz
extremely rare, indicating no input from continental sources. Two provenance areas: volcanics in W half of
basin and black sands of ultrabasic origin interbedded with carbonate mudstones in E of basin. These reflect
nature of terrains which bordered Halmahera Basin)
Okino, K., Y. Ohara, S. Kasuga & Y. Kato (1999)- The Philippine Sea: new survey results reveal the structure
and the history of the marginal basins. Geoph. Res. Lett. 26, 15, p. 2287-2290.
Olberg D.J., J. Rayner, R.P.Langmead & J.A.R Coote (1999) Geology of the Gosowong epithermal gold
deposit, Halmahera, Indonesia. In: G. Weber (ed.) Proc. PACRIM '99 Congress, Australasian Inst. Mining
Metallurgy, Parkville, 4-99, p. 179-185.
(Gosowong low-sulphidation epithermal copper-gold porphyries in Halmahera magmatic arc. Elongate dome
formed by magma intrusion. Host rocks ?Late Miocene intermediate-basic volcanics and volcaniclastics)
Palmer, M.R. (1991)- Boron- isotope systematics of Halmahera arc (Indonesia) lavas: evidence for involvement
of the subducted slab. Geology 19, 3, p. 215-217.
Prihatmoko, S. & F.E. Nugroho (1998)- Tertiary volcanic and intrusive rocks in Obi Island, Maluku Indonesia
and related hydrothermal mineralization. Proc. 27th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Sumberdaya Min.
Energi p. 29-45.
Pringle, I.J. (1989)- Exploration for epithermal gold mineralisation in West Halmahera- Bacan island area,
North Maluku Province. In: B. Situmorang (ed.) Proc. Sixth Reg. Conf. Geology, Mineral and Hydrocarbon
Resources of Southeast Asia, Jakarta 1987, IAGI, p. 291-299.
(Stream sampling located 16 gold/ metal anomalies in W Halmahera and Bacan, hosted by Tertiary andesitic
lavas. Bacan Island mainly Tertiary volcanics with uplifted core of Sibela Fm high-grade metamorphics)
Pubellier, M., A.G. Bader, C. Rangin, B. Deffontaines & R. Quebral (1999)- Upper plate deformation induced
by subduction of a volcanic arc: the Snellius Plateau (Molucca Sea, Indonesia and Mindanao, Philippines).
Tectonophysics 304, 4, p. 345-368.
(N Molucca Sea incipient subduction of composite oceanic- arc volcanic block (Snellius-Halmahera- SHB)
beneath Sangihe Arc outer ridge. In Mindanao, convergence generated shortening of forearc basin and
backthrusting of SHB. Classic system of paired subduction (Philippine Trench) and strike-slip fault (Philippine
Fault) was installed. Transition from lithospheric subduction to crustal overthrusting where Philippine Trench
s.s. begins, coinciding with offshore extension of Philippine Fault. Reversal of thrusts from E-ward vergence in
Molucca Sea to W-ward vergence in Mindanao at latitude where forearc is uplifted and downgoing SHB crust
deepens, resulting in strong gravity low above accretionary wedge)

Pudjowalujo, H. & D. Bering (1982)- Rock multi element geochemistry at the copper- gold anomaly in
Kaputusan (Bacan Island), Moluccas, Indonesia. In: S.T. Watson (ed.) Trans. 3rd Circum Pacific Energy and
Mineral Resources Conf., Honolulu, 1982, p. 303-324.
Pudjowaluyo, H. & N. Suryono (1982)- Mineralisasi logam tembaga di Hulu S. Kaputusan, P. Bacan, Maluku
Utara. Geol. Indonesia (IAGI) 9, 1, p. 28-35.
(Copper mineralization at Kutusupan, Bacan island)
Rangin, G., D. Dahrin, R. Quebral & The MODEC Scientific Party (1996)- Collision and strike-slip faulting in
the Northern Molucca Sea (Philippines and Indonesia): preliminary results of a morphotectonic study. In: R.
Hall & D. Blundell (eds). Tectonic evolution of southeast Asia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 106, p. 29-46.
(N Molucca Sea survey reveals presence of almost complete Sangihe arc and forearc, etc.)
Ranken B., R.K. Cardwell & D.E. Karig (1984) Kinematics of the Philippine Sea plate. Tectonics 3, 5, p. 555-
575.
Richards, T.H, D. Basuki & M.D. Priyono (2004)- Discovery of the Toguraci epithermal Au-Ag deposits,
Gosowong Goldfield, Halmahera Island, East Indonesia. In: Proc. PACRIM 2004 Conf., Hi tech and world
competitive mineral success stories around the Pacific Rim, Australasian Inst. Mining Metallurgy, p. 359-366.
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Halmahera region, NE Indonesia. Ph.D. Thesis Univ. London, 287 p.
Roberts, S.J. & E.M. Finch (1993)- An integrated Tertiary biozonation scheme for the Halmahera region,
Eastern Indonesia. Proc. Int. Symp. Biostratigraphy of Mainland SE Asia (BIOSEA), Chiang Mai 1993, p. 455-
457.
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Mijnwezen Nederl. Indie 54 (1925), Verhand. II, p. 174-220.
(‘Geologic and petrographic sketch of Talaud and Nanusa Islands’. Islands mainly composed of igneous core,
of mainly gabbros and peridotites, with thin sediment cover (probably Mesozoic radiolarian chert, breccias,
overlain by presumably Tertiary unfossiliferous sandstones and marls). With 1:200,000 map)
Sartono, S. & S. Hadiwisastra (1989)- Ophiolitic melange in Gebe Island and its olistostromal origin. In: B.
Situmorang (ed.) Proc. 6th Reg. Conf. Geology Mineral Hydrocarbon Res. Southeast Asia, Jakarta 1987, IAGI,
p. 157-169.
(Gebe Island between Halmahera and Waigeo with nickel-chromite deposits. Chaotic basement complex
overlain by U Miocene-Pliocene bioclastic limestones. Basement probably olistostrome, with ultrabasic and
metamorphic clasts and probably Eocene- E Miocene age)
Scott, R.B. (1983)- Magmatic evolution of island arcs in the Philippine Sea. In: T.W.C. Hilde, & S. Uyeda
(eds.) Geodynamics of the Western Pacific-Indonesian region, Amer. Geoph. Union and GSA, Geodyn. Ser. 11,
p. 173-188.
Scott, R. & L. Kroenke (1980)- Back-arc speading and arc volcanism in the Philippine Sea. In: D.E. Hayes (ed.)
The tectonic and geologic evolution of Southeast Asian seas and islands, AGU Geoph. Mon. 23, p. 283-291.
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53-84.
Seno T., S.A. Stein & A.E. Gripp (1993)- A model for the motion of the Philippine Sea Plate consistent with
NUVEL 1 and geological data. J. Geophys. Res. 98, p. 941-948.

Silitonga, P.H., H. Pudjowalujo & H. Mollat (1981)- Geological reconnaissance and mineral prospecting on
Bacan Island (Moluccas, Indonesia). In: A.J. Barber & S. Wiryosujano (eds.) The geology and tectonics of
eastern Indonesia. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 2, p. 373-381.
(Bacan Island oldest rocks are intensely deformed mica schists and amphibolites and associated ultrabasic
rocks of unknown age and NNE-SSW foliation. Oldest dated rocks probably Late Oligocene- Early Miocene age
submarine andesites intruded by granodiorites and with intercalated coral limestones. Volcanic series overlain
byE-M Miocene marine clastics with common volcanic detritus, overlain by Late Tertiary- Quaternary Young
volcanics. Recent coral reefs raised to 700m above sea level)
Silver, E.A. & J.C. Moore (1978)- The Molucca Sea collision zone, Indonesia. J. Geophys. Res. 83, p. 1681-
1691. (same as reprint below).
Silver, E.A. & J.C. Moore (1981)- The Molucca Sea collision zone. In: A.J. Barber & S. Wiryosujono (eds.),
The geology and tectonics of Eastern Indonesia, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 2, p. 327-340.
(Scripps 1977 seismic profiles across Molucca Sea. Molucca Sea zone of crustal collision bordered by N
trending Sangihe and Halmahera volcanic arc underlain by oppositely dipping Benioff zones. Length of Benioff
zones suggest at least 1000km of subducted lithosphere. At least 8-10 km of low-density collisional melange
material, now exposed on Talaud,Mayu, Tifoe islands)
Sodik, A., M.G. Rukmiati & J. Purnomo (1993)- Hydrocarbon potential of frontier Weda Basin, South East
Halmahera. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Bandung, 2, p. 653-663.
(Southernmost Halmahera metamorphic terrane is microcontinent derived from Irian Jaya (Kemum?), moved
W along Sorong FZ. E arms of Halmahera are Jurassic-age ophiolite terrane. Up to 5000m of sediment in
Weda basin, offshore SE Halmahera, with Miocene carbonates as main potential play)
Soeria Atmadja, R. (1981)- Ophiolites in the Halmahera paired belts, East Indonesia. In: A.J. Barber & S.
Wiryosujano (eds.) The geology and tectonics of eastern Indonesia. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre Indonesia, Spec.
Publ. 2, p. 363-372.
(Halmahera is connected double arc. N and S arms are W volcanic arc, mainly Quaternary volcanics, Neogene
marine sediments and Oligo-Miocene volcanics. NE and SE arms large ophiolite belt (subduction zone
ophiolite) with ultramafic rocks imbricated with Mesozoic deep water sediments and E Tertiary rocks)
Soeria-Atmadja, R. & R. Sukamto (1979)- Ophiolitic rock association on Talaud islands, East Indonesia. Bull.
Geol. Res. Dev. Centre 1, p. 17-35.
(Ophiolite rocks as isolated blocks in mélange complex, with scaly clay matrix)
Suasta, I.G.M. & G. Hartono (2011)- Kaputusan porphyry copper-gold project, Bacan island. Proc. 36th HAGI
and 40th IAGI Ann. Conv., Makassar, JCM2011-096, 19p.
(Kaputusan copper-gold porphyry prospect on Bacan Island comprised of a series of volcanic rocks intruded by
a least three types of Neogene intermediate intrusive rocks)
Sukamto, R. (1979)- Tectonic significance of melange on the Talaud islands, Northeastern Indonesia. Bull.
Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 2, p. 7-19.
Sukamto, R. (1980)- Tectonic significance of melange on the Talaud islands, Northeastern Indonesia. Geol.
Palaeontol. Southeast Asia 21, p. 291-302.
Sukamto, R. (1981)- Tectonic significance of melange on the Talaud Islands, northeastern Indonesia. In: A.J.
Barber & S. Wiryosujono (eds.) The geology and tectonics of Eastern Indonesia, Geol. Res. Dev. Centre,
Bandung, Spec. Publ. 2. p. 7-19.
Sukamto, R. (1989)- Halmahera, a typical Cainozoic volcanic island arc in eastern Indonesia. Geol. Indonesia
(IAGI) 12, 1 (Katili volume), p. 177-191.

(Halmahera volcanic in W, related to subduction of Molucca Sea in W. Eastern province non-volcanic,
characterized by common ophiolites imbricated with Late Jurassic- Cretaceous deep water sediments. Western
arc three magmatic cycles: Late Oligocene- E Miocene, Plio-Pleistocene and Holocene.
Sukamto, R., T. Apandi, S. Supriatna & A. Yasin (1981)- The geology and tectonics of Halmahera Island and
surrounding areas. In: A.J. Barber & S. Wiryosujano (eds.) The geology and tectonics of eastern Indonesia.
Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, Spec. Publ. 2, p. 349-362.
(Halmahera area three sub-parallel N-S ‘arcs’: (1) E Halmahera- Waigeo non-volcanic arc with imbricated
Jurassic-age ophiolites and Late Jurassic-Cretaceous deep sea sediments,overlain by Paleogene flysch-type
rocks with ultramafic clasts and limestones with Eocene Ta-Tb forams. In SE arm also coal interbeds (2) W
Halmahera- Obi volcanic arc, intermittently active since Oligocene and (3) Talaud- Tifore Ridge in Molucca
sea composed of imbricated ?Eocene ophiolites and melange)
Sukamto, R. & N. Suwarna (1976)- Melange di daerah Kepulauan Talaud, Indonesia Timurlaut. Geol. Indonesia
(IAGI), 2, p. 19-27.
('Melange in the Talaud Islands region')
Sukamto, R. & N. Suwarna (1979)- Tectonic significance of mélange on the Talaud Islands, Northeastern
Indonesia. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre 2, p. 7-19.
(Talud-Tifore Ridge is zone of collision between two island arc systems, Sangihe to W, Halmahera to E. Talaud
island melange basement consists of blocks of serpentinized peridotite, gabbro, pillow basalt, metamorphic
rocks, greywackes, chert, limestone, etc., all tectonized in pervasively sheared mass. Overlain by M Miocene-
Pliocene marine sediments)
Sukamto, R. & N. Suwarna (1986)- Geologic map of the Talaud Quadrangle, 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev.
Centre, Bandung.
Suparan, P., R.A.C. Dam, S. van der Kaars & T.E. Wong (2001)- Late Quaternary tropical lowland
environments on Halmahera, Indonesia. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 171, p. 229-285.
Supriatna, S. (1980)- Geologic map of the Morotai Quadrangle, North Maluku. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre,
Bandung, p.
Supriatna, S., T. Apandi & W. Simandjuntak (1977)- Geologic map of Waigeo Quadrangle, Irian Jaya,
1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, p.
Swift, L.R. & M. Alwan (1990)- The discovery of gold-silver mineralization at Binabase, Sangihe Island,
Indonesia. Proc. Pacific Rim 90 Congress, p. 533-539.
Umbgrove, J.H.F. (1938)- Corals from an elevated marl of Talaud (East Indies). Zoolog. Meded., Leiden, 20, p.
263-274. (Online at: http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/150648)
(Corals collected by Kuenen during Snellius expedition from marine marl near Mahammale, Talaud Island.
Well preserved, 15 species, all still living, so Pleistocene- Holocene age)
Uneputty, H., S. Supriatna & F. Hehuwat (1991)- Evaluasi stratigrafi wilayah Halmahera dan kaitannya dengan
potensi hidrokarbon. Proc. 19th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Bandung 1990, 1, p. 52-68.
(‘Evaluation of Halmahera stratigraphy and relation to hydrocarbon potential’. In East ?Jurassic-age
ophiolitic rocks overlain by Upper Cretaceous carbonates and Paleo-Eocene clastics. Weda Bay possibly
6000m of sediments)
Van Nouhuys, J.W. (190?)- Title unknown

(Verbeek 1908: paper reporting Eocene alveolinid limestone from East Halmahera)

Vening Meinesz, F.A. (1961)- Orogeny in the New Guinea, Palao, Halmaheira area (geophysical conclusions).
Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, B64, p. 240-244.
Verbeek, R.D.M. (1908)- Halmahera. In: Molukken Verslag, Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 37
(1908), Wet. Ged., p. 154-176.
(First significant geologic survey of Halmahera in 1899, describing main patterns of island geology with
abundant Mesozoic or older ultrabasics in C and E part of island, mainly andesitic volcanics in W. Presence of
Eocene alveolinid limestone in float, Miocene Lepidocyclina limestone, etc.)
Verstappen, H.T. (1964)- Some volcanoes of Halmahera (Moluccas) and their geomorphological setting.
Tijdschrift Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen., Ser. 2, 81, p. 297-316.
Wanner, J. (1913)- Zur Geologie der Inseln Obimajora und Halmahera in den Molukken. Neues Jahrb. Min.
Geol. Paleont., Beil. Band 36, p. 560-585.
(‘On the geology of Obi and Halmahera islands in the Moluccas’. Many localities with ultrabasic rocks and
andesitic volcanics)
Wichmann, A. (1921)- Die Vulkane der Sangi-Inseln. Verhand. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, 22,
1, p. 3-52.
(‘The volcanoes of the Sangi Islands’, between Molucca Sea and Celebes Sea)
Widiwijayanti, C., V. Mikhailov, M. Diament, C. Deplus, R. Louat, S. Tikhotsky & A. Gvishiani (2003)-
Structure and evolution of the Molucca Sea area: constraints based on interpretation of a combined sea-surface
and satellite gravity dataset. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 215, p. 135-150.
Widiwijayantia, C., C. Tiberi, C. Deplus, M. Diament, V. Mikhailov & R. Louat (2004)- Geodynamic evolution
of the northern Molucca Sea area (Eastern Indonesia) constrained by 3-D gravity field inversion.
Tectonophysics 386, 3-4, p. 203-222.
(N Molucca Sea dominated by interaction between ophiolitic ridges, sedimentary wedges and rigid blocks of
Philippine Sea Plate. Large density variations in C part of N Molucca Sea. N-S trending density structures
along C Ridge and W dipping thrust faults on W side of region clearly imaged. In E part of region several
blocks, especially Snellius Plateau, split into two parts. We interpret this as oceanic plateau with thicker crust
that previously belonged to Philippine Sea Plate, now trapped between Molucca Sea complex collision zone and
Philippine Trench, due to development of a new subduction zone at E side)
Yasin, A. (1980)- Geologic map of the Bacan Quadrangle, North Maluku, 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre,
Bandung, 9 p.
(Bacan Island off S Halmahera with core of thick Sibela Fm metamorphics with NW-SE and W-E trending
foliation. Unconformably overlain by Late Oligocene- earliest Miocene Bacan Fm volcanics and clastics and
later Miocene- Pliocene clastics- volcanoclastics)

Agustiyanto, D.A. (1996)- The geology and tectonic evolution of the Obi region, Eastern Indonesia. M. Phil.
Thesis, Univ. London, 220 p.
(Obi located within strands of Sorong Fault system at Australian-Philippine Sea plate boundary. Oldest rocks
metamorphic complex of phyllites, schists and gneisses, probably Paleozoic in age, in greenschist- amphibolite
facies. Overlain by Triassic and Jurassic micaceous sandstones and black shales, considered derived from
Australian continental margin. Ophiolitic rocks, of supposed Jurassic age, form basement of most of Obi
region, are unconformably overlain by Cretaceous volcaniclastic rocks, limestones and mudstones.
Juxtaposition of the ophiolitic and continental rocks in south Obi probably in Late Neogene)
Agustiyanto, D.A. (1998)- Geology of the Obi islands, Eastern Indonesia. J. Geol. Sumber Daya Min.
(Bandung), 8, 81, p. 2-9.
(Oldest rocks on Obi island Paleozoic or older metamorphic complex. Overlain by Triassic- Jurassic micaceous
sandstone. Also ?Jurassic ophiolitic rocks, volcanics, etc.)
Ali, J.R., R. Hall & S.J. Baker (2001)- Palaeomagnetic data from a Mesozoic Philippine Sea Plate ophiolite on
Obi Island, Eastern Indonesia. J. Asian Earth Sci. 19, p. 535-546.
(Paleomag of Jurassic(?) age Halmahera ophiolite exposed on SW Obi Island suggest position close to equator
in middle Mesozoic. K-Ar ages of ophiolite 96 +/- 10 Ma and 103 +/-13 Ma regarded as minimum ages. Diorite
intrusions yield Late Cretaceous ages)
Amiruddin (2000)- Peraluminous and metaluminous Permian-Triassic granitoids of the Banggai-Sula

microcontinent and the Northern Australia continent in the Bird Head Papua. J. Sumber Daya Geol. (GRDC)
10, 110, p. 2-15.
Ali, J.R. & R. Hall (1995)- Evolution of the boundary between the Philippine Sea plate and Australia:
paleomagnetic evidence from eastern Indonesia. Tectonophysics 251, p. 251-275.
(Paleomagnetic data from Taliabu Coniacian-Santonian pelagic limestones suggest paleolatitude at 19°+/- 6°,
similar to Misool, suggesting Sula/Taliabu and Misool part of single microcontinent, >10° farther N than
expected if attached to Australia, and implying region separated from Australia before Late Cretaceous)
Boehm, G. (1904)- Die Sudkusten der Sula-Inseln Taliabu und Mangoli. I. Grenzschichten zwischen Jura und
Kreide. Palaeontographica, Suppl. IV, Beitr. Geologie Niederlandisch-Indien 1, p. 1-46.
('The South coast of the Sula islands Taliabu and Mangoli: 1- Transitional beds between Jurassic and
Cretaceous')
Boehm, G. (1907)- Die Sudkusten der Sula-Inseln Taliabu und Mangoli, 2. Der Fundpunkt am oberen Lagoi auf
Taliabu. Palaeontographica, Suppl. IV, Beitr. Geologie Niederlandisch-Indien I, p. 47-58.
('The South coasts of the Sula islands Taliabu and Mangoli: 2- The fossil locality at the upper Lagoi on
Taliabu')
Boehm, G. (1907)- Die Sudkusten der Sula-Inseln Taliabu und Mangoli. 3. Oxford des Wai Galo.
Palaeontographica Suppl. Vol. IV, Beitr. Geologie Niederlandisch-Indien 1, p. 59-120.
('The South coasts of the Sula islands Taliabu and Mangoli: 3- Oxfordian of the Galo River, Taliabu. Common
ammonites (Macrocephalites, Perisphinctes), Belemnites, Inoceramus, etc.)
Boehm, G. (1912)- Die Sudkusten der Sula-Inseln Taliabu und Mangoli. 4. Unteres Callovien.
Palaeontographica, Suppl. IV, Beitr. Geologie Niederlandisch-Indien 1, p.121-179.
('The South coasts of the Sula islands Taliabu and Mangoli: 4- Lower Callovian. Belemnites mainly Dicoelites,
ammonites mainly Macrocephalites (=Gondwanan-Tethyan or Himalayan bioprovince of later workers ?)
Brouwer, H.A. (1915)- Over de geologie der Soela-eilanden (voorlopig reisbericht). Tijdschr. Kon. Ned.
Aardrijksk.Gen. 32, p. 509-512

('On the geology of the Sula islands (preliminary travel report'. First, brief summary of 1915 survey, reporting
widespread Jurassic outcrops, locally intensely folded, but not showing complicated thrust tectonics of Timor,
Ceram, etc. Also granites and metamorphic rocks
Brouwer, H.A. (1921)- Geologische onderzoekingen op de Soela eilanden I. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Ned. Oost
Indie, Verhand. 49 (1920), p. 69-158.
('Geological investigations on the Sula islands-1'. Intensely folded crystalline schists, unconformably overlain
by M Jurassic quartz sandstones, at least partly derived from granitic rocks. Overlain by Callovian- Oxfordian
marine shales with ammonites and Cretaceous pelagic limestones. Tertiary clastics with thin coaly beds and
rare loose material of Miocene limestone. Also various types of granites, probably pre-Jurassic age.)
Brouwer, H.A. (1921)- Studien uber Kontaktmetamorphose, IX. Hornfelse von der Insel Taliabu (Sula-Inseln).
Centralbl. Min. Geol. Pal. 1921, p. 417-422.
('Studies on contact-metamorphism, 9. Hornfels from Taliabu Island, Sula Islands')
Brouwer, H.A. (1924)- Bijdrage tot de geologie der Obi-eilanden. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl.-Indie 52 (1923),
Verhand., p. 5-62.
('Contribution to the geology of the Obi Islands'. Mesozoic rocks reminiscent of those from Sula, Buru, Misool.
Possibly Triassic micaceous sandstones, M Jurassic phyllitic shales and marls with ammonites on SW Obi
Besar, possibly Cretaceous pelagic limestones, E Miocene shallow carbonates, etc. Also serpentinites,
crystalline schists and various igneous rocks)
Brouwer, H.A. (1926)- Geologische onderzoekingen op de Soela eilanden- II. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Ned. Oost
Indie, Verhand. 54 (1925), 1, p. 3-11.
('Geological investigations on the Sula islands-2'. Brief descriptions of traverses on Taliabu and Mangoli
islands. Outcrops mainly Jurassic- Lower Cretaceous, with common ammonites. Oldest rocks Upper Liassic.
With table of macrofossil distribution at different localities by Kruizinga)
Challinor, A.B. & S.K. Skwarko (1982)- Jurassic belemnites from Sula Islands, Moluccas, Indonesia. Geol.
Res. Dev. Centre, Paleont. Ser. 3, p. 1-89.
(17 belemnite species from M-L Jurassic of Sula Islands. Assemblages dominated by species of Belemnopsis,
Dicoelites and Hibolithes, which, with absence of Tethyan genus Duvalia suggest it is not low-latitude Tethyan,
but higher latitude ‘Austral’/’peri-Gondwanan’ assemblage)
Ferdian, F., R. Hall & I. Watkinson (2010)- A structural re-evaluation of the North Banggai-Sula area, Eastern
Indonesia. Proc. 34th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA10-G-009, 20p.
(2D seismic interpretation N of Banggai-Sula. No evidence of continuous E-W-trending N Sula-Sorong Fault )
Francis, G. & G.E.G. Westermann (1993)- The Kimmeridgean problem in Papua-New Guinea and other parts
of the Indo-Southwest Pacific. In: G.J. & Z.Carman (eds.) Proc. 2nd PNG Petroleum Conv., Port Moresby, p.
75-93.
(Sula Islands most complete Jurassic ammonite sequence in W Pacific. Oxfordian 3 zones. Lower zone is in
Wanaea spectabilis dinoflagellate zone, middle zone with upper W. spectabilis and upper zone with Wanaea
clathrata dinozones. Ammonite-rich zone overlain by ammonite-poor zone, then latest Tithonian- earliest
Berriasian assemblage with P. iehiense dinos)
Garrard, R.A., J.B. Supandjono & Surono (1988)- The geology of the Banggai-Sula microcontinent, Eastern
Indonesia. Proc. 17th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 23-52.
(Comprehensive overview of Banggai-Sula microcontinent stratigraphy and M Miocene- Pliocene collision with
NE Sulawesi. Carboniferous-age metamorphic basement intruded by Late Permian- Triassic granite intrusives.
Locally thick Mangole Fm Triassic volcanics affected by block faulting and unconformably overlain by Early
Jurassic redbeds, then M Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Buya Fm marine section and Late Cretaceous Tanamu
Fm chalky pelagic marine sediments. Unconformably overlain by Eocene- M Miocene Salodik Fm platform

carbonates. No record of Mio-Pliocene ‘Sulawesi Molasse’. Raised Quaternary reefal carbonates up to 1000m.
Wet gas seep in N Mangole, possibly tied to Jurassic coaly source)
Guntoro, A. (1999)- The effect of collision of the Banggai-Sula microcontinent to the tectonic development in
Central Indonesian region. In: G.H. Teh (ed.) Proc. GEOSEA '98, Kuala Lumpur, Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bull. 43,
p. 103-111.
(No data on Banggai-Sula. Bone Bay rifting in S Sulawesi attributed to Banggai-Sula collision)
Jaworski, E (1921)- Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Untersten Doggers von Taliabu (Sula-Inseln). Jaarboek
Mijnwezen Nederl. Indie 49 (1920), Verh. 2, p. 191-206.
('A contribution to the knowledge of the basal Dogger (= Middle Jurassic) of Taliabu, Sula islands'. Relatively
poorly preserved molluscs and ammonites indicative of Dogger/ Aalenian age)
Kadarusman, A., N.L. Basuki & R. Suriaatmadja (1994)- Komplek batuan besar Kepulauan Sula: sebuah studi
pendahuluan. Proc. 30th Anniv. Symposium, R&D Centre for Geotechnology LIPI, p.
Kholiq, A., R. Widiastuti, T. Bambang S.R. & I. Firdaus (2011)- Zonasi foraminifera plangtonik Kapur Akhir
dari Formasi Tanamu, Desa Parigi, Taliabu Timur, Kepulauan Sula. Proc. Joint. 36th HAGI and 40th IAGI Ann.
Conv., Makassar, JCM2011-108, 11p.
(Upper Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera zonation of the Tanamu Fm, Parigi Village, East Taliabu, Sula
Islands'. Planktonic foraminifera zones in Tanamu Fm (unconformably on Upper Jurassic?) indicative of Lower
Coniacian-Campanian: Dicarinella primitiva, Dicarinella concavata, Dicarinella asymetrica, Globotruncanita
elevata and Globotruncana ventricosa zones. Good correlation with nannoplankton)
Klompe, T.H.F. (1954)- The structural importance of the Sula Spur (Indonesia). Indon. J. Nat. Sci. 110, p. 21-
40.
(Summary of geology of N Moluccas, Ceram, Buru, Sula spur (Banggai, Sula, and Obi islands region). Sula
spur is remnant of western termination of Australian-New Guinea Variscan (Paleozoic) fold belt, which acted
as obstacle during Tertiary crustal movements and caused the double loop in the Banda fold arcs)
Klompe, T.H.F. (1956)- The structural importance of the Sula Spur (Indonesia). Proc. 8th Pacific Sci. Congr.,
Philippines 1955, 2A, p. 869-889.
(Same as Klompe 1954)
Koenadi, H.S. (1995)- Gempabumi tektonik di Selat Obi, Maluku Utara. J. Geol. Sumberdaya Min. 5, 44, p. 12-
24.
('Tectonic earthquakes in Obi Straits, N Moluccas')
Koolhoven, W.C.B. (1930)- Verslag over een verkenningstocht in den Oostarm van Celebes en de Banggai
Archipel. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Indie 1929, Verh., p. 187-228.
(‘Report of a reconnaissance survey in the East arm of Sulawesi and the Banggai Archipelago’. Banggai
islands basement crystalline schists intruded by granodiorites, unconformably overlain by E Miocene
micaceous sandstones and limestones with Spiroclypeus and Miogypsina, unconformably overlain by ?Plio-
Pleistocene Peling Limestone. M or Late Miocene folding event and up to 1000m Quaternary uplift)
Kruizinga, P. (1921)- De belemnieten uit de Jurassische afzettingen van de Soela eilanden. Jaarboek Mijnwezen
Nederl. Oost-Indie 49 (1920), p. 161-189.
(The belemnites from the Jurassic deposits of the Sula Islands'. Jurassic belemnites collected by Brouwer,
mostly float material. No confident age conclusions, possibly Callovian- Oxfordian)
Kruizinga, P. (1926)- Ammonieten en eenige andere fossielen uit de Jurassische afzettingen der Soela eilanden.
Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost Indie 54 (1925), Verh. 1, p. 13-85.
('Ammonites and some other fossils from the Jurassic deposits of the Sula islands'. M-L Jurassic cephalopods
from Brouwer collection. Basal M Jurassic (Aalenian) in neritic facies, Bajocian- Tithonian in pelagic facies)

Kuenen, Ph.H. (1942)- Obilatoe, Kisar and Siboetoe. Contributions to the geology of the East-Indies from the
Snellius Expedition II. Geol. Mijnbouw 1942, 4, p. 81-90.
(Geological observations from short visits to islands of Obilatu, Kisar and Sibutu with the 1929 Snellius
Expedition. Obilatu composed manly of basic-ultrabasic igneous rocks and some tuffs, similar to NW part of
Obimajor. Evidence of recent submergence)
Kusnama (2008)- Fasies dan lingkungan pengendapan Formasi Bobong berumur Jura sebagai pembawa lapisan
batubara di Taliabu, Kepulauan Sanana-Sula, Maluku Utara. Jurnal Geol. Indonesia 3, 3, p. 161-173.
('Facies and depositional environment of the Jurassic Bobong Fm at the Taliabu coalfield, Sula islands, North
Moluccas'. E-M Jurassic Bobong Fm lower part conglomerate facies, followed by fluvial quartz sandstone with
claystones, changing to shallow marine claystone-mudstone. Upper section well exposed in W and N Taliabu
Island. Coal beds in upper Bobong Fm of N Taliabu. Two seams 30-40 cm and 100-120 cm thick, sulphur 3-5%
, fixed carbon 46-54%, ash 8-16%, subbituminous to high volatile bituminous rank)
Kusnama, E. Partoyo & Rusmana (2007)- Batubara Formasi Bobong Pulau Taliabu, Maluku Utara. Majalah
Geol. Indonesia (IAGI) 21, p.
('Coal of the Bobong Formation, Taliabu Island, North Moluccas'. On E-M Jurassic coal)
Martin, K. (1904)- Jungtertiare Kalksteine von Batjan und Obi. Sammlung. Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden, ser. 1,
VII, p. 225-230.
(Young Tertiary limestones from Bacan and Obi'. Occurrence of probably Early Miocene age limestone with
Lepidocyclina and Heterostegina in SW Bacan and N-Central Obi)
Nasution, F.A., B. Nugroho, A. Krisyunianto & A. Bachtiar (2008)- Overview petroleum system of Taliabu-
Mangole synrift in Sula sub basin. Proc. 37th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol., Bandung, 1, p. 761-772.
(Triassic-Jurassic Taliabu-Mangole N-S trending synrift basin with gas seeps and oil odor indicating mature
hydrocarbons. Surface mapping, seismic interpretation and evaluation of two wells suggest Jurassic Buya Shale
and E-M Jurassic Bobong Coal potential source rocks and mature, but dominantly gas prone. On Taliabu Shelf
source rock is immature, offshore Mangole source is mature. Bobong sand and fractured basement potential
reservoirs, Buya Shale is regional seal. Common thrust anticlinal structural traps. No figures?)
Natawidjaja, D.H. & A. Kadurasman (1994)- The structural natures of the Pre-Tertiary rock complexes of the
Sula Islands and their tectonic significances: a preliminary view. Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol.
(IAGI), Jakarta, 1, p. 433-446.
(Foliation in pre-Jurassic metamorphic rocks variable with several deformation phases. Different orientations
between Taliabu-Mangole Islands and Sulabesi, perhaps due to 90° CCW rotation of Taliabu- Mangole. Pre-
Tertiary sediments hardly deformed)
Oloriz, F. & G.E.G. Westermann (1998)- The perisphinctid ammonite Sulaites n. gen. from the Upper Jurassic
of the Indo-Southwest Pacific. Alcheringa, 22, 3-4, p. 231-240.
(New genus Sulaites comprises Oxfordian group of 'Perisphinctes' sularus and moluccanus, described from
Sula Islands, and Late Oxfordian-?E Kimmeridgian 'Pseudoparaboliceras aramaraii' group described from
Irian Jaya. Sulaites is known from Papua New Guinea and probably New Zealand and Nepal)
Panuju (2011)- Pre-Tertiary nannoplankton biostratigraphy of Bobong, Buya and Tanamu Formations, Banggai-
Sula basin. Proc. Joint 36th HAGI and 40th IAGI Ann. Conv., Makassar, JCM2011-053, 12p.
(Nannoplankton from three M Jurassic- Cretaceous outcrop sections of Sula islands (no locality details), each
representing a different formation. Babong Fm contains zone NJ9 (Bajocian, M Jurassic; with Watznaueria
brittanica, Diductius constans), Buya Fm zone NJ17 (Tithonian, Late Jurassic, with Zeugrhabdotus embergeri
at bottom, Stepanolithion bigotii at top), Tanamu Fm zones CC13-CC17 (Coniacian- Campanian, Late
Cretaceous, with Marthasterites furcatus at bottom, Quadrum gartneri at top))

Pertamina/BKKA (1996)- Petroleum geology of Indonesian basins, VI-IX Eastern Indonesian Basins, VI-
Banggai, 24 p. 1-24.
Pessagno, E.A. & D. Meyerhoff Hull (2002)- Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) radiolaria from the Sula Islands (East
Indies): their taxonomic, biostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic, and paleobiogeographic significance.
Micropaleontology 48, 3, p. 229-256.
(Buya Fm L-M Oxfordian radiolarians and association with Austral ammonites suggest N Austral Province
(>30°S) paleolatitude in Oxfordian, in keeping with Gondwana origin of Sula)
Pigram, C.J., Surono & J.B. Supandjono (1985)- Geology and regional significance of the Sula Platform, East
Indonesia. Bull. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre 11, p. 1-13.
(Sula Platform basement Paleozoic slates-schists (K-Ar age 305 Ma) and Late Permian-Triassic granitoids and
acid volcanics. Unconformably overlain by E Jurassic non-marine Kabauw Fm clastics, grading upward into
highly fossiliferous Buya Fm M Jurassic- E Cretaceous bathyal black shale, overlain by Late Cretaceous
Tanamu Fm calcilutites. Unconformably overlain by Miocene shallow marine limestones. Sula stratigraphy
does not correlate with W Irian Jaya stratigraphy, but most similar to central PNG. May be detached from PNG
in Jurassic. Unlikely to be transported to E Indonesia by transcurrent faults, which in PNG did not develop
before Late Oligocene)
Pigram, C.J., Surono & J.B. Supandjono (1985)- Origin of the Sula Platform, Eastern Indonesia. Geology 13, p.
246-248.
(Similar to paper above. Sula Platform stratigraphy closer to Central PNG between 141°-145° than to W New
Guinea, implying E to W displacement of >2500 km. Sula stratigraphy characterized by Paleozoic low-grade
metamorphics, Permo-Triassic granitoids and rel. complete marine Jurassic section, similar to PNG.
Cretaceous on Sula is bathyal Late Cretaceous carbonates only, different from PNG which has more complete
Cretaceous section, suggesting separation of Sula Platform in Early Cretaceous?)
Rutten, L.M.R. (1927)- De noordelijke Molukken en de Radja-Ampat groep. In: L.M.R. Rutten (1927)
Voordrachten over de geologie van Nederlandsch Indie, Wolters, Groningen, p. 761-782.
(Review of geology of Northern Moluccas (Sula Islands, Obi, Bacan, Misool) and the Radja Ampat Group
(Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati)
Ryacudu, R., T. Wibowo & Y.E. Handiwiria (1993)- Exploration for carbonate reservoirs in the Banggai-Sula
microcontinent, Eastern Indonesia. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Bandung, 2, p. 679-692.
(Banggai-Sula microcontinent with carbonates in Upper Cretaceous (bathyal, tight), and Eocene-Miocene
shallow marine carbonates with good reservoir potential)
Sardjono (1999)- Gravity field and structure of the crust of the Banggai Island region, Eastern Indonesia,
implications for tectonics and hydrocarbon prospects. J. Geol. Sumber Daya Mineral 9, 99, p. 16-29.
Sardjono & E. Mirnanda (2007)- Gravity field and structure of the crust beneath the East Arm of Sulawesi and
the Banggai Archipelago. Proc. 31st Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA07-G-024, 11 p.
(Gravity suggests Banggai- Sula Archipelago composed of blocks of severely attenuated continental crust.)
Sartono, S., K.A.S. Astadiredja, H. Mirwanto, K. Pontjomokono & B. Suprapto (1991)- Banggai Microplate
Sunda subduction zone collision. Proc. 20th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p. 376-395.
Sato, T., G.E.G. Westermann, S.K. Skwarko & F. Hasibuan (1978)- Jurassic biostratigraphy of the Sula Islands,
Indonesia. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre Bull. 4, 1, p. 1-28.
(Sula Islands Jurassic section rich in fossils, probably <1500m thick. Mainly calcareous shales, some
conglomerate and sandstone. Age range Late Toarcian- Tithonian, but Aalenian and M-U Callovian missing)
Silver, E.A. (1977)- The Sula Spur enigma. Geol. Soc. America Meeting Abstract, 9, 7, p. 1175.

Smit Sibinga, G.L. (1933)- Heeft de Banggai-Archipel in Jongtertiairen tijd een afwijkende ontwikkeling
gehad? Onhoudbaarheid der Pliocene Molukkenbrug? Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen. 50, p. 227-238.
(Discussion of Koolhoven (1930) conclusions on relation between Banggai archipelago and Sulawesi)
Soeria-Atmadja, R., M.E. Suparka & Y.S. Yuwono (1988)- Petrology of the Pre-Tertiary and Tertiary volcanic
rocks from Obi, North Molucca. Majalah Ikatan Ahli Geol. Indonesia (IAGI) 13, 1, 10 p.
(Obi Island Pretertiary melange basement with blocks of ultrabasic rocks, basalts and Jurassic ammonite-
bearing sediments in foliated clay matrix. Overlain by less-deformed Tertiary shallow marine clastics with
intercalations of andesitic arc volcanics, and in upper part with reefal limestones)
Sudana, D., A. Yasin & K. Sutisna (1994)- Geological map of the Obi sheet, Maluku. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre,
Bandung, 1: 250,000.
(Obi Island composed of Triassic-Jurassic ultramafics and metamorphic rocks, overlain by Late Oligocene- E
Miocene Bacan Fm andesitic volcanics and volcanoclastics and Miocene- Pliocene clastics-carbonates.
Original mapping 1975-1976)
Sukamto, R. (1975)- Geologi daerah Kepulauan Banggai dan Sula. Geol. Indonesia 2, 3, p. 23-28.
(‘Geology of the Banggai and Sula islands region’. Includes two broad K-Ar ages for Mangole Volcanics on
Mangole Island: radiometric ages of 330± 90 and 210± 25 Ma (Carboniferous- Triassic)
Sukamto, R. & G.E.G. Westermann (1992)- Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. In: G.E.G. Westermann (ed.)
The Jurassic of the Circum-Pacific, Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 181-193.
Supandjono, J.B. & E. Haryono (1993)- Geological map of the Banggai Quadrangle, Sulawesi-Maluku,
1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 13 p.
Supandjono, J.B. & Surono (1987)- Stratigraphic correlation between Banggai- Sula Platform and Irian Jaya.
Proc. 16th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), p.
Surono & D. Sukarna (1993)- Geological map of the Sanana Quadrangle, Maluku, 1:250,000. Geol. Res. Dev.
Centre, Bandung.
Van Nouhuijs, J.W. (1910)- Bijdrage tot de kennis van het eiland Taliaboe der Soela groep (Moluksche Zee).
Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aaardrijksk. Gen. (2), 27, p. 945-976 and p. 1173-1196.
(‘Contribution to the knowledge of Taliabu island of the Sula Group’. Jurassic fossils collected by navy officer
from a.o. famous Keeuw locality studied by Boehm, 1912)
Walpersdorf, A., C. Vigny, P. Manurung, C. Subaraya & S. Sutisna (1998)- Determining the Sula block
kinematics in the triple junction area in Indonesia by GPS. Geophys. J. Int. 135, p. 351-361.
(Triple junction of three major plate boundaries (Australia- Eurasia- Philippines) is transition zone that
includes Sula domain, which shows clockwise rotation)
Wanner, J. (1913)- Zur Geologie der Inseln Obimajora und Halmahera in den Molukken. Neues Jahrb. Min.
Geol. Paleont. 36, p. 560-585.
(‘On the geology of islands Obi maior and Halmahera in the Moluccas’ Along SW Obi Akelamo River Pliocene
marine marls and, black shales with concretions with M Jurassic ammonites Phylloceras and Macrocephalites,
similar to the ‘Coronatenschichten’ of Sula. Miocene limestone with Miogypsina and Lepidocyclina near S
coast near Ngutenute. Young raised coral reef terraces up to 320m elevation along S coast)
Watkinson, I.M., R. Hall & F. Ferdian (2011)- Tectonic re-interpretation of the Banggai-Sula-Molucca Sea
margin, Indonesia. In: R. Hall, M.A. Cottam & M.E.J. Wilson (eds.) The SE Asian gateway: history and
tectonics of Australia-Asia collision, Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 355, p. 203-224.
(New bathymetric and seismic data from area N of Banggai-Sula Islands provide new insight into boundary
between E Sulawesi ophiolite, Banggai-Sula microcontinent and Molucca Sea collision zone. Previously

interpreted major faults such as Sula Thrust and N Sula-Sorong Fault, are not seen. Gently dipping strata of
Banggai-Sula microcontinent margin can be traced N-wards beneath younger rocks)
Westermann, G.E.G. & J.H. Callomon (1988)- The Macrocephalitinae and associated Bathonian and early
Callovian (Jurassic) ammonoids of the Sula islands and New Guinea. Palaeontographica A, 203, 90 p.
(Five Bathonian- Early Callovian ammonite assemblages on S Taliabu. Also from Bathonian at PNG Strickland
River. East Indian faunas dominated by Macrocephalitidae, many of which are species unknown outside
Indonesia- New Guinea. The only other SW Pacific occurrence of macrocephalitides is in New Zealand.
Because of the high level of endemicity at species level in Macrocephalitinae and at genus level in Satoceras
and Irianites, E Indonesia and PNG may be considered as separate ammonite faunal province or subprovince,
perhaps part of Maorian/SW Pacific Province during Late Bajocian- E Callovian. Diversity and compositions
of ammonite faunas suggest Sula was in warmer waters than Birds Head Peninsula)
Westermann, G.E.G., T. Sato & S.K. Skwarko (1978)- Brief report on the Jurassic biostratigraphy of the Sula
Islands, Indonesia. Newsl. Stratigraphy 7, 2, p. 96-101.
(Classic ammonite localities on Taliabu and Mangole reexamined. U Toarcian sst overlain by thick Bajocian
micaceous marly shales. No evidence for Aalenian. Overlying thick marly claystones with E Callovian "Keeuw
fauna" and "Wai Galo fauna" with E-M Oxfordian ammonite assemblages. No new evidence for Bathonian or
higher Callovian. Thick Kimmeridgian-Middle Tithonian argillaceous sequence entirely in belemnite-bivalve
facies. Upper Tithonian claystones again rich ammonite fauna)
Wichmann, A. (1914)- On some rocks of the Island of Taliabu (Sula-Islands). Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad.
Wetensch., Amsterdam, 17, 1, p. 226-239. (online at http://www.digitallibrary.nl)
(Description of granites and other igneous rocks, metamorphics, Jurassic iron oolite with belemnites. Oldest
rocks are highly folded phyllites)

Al-Shaibani, S., D.J. Carter & L. Zaninetti (1983)- Geological and micropaleontological investigations in Upper
Triassic (Asinepe Limestones) of Seram, Outer Banda Arc, Indonesia. Arch. Sci. Genève 37, p. 301-316.
(Upper Triassic Asinepe Fm tropical-reefal carbonates of Seram considered to have been deposited on margin
of Sundaland and now form thrust sheet over imbricated Triasic- Miocene 'para-autochton'. Two distinct foram
facies associations: (1) muddy lagoonal facies dominated by Involutinidae and Triasina hantkeni and (2) near-
reefal facies dominated by porcellaneous forams. No location maps, stratigraphy, etc.)
Al-Shaibani, S., D.J. Carter & L. Zaninetti (1984)- Microfaunes associees aux Involudinidae et aux
Milioporidae dans le Trias superieur (Rhetien) de Seram, Indonesie: precisions stratigraphiques et paleocologie.
Arch. Sci. Geneve 36, p. 297-313.
(Upper Triassic microfaunas from Asinepe Fm reefal and lagoonal platform limestone, Seram with Rhaetian
index foram Triasina hantkeni. Many similarities with U Triassic Tethyan faunas in Europe and Asia)
Audley-Charles, M.G. & D.J. Carter (1977)- Interpretation of a reginal seismic line from Misool to Seram:
implications for regional structure and petroleum exploration. Proc. 6th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Ass., 2, p. 3-
12. (also in Oil and Gas J. 23, 1, p. 20-23)
(Misool to Seram regional seismic shows imbricate zone at boundary of Seram island arc with New Guinea
continental shelf. S wall of Seram Trough is like N wall of Timor Trough, interpreted as foothills-type fold belt.
This may be regarded as an A-zone (Bally, 1975), representing margin between Banda Arc developing fold belt
and Australian craton. Benioff subduction zone interpreted between non-volcanic Outer Banda arc and
volcanic Inner Arc. A- and B-zones can be traced around Banda Arcs from Seram to Timor and beyond)
Audley-Charles, M.G., D.J. Carter, A.J. Barber, M.S. Norvick & S. Tjokrosapoetro (1979)- Reinterpretation of
the geology of Seram: implications for the Banda arcs and northern Australia. J. Geol. Soc. London 136, p. 547-
568. (also in: Geology and Tectonics of eastern Indonesia, GRDC Spec. Publ. 2, 1981, p. 217-237).
(Remarkable similarities between Mesozoic-Miocene deep-water ‘para-autochtonous’ and shallow water
‘allochtonous’ successions of Seram and Timor. Triassic limestones in ‘Australian facies’ mostly planktonic
facies Saman Saman Lst in ‘para-autochtonous’, structurally overlain by ‘Asian facies’Asinepe Lst in
‘allochtonous’.)
Bachri, S. (2011)- Tectonostratigraphy and structures of Eastern Seram. J. Geol. Indonesia 6, 2, p. 85-93.
(online at: http://www.bgl.esdm.go.id/publication/index.php/dir/article_detail/305)
(Seram geology re-interpreted in East Timor-analog tectonic complexes. Most of E Seram is 'Para-
autochtonous complex', with Permian Kobipoto metamorphics, overlain by Triassic-Jurassic Kanikeh Fm flysch
and age-equivalent Manusela Fm massive limestone, overlain by Cretaceous- Miocene pelagic deposits.
'Allochthonous overthrusted sequence of ultrabasic rocks comparable to Timor Banda allochton (called
Permian age in text, Jurasic-Cretaceous in Fig. 3: HvG). Salas Complex is M Miocene- M Pliocene deep water
olistostrome, similar to Timor Bobonaro Complex. Thrusting Neogene age and verging to NE)
Beckinsale, R.D. & S. Nakapadungrat (1979)- A Late Miocene K-Ar age for the lavas of Pulau Kelang, Seram,
Indonesia. In: S. Uyeda, R.W. Murphy & K. Kobayashi (eds.) Geodynamics of the Western Pacific. Proc. Int.
Conf. Geodynamics Western Pacific-Indonesian Region, J. Physics Earth 26, Suppl. 6, p. 199-202.
(K-Ar determinations for 10 samples of pillow basalts of Kelang island, W Seram (with palaeomagnetic
analysis by Haile) gave Late Miocene ages of 4.7- 10.6 Ma (mean 7.6 Ma, Late Miocene)
Boehm, G. (1905)- Uber Brachiopoden aus einem alteren Kalkstein der Insel Ambon. Jaarboek Mijnwezen
Nederl. Indie 1905, Wetensch. Ged. (Verbeek Ambon report), p. 88-93.
(Brachiopods from dark, mica-bearing impure limestone in sandstone series in Batu Gantung River are all new
species, probably Early Paleozoic age, possibly Triassic. Probably same faunas determined as Late Triassic by
Jaworski 1925)

Boehm, G. (1908)- Vorjurassische Brachiopoden von Ambon. Neues Jahrb. Miner. Geol. Palaont., Beil. Band
25, p. 293-303.
(‘Pre-Jurassic brachiopods from Ambon’. New species of Spiriferina, Athyris, Rhynchopora, Dielasma from
Batu Gantung valley near the town of Ambon. Age uncertain, probably Late Paleozoic- Triassic)
Boehm, G. (1910)- Zur neuen obertriadischen Fauna aus den Molukken. Centralbl. Min. Geol. Palaont. 1910, p.
161-163.
('On the new Upper Triassic fauna from the Moluccas'. On Triassic of Buru)
Brouwer, H.A. (1919)- Geologische onderzoekingen in Oost-Ceram. Tijdschr. Kon. Ned. Aardr. Gen. XXXVI,
6, p. 715-751.
(Geological survey of E Seram. Folded Late Triassic ‘flysch-type’, locally bituminous, calcareous sandstones-
shales, with interbeds of 80-100m thick, dark brachiopod and coral limestones. Sandstones locally common
plant fragments and muscovite (look like immature, delta-front turbidite sands, from granitic-metamorphic
terrane; HvG). These are thought to be thrusted over ‘Nief Series’ (as exposed in Wai Nief canyons). Nief series
at base different Triassic limestone: massive, oolitic, poor in age-diagnostic macrofossils, similar to rocks from
Timor (but not Misool), and overlain by ?Jurassic, Cretacous and Tertiary cherty pelagic limestones and foram
marls. Mesozoic of Ceram succession remarkably poor in macrofossils compared to Misool. Gas and oil seeps
in Triassic rocks near Bula and Wai Nief)
Brouwer, H.A. (1925)- Over insluitsels en cordierietgehalte van bronziet-dacieten van het eiland Ambon.
Verhand. Geol.-Mijnb. Gen. Nederl. Kol., Geol. Ser. VIII (Verbeek volume), p. 73-80.
('On inclusions and cordierite content of bronzite-dacites on Ambon island'. Common inclusions of gneiss, some
with cordierite phenocrysts)
Brouwer, H.A. (1927)- Over Mesozoische afzettingen en eenige vulkanische gesteenten van het eiland Ambon.
Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl.-Indie 55 (1926), Verh. III, p. 233-245.
('On Mesozoic deposits and some volcanic rocks of Ambon island'. Reinterpretation of Verbeek (1908)
conclusions and reiterates similarities of Ambon with NE part of W Timor. Upper Triassic sandstones, similar
to Seram, with common quartz, possibly derived from mix of granites and schists. Also Upper Triassic dark grey
limestones with crinoids, sponges, foraminifera and 11 species of brachiopods (Jaworski 1927), similar to
Seram. Radiolarites of uncertain age)
Davies, G.R. & S. Tommasini (2000)- Isotopic disequilibrium during rapid crustal anatexis: implications for
petrogenetic studies of magmatic processes . Chemical Geol. 162, 2, p. 169-191.
(Rapid crustal anatexis may prevent full isotopic equilibration. Dating metamorphic rocks using mineral-
whole rock or mineral-mineral pairs may yield erroneous ages, as observed in metasediments of Seram where
ages range from ~15 to 201 Ma, despite anatexis at 6 Ma. Consequently, some age estimates in literature may
be incorrect)
De Jong, H. (1923)- Studien uber Eruptiv- und Mischgesteine des Kaibobogebietes (West Ceram). In: L. Rutten
& W. Hotz (eds.) Geological, petrographical and palaeontological results of explorations 1917-1919 in the
Island of Ceram, First Ser., Petrography, 1, Amsterdam, 87 p.
(Petrographic descriptions of igneous rocks from Kaibobo area, W Seram: granites/ gneissess (incl. cordierite
granites), peridotites/ serpentinites, gabbros, etc.)
Deninger, K. (1914)- Morphologische Ubersicht der Insel Seran. Petermann Geogr. Mitt. 60, 2, p. 16-18.
('Morphological overview of Seram island')
Deninger, K. (1915)- Geographische Ubersicht vom West-Seran. Petermann Geogr. Mitt. 1915, p. 385-388.
('Geographical overview of West Seram')
Deninger, K. (1918)- Zur Geologie von Mittel-Seran (Ceram). Palaeontographica, Suppl. IV, Beitr. Geologie
Niederlndisch-Indien III, 2, p. 25-58.

(‘On the geology of Central Seram’)
De Smet, M.E.M. & A.J. Barber (1992)- Report on the geology of Seram. Univ. London SE Asia Research
Group Report 109, 103 p. (Unpublished)
(Overview of early work and stratigraphy. Extensive metamorphic complexes probably mainly Permian- E
Triassic age. Kabipoto Complex metamorphics of S/SW Seram associated with ultramafic rocks, may be result
of 4-5 Ma ophiolites obduction of ophiolites that once may have covered large part of Seram. Late Triassic
Manusela oolitic Lst facies is large lens-like bodies in Kanikeh Fm clastics sequence, not from separate
terranes as argued by earlier authors. Seram is thrustbelt composed of material from microcontinent that
collided with Banda Arc in Late Miocene-Pliocene)
De Smet, M.E.M., P.A. Sumususastro, I. Siregar, L.J. van Marle, S.R. Troelstra & A.R. Fortuin (1989)- Late
Cenozoic geohistory of Seram, Indonesia. Geol. en Mijnbouw 68, p. 221-235.
(SW Seram Plio-Pleistocene basin on top of Paleozoic metamorphics records up to 1500m of Late Pliocene-
Early Pleistocene subsidence after Late Miocene compressional deformation and uplift. Subsidence is followed
by 1-2 km of Late Pleistocene (~1 Ma) uplift)
Djoehanah, S. (1997)- Foraminifera Pra-Tersier dan Paleogen di daerah Saleman- Sawai, Seram Utara. Jurnal
Teknol. Mineral (ITB) 4, 1, p.
(‘Foraminifera from Pre-Tertiary and Paleogene sediments from Saleman and Sawai, North Seram’. Triassic
benthic foraminifera in Manusela Limestone: Glomospira, Glomospirella, Diplotremina, and Meadrospira.
Upper Cretaceous Sawai Fm all planktonics: Globotruncana, Hedbergella, Heterohelix, Globotruncanella,
Rugoglobigerina and Rotalipora sp. Lisabata Fm has Paleogene (Oligocene?; HvG) planktonics such as
Catapsydrax dissimilis, C. unicava, Globigerina eocenica, G. tripartita, G. venezuelana, G. selli, etc.)
Douville, H. (1923)- Sur quelques foraminiferes des Moluques orientales et de la Nouvelle Guinee. Jaarboek
Mijnwezen 1921, 50, 2, p. 107-116.
('On some foraminifera from the eastern Moluccas and New Guinea'. Brief description of samples collected by
Brouwer. Ceram breccious rock with angular clasts of Upper Cretaceous Globotruncana limestone, but also
with Miocene Lepidocyclina aff. sumatrensis and angular quartz. No location info.)
Dwijanto, B., T.A. Soeprapto & K. Budiono (1992)- Marine geology and geophysics of Ambon Bay. J. Sumber
Daya Geol. Indonesia 2, 12, p. 1-16.
Fischer, P.J. (1921)- Eine Pliocanfauna von Seran (Molukken). Centralbl. f. Min. Geol. Pal. 1921, 8, p. 242-251
and p. 278-286.
('A Pliocene fauna from Seram (Moluccas))
Fischer, P.J. (1927)- Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Pliozanfauna der Mollukkeninseln Seran und Obi. Palaontologie
von Timor, Schweizerbat, Stuttgart, 15, 25, p. 1-179.
(‘Contribution to the knowledge of the Pliocene fauna of the Moluccan islands of Seram and Obi’. Mainly on
molluscs from Fufa outcrop and well near Bula, Seram. Also molluscs and foraminifera from Akalamo valley on
Obi)
Fortuin, A.R., M.E.M. de Smet, P.A. Sumasusatro, L.J. Van Marle & S.R. Troelstra (1988)- Late Cenozoic
geohistory of NW Buru, Indonesia and plate tectonic implications. Geol. Mijnbouw 67, p. 91-105.
(Buru stratigraphy: Paleozoic? metamorphics overlain by >2500m Triassic clastics with bituminous shale near
top, unconformably overlain (break-up ?) by Late Jurassic (with basaltic volcanics) and Cretaceous- Eocene
pelagic marls, limestones, cherts. Oligocene unconformity (folding, uplift) overlain by deep water Late
Oligocene and Early Miocene. Andesitic lavas present in Early Miocene. Mid-Late Miocene unconformity.
Gafoer, S., Suwitodirjo & Suharsono (1994)- Geological map of Bula and Watubela Islands Quadrangle, Seram,
1: 250,000. Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 13p.

(Oldest rocks in outcrop are presumably Permian age metamorphics, overlain by Triassic Kanikeh Fm flysch
and Manusela Fm limestone, overlain by Cretaceous pelagic calcilutite/ shale. Salas mélange complex
presumably formed in Mio-Pliocene, and is unconformably overlain by Pliocene Wahai Fm marls and
Pleistocene Fufa Fm coarser clastics)
Germeraad, J.H. (1946)- Geology of Central Seran. In: Geol., petrogr. and palaeont. results of explorations
carried out from September 1917 till June 1919 in the Island of Ceram by L. Rutten and W. Hotz, 3rd Ser.,
Geology, 2, Amsterdam, 135 p.
(The geology of Central Seram, compiled from notes and study of rocks collected by Rutten & Hotz 1918-1920.
Metamorphic rocks overlain by Late Triassic greywacke/ flysch, Late Triassic platform carbonates, etc.)
Gerth, H. (1910)- Fossile Korallen von der Molukkeninsel Buru nebst Bemerkungen uber die polygenetischen
Beziehungen der Gattung Alveopora. Neues Jahrbuch Min., Geol. Palaeont. 1910, p. 16-28.
(Description of Late Triassic corals from Buru)
Godefroy, W. (1897)- Verslag van een onderzoek naar petroleum nabij de Boela-Baai op noordoostelijk Ceram.
Kolff & Co, Batavia, p.
('Report of an investigation into petroleum near the Bula bay on NE Seram'. With map of oil and gas localities)
Grosch, P. (1910)- Uber eine riffbildenden Koralle aus Nord-Ost Serang (Ceram). Centralbl. Min. Geol.
Palaont. 1910, p. 391-395.
('On a new reef-building coral from NE Seram')
Guntoro, A. (2000)- Structural, sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Buru Island, central Molucca,
Indonesia; in relation to the hydrocarbon prospect. AAPG Int. Conf., Exhib., Bali 2000, AAPG Bull. 84, 9, p.
1432 (Abstract only)
(Buru Island part of non-volcanic outer Banda Arc and is microcontinent derived from Australian continent.
Mesozoic sediments similar to Seram. Low gravity anomaly in center of island. Gravity models show deep
crustal structure and provide a better understanding of basin evolution)
Hadiwisastra, S., S. Djoehanah, D. Mulyadi & D. Trisukmono (1996)- Sedimentasi batuan Pra-Tersier dan
Tersier di daerah busur tektonik aktif, Seram Utara. Proc. Seminar Nasional Geoteknologi 3, p. 347-373.
('Sedimentology of Pretertiary and Tertiary rocks in the area of an active tectonic arc, North Seram')
Haile, N.S. (1978)- Paleomagnetic evidence for the rotation of Seram, Indonesia. In: S. Uyeda et al. (eds.)
Geodynamics of the Western Pacific, Proc. Int. Conf. Geodynamics of the Western Pacific- Indonesian Region
J. Phys. Earth 26, Suppl. 6, p. 191-198.
(Upper Triassic shale with Halobia from near S coast of C Seram indicates paleolatitude 12 +/- 7° S (=
probably farher North than Australia NW Shelf and New Guinea at that time) and CCW rotation of 98° since
Late Triassic. Late Miocene pillow basalt from Kelang Island, W Seram, indicates paleolatitude 5° S and 74°
CCW rotation since Late Miocene)
Hakim A.S. & B.H. Harahap (2003)- Review on the stratigraphy of Buru Island, Maluku Eastern Indonesia.
Bul. Geologi (ITB) 34, 3, p. 141-156.
Harahap, B.H. (2002)- Stratigraphy of the Duna River Buru Island, Maluku: hydrocarbon indications. Bull.
Geol. Res. Dev. Centre 22, p. 1-18.
(Duna River section near NW coast of Buru shows ~1500m Triassic- Pleistocene sediments overlying Permian
metamorphics. Rel. thick M-U Triassic unconformably overlain by thin Jurassic Mefa Fm lavas, interbedded
with belemnite-rich clastics, overlain by Late Cretaceous- Eocene Kuma Fm pelagic limestone, unconformably
overlain by Plio-Pleistocene coarse clastics. Oil seeps from Triassic Geghan Fm calcilutite and shale)
Harahap, B.H. & S. Poedjoprajitno (2006)- The stratigraphy and lithology of the Kuma River area, Buru Island,
Maluku. J. Sumber Daya Geol. (GRDC), 16, 2, p. 62-74.

(Stratigraphy of Kuma River area, from old to young: (1) Triassic Dalan Fm well-bedded clay-sand turbidites;
(2) Jurassic Duna Fm interbedded pelagic limestone and ammonites-belemnites-rich beds; (3) Upper
Cretaceous- Eocene Kuma Fm well-bedded pelagic limestone with abundant planktonic forams, (4) Oligocene-
Miocene Waeken Fm micaceous mudstone, (5) Wakatin Fm massive reefal limestone; (6) Pleistocene Leko Fm
conglomerate. Structuring related to block faulting)
Helmers, H., J. Sopaheluwakan, S. Tjokrosapoetro & E. Surya Nila (1989)- High-grade metamorphism related
to peridotite emplacement near Atapupu, Timor with reference to the Kaibobo peridotite on Seram, Indonesia.
Netherlands J. Sea Res. 24, 2/3, p. 357-371.
(On metamorphism associated with ophiolites obduction on Seram and Timor.)
Henny, G. (1922)- Eerste verslagen der Boeroe Expeditie. Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig
Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien, Bull. 78, p.
(‘First reports of the Buru Expedition’)
Henny, G. & L.J. Toxopeus (1922)- Eerste verslagen der Boeroe-expeditie. Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk.
Gen. 39, p. 42-64.
(‘First reports of the Buru Expedition’. Extract of Henny (1922) on travel, geological and biological
observations during 1921 SW Buru Expedition. Not much detail on stratigraphy/ fossils. Interesting find of
white Nummulites-Discocyclina limestone N of Wai Ekin, not reported on later GRDC geologic maps)
Hill, K.C. (2005)- Tectonics and regional structure of Seram and the Banda Arc. Proc. 30th Ann. Conv. Indon.
Petrol. Assoc., 1, p. 559-578.
(Tectonic reconstruction assuming Permian age of Banda Sea oceanic crust. Suggests Seram Triassic Kanikeh
Fm flysch was sourced from E (New Guinea) (Conflicts with pre-WWII Rutten field descriptions suggesting
Triassic more sandy and coarser to W, and derived from metamorphic/ volcanic arc terrane; HvG))
Honthaas, C., R.C. Maury, B. Priadi, H. Bellon & J. Cotten (1999)- The Plio-Quaternary Ambon arc, Eastern
Indonesia. Tectonophysics 301, 3-4, p. 261-281.
(N Banda Arc at Ambon-S Seram, Kelang, Haruju, Saparua, Ambelau and Banda Api with low-K arc volcanics,
but on Ambon also high-K cordierite dacites-granites, probably derived low-K magmas with massive
assimilation of overlying Seram-Ambon continental crust. Two magmatic pulses: 5- 3.2 Ma and 2.3- 1 Ma.
Active subduction of New Guinea crust below Ambon-Seram supported by volcanism, earthquakes, etc., but N
Banda slab not connected to S Banda Arc Wetar-Manuk segment)
Hummel, K. (1923)- Geologische Ergebnisse der Reisen K. Deninger's in den Molukken. II. Die Oxford-Tuffite
der Insel Buru und ihre Fauna. Palaeontographica Suppl. IV, 4, p. 113-184.
(‘Geological results of the travels of K. Deninger in the Moluccas, 2: The Oxfordian tuffites of Buru and their
fauna’)
Jaworski, E. (1927)- Obertriadische Brachiopoden von Ambon (Molukken). Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl.-Indie
55 (1926), Verh. III, p. 201-229.
('Upper Triassic brachiopods from Ambon (Moluccas)'. Brachiopods from dark limestones intercalated in
several 100m thick sandy shales package. Rhynchonella, Spiriferina spp., Spirigera, etc.)
Kemp, G. (1992)- The Manusela Formation- an example of a Jurassic carbonate unit of the Australian Plate
from Seram, Eastern Indonesia. In: C.T. Siemers et al. (eds.) Carbonate rocks and reservoirs of Indonesia: a
core workshop, IPA Core Workshop Notes 1, p. 11/1 –11/31.
(Manusela Fm high energy skeletal and oolitic grainstones deposited on NW margin of Australian Plate in
Pliensbachian-Bathonian (E-M Jurassic), before onset of Callovian breakup and sea-floor spreading.
Subsequent N-ward movement of Australian plate and collision with Eurasian/ Pacific-Philippine Plates in Late
Miocene, resulted in development of detached thrust belt and formation of Seram island. Matrix and fracture
porosity present in Manusela. East Nief-1 with uncommercial, hydrocarbons)

Kemp, G., R. Barraclough, W. Mogg, E. Budhiman & N. Heriyanto (1996)- Seram Basin. In: Pertamina/BKKA
(eds.) Petroleum geology of Indonesian Basins VIII, p. 1-33.
(Review of Seram geology and hydrocarbons)
Kemp, G. & W. Mogg (1992)- A re-appraisal of the geology, tectonics, and prospectivity of Seram Island,
eastern Indonesia. Proc. 21st Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 499-520.
(Distinguish ‘Australian’ (Triassic- U Miocene) and ‘Seram’ Series (U Miocene-Recent). ‘Australian’ series E
Triassic and older pre-rift), E Triassic- M Jurassic intracratonic syn-rift, latest M Jurassic- E Cretaceous
continental breakup and E Cretaceous- Late Miocene post-breakup/ passive margin sequence. Late Miocene-
Present Seram Series strongly influenced by interaction of Australian, Pacific-Philippine and Eurasian plates,
which led to periods of thrusting, uplift and erosion and are reflected in structural style)
Kemp, G., W. Mogg & R. Barraclough (1995)- Exploration in the Mesozoic in the Seram PSC, eastern
Indonesia: recent developments in geological knowledge. Symposium & Workshop on the Mesozoic of Eastern
Indonesia, Jakarta 1995, Pertamina, 26 p. (Unpublished).
Kendrick, D. & N. Nilandaroe (2004)- Fracture characterization from outcrop data, Manusela Formation, Seram
Island, Indonesia. 7p. (Online at www.3d-geo.com/publications)
(Well-developed fracturing in “Jurassic” Manusela Fm in Nief Gorge outcrop is possible analog to fracture
porosity in Oseil oilfield, ~10km to NW)
Koch, R. (1923)- Eine jungtertiaren Foraminiferenfauna aus Ost-Seran. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 19, p. 207-213.
('A Young Tertiary foraminifera fauna from East Seram')
Kossmat, F. (1906)- Bemerkungen uber die Ammoniten aus den Asphaltschiefern der Bara-Bai (Buru). Neues
Jahrb. Miner. Geol. Palaont., Beil. Bd. 22, p. 686-691.
(‘Remarks on the ammonites from the asphalt shales of Bara Bay, Buru’. Float collected by Boehm in Wai Sifu
River at Bara Bay, NW coast of Buru, contains Jurassic 'Buru Limestone' with inoceramids and belemnites.
Also common flat pieces of dark bituminous shales with numerous ammonites, incl. generally crushed Tissotia
weteringi. This ammonite was interpreted by Kossmat to signify Upper Cretaceous age, but was subsequently
re-identified as Neotibetites of Late Triassic (Norian) age by Krumbeck 1909, 1913)
Krumbeck, L. (1909)- Kurze vorlaufige Mitteilung uber eine neue obertriadische Fauna aus den Molukken.
Centralblatt. Miner. Geol. Palaont., 1090, p. 561-562.
('Brief preliminary communication on a new Upper Triassic fauna from the Moluccas'. Ammonites from Buru
interpreted as Cretaceous by Kossmat (1909) are Upper Triassic in age)
Krumbeck, L. (1913)- Obere Trias von Buru und Misol (Die Fogi-Schichten und Asphaltschiefer West-Burus
und der Athyridenkalk des Misol-Archipels). Palaeontographica Suppl. IV, 2, Beitr. Geologie Niederländisch-
Indien II, 1, p. 1-161.
(Upper Triassic macrofaunas collected by Boehm and Wanner from Fogi Beds and associated asphalt beds of
W Buru and the Athyrid limestone of Misool)
Krumbeck, L. (1922)- Geologische Ergebnisse der Reisen K. Deninger's in den Molukken. III. Brachiopoden,
Lamellibranchiaten und Gastropoden aus der oberen Trias der Insel Seram (Mittel-Seram). Palaeontographica
Suppl. IV, Beitr. Geologie Niederlandisch-Indien III, 5, p.185-246.
(Geological results of Deniger’s 1912 trip in the Moluccas: brachiopods, mollusks, etc. from Seram)
Krumbeck, L. (1923)- Zur Kenntnis des Juras der Insel Timor, sowie des Aucellen-Horizontes von Seran und
Buru. In: J. Wanner (ed.) Palaeontologie von Timor 12, 20, Schweizerbart Stuttgart, p. 1-120.
(On the Jurassic of Timor, as well as the Aucella horizon of Seram and Buru)
Kuenen, P.H. (1949)- Ambon and Haroekoe. Contributions to the geology of the East Indies from the Snellius
Expedition III. Verhand. Ned. Geol. Mijnbouwk. Gen., Geol. Ser. 15, p. 44-62.

(Brief description of parts of Ambon and Haruku Islands. Presence of folded Triassic sediments on crystalline
schists, peridotites, granites and ‘ambonites’ volcanics)
Linthout, K. & H. Helmers (1994)- Pliocene obducted, rotated and migrated ultramafic rocks and obduction-
induced anatectic granite, SW Seram and Ambon, Eastern Indonesia. J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 9, p. 95-109.
(SW Seram and Ambon ultramafics obduction minimum age ~4.4 Ma. Obducted oceanic lithosphere was
created at ~14.5 Ma. Obduction probably simultaneous with strong anticlockwise rotation of Seram)
Linthout, K., H. Helmers & P.A.M. Andriessen (1991)- Dextral strike-slip in Central Seram and 3-4.5 Ma Rb/Sr
ages in pre-Triassic metamorphics related to Early Pliocene counterclockwise rotation of the Buru-Seram
microplate (E. Indonesia). J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 6, p. 335-342.
(Major WNW trending right-lateral strike slip fault in SW Seram. Pre-Triassic metamorphics show Pliocene
radiometric ages, possibly resetting from ophiolite obduction. Structural analyses suggest 45° counter
clockwise rotation and radiometric age resetting between 4.5- 3 Ma, and final ~30° rotation in last 3 Ma)
Linthout, K., H. Helmers, J. Sopaheluwakan & E. Surya Nila (1989)- Metamorphic complexes in Buru and
Seram, northern Banda Arc. Netherlands J. Sea Res. 24, 2/3, p. 345-356.
(SE Buru Wahlua and C Seram Tehoru metamorphic complexes similar pre-Triassic metamorphic history, and
probably originated in same belt. Mylonites in N Tehoru indicate right-lateral, N300E directed strike-slip along
transcurrent fault between metamorphics in S and non-metamorphic block in N, caused by anticlockwise
rotation of Seram since Late Triassic. Kaibobo metamorphics T up to 740°C, caused by overriding ultramafic
sheet in Late Miocene- E Pliocene. K/Ar ages of 4-5 Ma of micas from Wahlua and Tehoru complex explained
by re-heating of pre-Triassic mica due to overthrusting by hot mantle slabs, now largely eroded. Average uplift
of ~0.1 cm/yr during last 4-5 Ma in SE Buru and C Seram. Thrusting of metamorphics over non-metamorphics
in 'median' Seram and of ultramafic sheet in SW Seram also related to Seram anticlockwise rotation)
Linthout, K., H. Helmers, J.R. Wijbrans & J.D.A.M. van Wees (1996)- 40Ar/39Ar constraints on obduction of
the Seram ultramafic complex: consequences for the evolution of the southern Banda Sea. In: R. Hall & D.J.
Blundell (eds.) Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 106, p. 455–464.
(On Kaibobo (SW Seram) obduction of hot oceanic lithosphere produced high-grade metamorphism and
granite in overthrust continental crust. Ages from sole 5.65- 6.0 Ma and 5.4 Ma. Post-emplacement exhumation
began < 8 Ma ago. Undoing 8 Ma of migration back-tracks Kaibobo to site where obduction ended: near SE
corner of Banda Sea plate. Similarities between Kaibobo and N Timor ophiolites suggests E Miocene slow
spreading in oceanic lithosphere S Banda Sea, S of current volcanic arc)
Martin, K. (1888)- Ein Ichthyosaurus von Ceram. Sammlung. Geol. Reichsmus. Leiden 1, 2, p. 70-86. (also in
Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indie 17 (1888), Wetensch. Ged., p. 3-18)
(Skull fragment of large Mesozoic Ichthyosaurus (I. ceramensis n. sp.) from Seram South coast)
Martin, K. (1901)- Over de geologie van West-Seran (Ceram). Handeling 8e Nederl. Natuur Geneesk. Congres,
Rotterdam 1901, p. 301- 303.
(Old, very brief summary of geology of W Seram. Widespread 'Archean' metamorphics, locally associated with
peridotites, Paleozoic greywackes and limestones, steeply dipping Mesozoic chert-bearing globigerinid-
radiolarian limestone, overlain by brightly colored globigerina limestone. No maps or figures)
Martin, K. (1903)- Reisen in den Molukken, in Ambon, den Uliassern, Seran (Ceram) und Buru. Geologischer
Teil. Brill, Leiden. 296 p.
(‘Travels in the Moluccas, in Ambon, the Uliassers, Seram and Buru- Geologic part’. Early reconnaissance of
Moluccas islands. First N-S traverse through Buru Island, etc.)
Martini, R. L. Zaninetti, B. Lathuilliere, S. Cirilli, J.J. Cornée & M. Villeneuve (2004)- Upper Triassic
carbonate deposits of Seram (Indonesia): palaeogeographic and geodynamic implications. Palaeogeogr.,
Palaeoclim., Palaeoecol. 206, 1-2, p. 75-102.

(Seram Upper Triassic limestones Gondwanian-Australian type in ‘Parautochthonous’ and Laurussian-Asian
type in ‘Allochthonous’. Carnian-Norian to Rhaetian Asinepe Lst (=Manusela Fm) part of allochthonous series.
Four reefal facies: (1) boundstone forming buildup cores with calcisponges and calcareous algae, <20% coral;
(2) oncolitic grainstones; (3) foraminiferal packstone-grainstones; (4) foraminiferal-megalodont mudstones.
Geochemical and geodynamic interpretations placed Seram-Buru Block as derived from New Guinea.
Palynology suggests Seram-Buru Block more tropical than Sulawesi/ Kolonodale Block, but cooler than Timor/
NW Shelf. Foraminifera suggest Seram, E Sulawesi, Wombat Plateau and Sinta Ridge all part of same N
Australian margin marine bioprovince)
Milsom J. (1979)- Preliminary gravity map of Seram, eastern Indonesia. Geology 5, p. 641-643.
(Steep gravity gradients in survey area, related to transition from continental to oceanic crust and existence of
root zone of ultramafic thrust sheet S of islands. Positive anomaly over rel. small area of ultramafic outcrop
near Kaibobo,mainland Seram)
Milsom J.S. (1979)- Origin of the Uliasser Islands, Eastern Indonesia. J. Geol. Soc. 136, 5, p. 581-582.
Monnier C., J. Girardeau, J.P. Rehault et al. (2002)- The Seram ophiolites complexe (Central Indonesia):
geochemical evidences for Early Miocene arc-splitting, 19e RST Nantes, p.181-182. (Abstract)
Monnier C., J. Girardeau, J.P. Rehault, H. Permana & H. Bellon (2003)- Dynamics and age of formation of the
Seram-Ambon ophiolites (Central Indonesia). Bull. Soc. Geol. France 174, 6, p. 529-543.
(Seram-Ambon peridotites-gabbros mostly back arc basin characteristics, with 20-15 Ma K/Ar ages. Formed in
small Early Miocene transtensional basin, bordered in E by active margin and in W by passive continental
margin over which it was later obducted towards SW, in Late Miocene, 9- 7 Ma)
Moss, S.J., J. Milsom & M.E.J. Wilson (1996)- The geology of Buru Island, Eastern Indonesia. London
University, Southeast Asia Research Group, Report 150, 22p.
(Late Paleozoic metamorphics overlain by >1000m Triassic sediments. Two facies: sandy slope turbidites and
carbonate/ bituminous shale with reefal facies. Triassic unconformably overlain by ~1000m deep water Late
Jurassic- Paleogene calcilutes/ marls, with ~100m of Late Jurassic submarine basaltic volcanics. Late
Oligocene marls overlain by thick, folded Early Miocene marine sediments with earliest Miocene arc volcanics.
Pliocene NE prograding fan-delta sediments above major unconformity. Quaternary reefs and terraces up to
750m above sea level. No complex thrusting like Seram. Buru-Seram microcontinent originally part of ‘Greater
Sula Spur’, separated from N Australia margin (Bonaparte Gulf?) by mid-Jurassic)
Moyle, I. P., S. Dyer, D.G.S. Lamb & W.G. Mogg (2000)- Experiences in underbalanced drilling and testing
low gravity oil from a high productivity reservoir in Seram Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Proc. 27th Ann.
Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 1-36.
(Oseil 2 and 4 wells drilling. Oseil 2 720’ of oil column in Manusela Fm fractured carbonate, testing up to 650
BOD of 22°API oil. Oseil 4 410’ of oil pay, testing 2200 BOD of 16.1° API oil)
Munasri, H. Permana & S. Siregar (1999)- Pulau Seram adalah cerminan Pulau Timor? Proc. 28th Ann. Conv.
Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), 1, p. 51-61.
('Is Seram Island the mirror image of Timor island ?')
Munasri, S. Siregar & D. Mulyadi (1999)- Studi geodinamika sedimentasi satuan batuan sedimen di Pulau
Seram dan korelasinya dengan yang di Pulau Timor. Laporan Penelitian Puslitbang Geoteknologi-Lipi,
1998/1999, p. 45-60.
('Study of geodynamics of sedimentation of sedimentary rock units of Seram Island and correlation with Timor'.
Micropaleontological, petrographic and sedimentological analysis of Triassic- Tertiary series suggest Timor is
mirror image of Seram)
Nilandaroe, N., W. Mogg & R. Barraclough (2001)- Characteristics of the fractured carbonate reservoir of the
Oseil Field, Seram Island, Indonesia. Proc. 28th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., p. 439-456.

(Oseil oil field reservoir is fractured E-M Jurassic Manusela carbonate. Fracture porosity ~5-8%; negligible
matrix porosity due to complex diagenesis.)
Oemar, S. & C.H. Remington (1993)- A new view on the petroleum geology of the Buru Island, Eastern
Indonesia. Proc. 22nd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geologists (IAGI), Bandung, 2, p. 693-703.
(Brief summary of Pertamina fieldwork on Buru. Main sedimentary basin in S part of island, but gravity study
suggests W and N parts of island may also have enough sediments for hydrocarbon accumulation)
O’Sullivan, T.D., D. Pegum, & J. Tarigan (1985)- Seram oil search, past discoveries and future oil potential.
Proc.14th Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta, p. 3-20.
Pairault, A.A., R. Hall & C.F. Elders (2003)- Tectonic evolution of the Seram Trough, Indonesia. Proc. 29th
Ann. Conv. Indon. Petrol. Assoc., IPA03-G-013, 16p.
Pairault, A.A., R. Hall & C.F. Elders (2003)- Structural styles and tectonic evolution of the Seram Trough,
Indonesia. Marine Petrol. Geol. 20, 10, p. 1141-1160.
Pertamina/BKKA (1996)- Petroleum geology of Indonesian basins, vols. VI-IX Eastern Indonesian Basins,
VIII- Seram, p. 1-33.
Pia, J. (1924)- Einige Dasycladaceen aus der Ober-Trias der Molukken. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost Indie
52 (1923), Verhand., p. 137-149.
(First record from Indonesia of Upper Triassic (probably Norian) dasyclad algae from (1) NE Seram: Bula
river, limestone breccia interbed in Monotis-bearing flysch-like Upper Triassic series, (2) SW Buru: S of Tifu,
massive Upper Triassic limestone with Lovcenipora and (3) NW Buru: Wai Tina “Fatu limestone”, possibly
Jurassic. Few species, all new.)
Price, P.L., T. O’Sullivan & R. Alexander (1987)- The nature and occurrence of oil in Seram, Indonesia. Proc.
16th Ann. Conv. Indonesian Petrol. Assoc., p. 141-172.
(First Seram oilfield Bula in 1897; oil produced from Pleistocene clastics and Late Triassic-Early Jurassic
carbonates. Oil sourced from carbonate, probably Late Triassic, but no source rock identified)
Priem, H.N.A., P.A.M. Andriessen, N.A.I.M. Boelrijk et al. (1978)- Isotopic evidence for a Middle to Late
Pliocene age of the cordierite granite on Ambon, Indonesia. Geologie Mijnbouw 57, p. 441-443.
(Radiometric age of 3.8 Ma for granite, genetically related to Pliocene ‘ambonite’ volcanism)
Rittmann, A. (1931)- Gesteine von Kellang und Manipa. Geol., Petrogr. and Palaeont. Results of explorations
carried out from September 1917 till June 1919 in the Island of Ceram by L. Rutten and W. Hotz, First Ser.,
Petrography, 2, De Bussy, Amsterdam, 135 p.
(Petrographic descriptions of rocks from Manipa and Kellang Islands between Buru and Seram. Primarily
igneous (peridotites/ serpentinites, gabbros, basalts) and metamorphic rocks (primarily contact metamorphism
from ultramafics and gabbro intrusions). Sediments ony in central syncline of Kellang: Triassic sandstones
rich in feldspars, muscovite and plant remains, shales and grey-red limestone lenses with corals and
brachiopods, all similar to those found in W Seram)
Roques, D. (1999)- The metamorphic core of Buru. Univ. London SE Asia Research Group, Report 204, 49p.
(Buru phyllites/ schist/quartzites usually interpreted as Late Carboniferous-E Permian metamorphosed flysch.
Amphibolite facies corresponds to burial depth of 20-25 km. Metamorphics overlain by unmetamorphosed
Triassic. Young cooling ages reflect uplift/ exhumation between 5- 2.5 Ma, removing > 6 km of sediment)
Rutten, L.M.R. (1927)- Ceram, Ambon, Boeroe en de kleinere eilanden in hunne omgeving. In: L.M.R. Rutten
(1927) Voordrachten over de geologie van Nederlandsch Indie, Wolters, Groningen, p. 716- 749.
(Review of geology of Seram, Ambon, Buru and adjacent small islands)

Rutten, L.M.R. (1918)- Uit het eerste verslag over de geologische expeditie naar Ceram. Tijdschrift Kon.
Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen., Ser. 2, 35, p. 112-121.
(First of series of ten reports by Rutten-Hotz on the geological expedition to Seram from August 1917- June
1919, sponsored by 'Maatschappij tot Bevordering van Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandse Kolonien'
and the Netherlands Geographic Society. Mainly summaries of travel, but with geological observations.
Unfortunately, no other documentation from this extensive fieldwork was published, except in the Rutten (1927)
chapter on Seram and in in late 1940’s Ph.D. theses by Germeraad, Valk and Van der Sluis)
Rutten, L.M.R. (1918)- De geologische expeditie naar Ceram- tweede verslag (13 Aug.- 11 Sept. 1917).
('The geological expedition to Seram- Report 2')
Rutten, L.M.R. (1918)- De geologische expeditie naar Ceram- derde verslag (12 Sept.-11 Nov. 1917).
Rutten, L.M.R. (1918)- De geologische expeditie naar Ceram- vierde verslag (12 Nov. 1917- 4 Jan. 1918).
Rutten, L.M.R. (1919)- De geologische expeditie naar Ceram- vijfde verslag (4 Jan.- einde Maart 1918).
Rutten, L.M.R. (1919)- De geologische expeditie naar Ceram- zesde verslag (April- Mei 1918). Tijdschrift Kon.
Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen., Ser. 2, 36, p.
('The geological expedition to Seram- Report 6'. Visit to Nief Gorge, the only place where Rutten observed oil
seeps on Seram))
Rutten, L.M.R. (1919)- De geologische expeditie naar Ceram- zevende verslag (Juni- Juli 1918). Tijdschrift
Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen., Ser. 2, 36, p. 199-207.
Rutten, L.M.R. (1919)- De geologische expeditie naar Ceram- achtste verslag. Tijdschrift Kon. Nederl.
Aardrijksk. Gen., Ser. 2, 36, p. 460-466.
Rutten, L.M.R. & W. Hotz (1919)- De geologische expeditie naar Ceram- negende verslag (medio September-
medio December 1918). Tijdschrift Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen., Ser. 2, 36, p. 559- 579.
Rutten, L.M.R. & W. Hotz (1920)- De geologische expeditie naar Ceram- tiende verslag (medio September-
medio December 1918). Tijdschrift Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen., Ser. 2, 37, p. 17-31.
Rutten, L.M.R. (1920)- De geologische expeditie naar Ceram- elfde (laatste) verslag. Tijdschrift Kon. Nederl.
Aardrijksk. Gen., Ser. 2, 37, p. 32-42.
('The geological expedition to Seram- Report 11 (final)')
Sachse, F.J.P. (1906)- Toelichtingen bij de schetskaart van de afdeelingen Wahai en West-Seran op het eiland
Seran. Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Gen. (2) 23, p. 439-450.
('Explanatory notes with sketch-map of the districts of Wahai and West Seram on Seram island'. Early
geographic description)

Setyanta, B. & I. Setriadi (2007)- Anomali gaya berat dab tataan tektonik sekitar perairan Laut Banda dan Pulau
Seram. Jurnal Sumber Daya Geologi 17, 6, p. 408-419.
(Gravity anomalies of Banda Sea and Seram Island used to build crust structure model. Banda Sea mainly
composed of basaltic crust. Banda Sea basaltic crust under volcanic Banda Island, while granitic crust is under
Pre-Tertiary sediments at Seram)
Setyawan, W.B., B. Wijaya & A. Guntoro (2000)- Mengurai perkembangan tektonik Pulau Seram dan Ambon.
Proc. 29th Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol. (IAGI), Bandung, 4, p. 33-45.
(Analysis of the tectonic development of Seram and Ambon islands')
Sopaheluwakan, J. (1994)- Basement evolution of the Buru- Seram microplate and its bearing on hydrocarbon
occurrences. In: J.L. Rau (ed.) Proc. 30th Sess. Comm. Co ord. Joint Prospecting Min. Res. Asian Offshore
Areas (CCOP), Bali 1993, 2, p. 17-32.
(Two types of metamorphic rocks comprise Buru- Seram crystalline basement: (1) Paleozoic low-grade schist of
continental character on Buru and S Seram; (2) W Seram low (greenschist) to high grade (granulite)
metamorphic sole at base of dismembered ophiolite= Neogene remetamorphism of (1) during obduction of hot
Weber Deep materials)
Sopaheluwakan, J., K. Linthout, H. Helmers & H. Permana (1992)- Peridotite- metamorphite relation in West
Seram: constraints to vertical movements of the North Banda Arc. Proc. 21st Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol.
(IAGI), Yogyakarta, p. 599-609.
Supandjono, R.J.B. (1994)- Geologi daerah Lofin, Seram Tengah. Proc. 23rd Ann. Conv. Indon. Assoc. Geol.
(IAGI), Jakarta, 1, p. 112-122.
('Geology of theLofin area, C Seram'. Most of area ~1500m M-L Triassic Kanikeh Fm sands, shale and coaly
beds. Overlain by ~500m Late Triassic- E Jurassic Manusela Lst (with Halobia, Montivaltia, Lovcenipora=
Triassic only? HvG), bedded, nodular calcilutites with bituminous lenses. In S unconformably overlain by
~300m latest Oligocene-E Miocene Lisabata Lst (with Spiroclypeus, Miogypsina). In N ~250m of Latest
Miocene- Pliocene marine Wahai Fm clastics directly on folded Triassic Kanikeh clastics. Two major N-
directed thrust faults)
Susilo, A., I. Budiman, I. Setiadi & T. Padmawijaya (2006)- High gravity anomaly around the Kelang Island,
Maluku. Proc. Jakarta 2006 Int. Geosc. Conf. Exhib., Indon. Petrol. Assoc., Jakarta06-PNS-07, 4p. (Abstract)
(High gravity anomaly around Kelang Island, W of Seram, is an expression of N end of Banda Sea basaltic
ultra-basic crust and it continues to a peak to S and SW (S of Buru).
Sykora, J.J. (2000)- The buried fold-thrust belt of Offshore Seram. AAPG Int. Conf. Bali 2000 (Abstract only)
Tjokrosapoetro, S. (1977)- The regional structure of Seram island as interpreted from satellite imagery. Bull.
Proc. 13th Sess. CCOP, Kuala Lumpur, p. 366-377.
Tjokrosapoetro, S., A. Achdan & H.Z. Abidin (1988)- Geological map of the Masohi quadrangle, Ambon, scale
1:250,000 (accompanying notes in Indonesian). Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, p.
Tjokrosapoetro, S. & T. Budhitrisna (1982)- Geology and tectonics of Northern Banda Arc. Bull. Geol. Res.
Dev. Centre, Bandung, 6, p. 1-17.
(Comparison of Buru, Seram and Misool, mainly based on stratigraphy. Buru geology similar to Misool in Late
Paleozoic- Miocene. Seram more complicated with overthrusts, mantle rocks, etc., and similarity with Timor. In
M Miocene- Present Buru displaced SW along Buru Fracrure between buru and Seram. Pliocene S-dipping
subduction below Seram terminates in W by Buru Fracture)
Tjokrosapoetro, S., T. Budhitrisna & E. Rusmana (1993)- Geology of the Buru Quadrangle, Maluku, scale
1:250,000 . Geol. Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 24 p. + map

(Buru much less structured than Seram. Widespread outcrops of probable Late Carboniferous- Permian
metamorphics. Unconformably overlain by Triassic turbiditic clastics of Dalan Fm (with clasts of quartz and
metamorphics), probably overlain by up to 2000m of Ghegan Fm (limestones and bituminous marls with
Triassic Halobia, etc.= Fogi beds of Wanner 1922). Unconformably overlain by Late Jurassic- Paleo-Eocene
Kuma Fm deep water calcilutites. Near contact Ghegan-Kuma rel. small outcrops of ~100m Mefa Fm basalts
and marly tuffs with (Late?) Jurassic ammonites. Folded Oligo-Miocene sediments unconformably overlain by
Pliocene marine sediments. Pliocene andesites (dated as 4.5 Ma) similar to Ambon)
Tjokosapoetro, S., E. Rusmana & Suharsono (1994)- Geology of the Ambon Sheet, Maluku, 1:250,000. Geol.
Res. Dev. Centre, Bandung, 15 p. + map.
Umbgrove, J.H.F. (1924)- Report on Pleistocene and Pliocene corals from Ceram. In: L. Rutten & W. Hotz
(eds.) Geological, petrographical and palaeontological results of explorations, carried out from September 1917
till June 1919 in the island of Ceram, 2nd ser., Palaeontology, 22 p.
(Corals collected by Rutten from 13 localities in C and E Seram, probably all Late Pliocene or younger age)
US Geological Survey (1997)- The Hila Prospect: a recently discovered copper occurrence on Ambon Island,
Republic of Indonesia. SuDoc I 19.76, p. 97-86.
Usna, L. (1977)- Note on a seismic reflection profile across the Seram Trough. Newsl. Indonesian Geol. Survey
9, 16, p. 193-194.
Valk, W. (1945)- Contributions to the geology of West Seran. Thesis Univ. Utrecht. In: L. Rutten & W. Hotz
(eds.) Geological, Petrogr. and Palaeont. Results of explorations 1917-1919 in the Island of Ceram, 3rd ser.,
Geology, 1, 109 p.
(Geology of W Seram, compiled from notes and study of rocks collected during Rutten & Hotz (1918-1920)
Seram fieldwork. Pre-Upper Triassic metamorphics (folded schist, phyllite, gneiss, amphibolite) more common
than in E Seram. Upper Triassic more sandy than in C and E Seram: greywacke sandstones composed mainly
composed of detritus of schists and phyllites and probably Norian- Carnian age. Overlying shales Upper
Norian. Also Upper Triassic coralline limestone, Upper Eocene conglomerates. Non-metamorphic peridotites).
Van der Sluis, J.P. (1950)- Geology of East Seran. Thesis Univ. Utrecht. In: L. Rutten & W. Hotz (eds.)
Geological, Petrogr. and Palaeont. Results of explorations 1917-1919 in the Island of Ceram, 3rd ser., Geology,
3, Amsterdam, 71p.
(The geology of East Seram, compiled from notes and study of rocks collected during Rutten & Hotz (1918-
1920) Seram fieldwork)
Van Gogh, F.A.A. (1913)- Geologisch onderzoek in Noord Oost Ceram van 15 Juni tot 15 September, 1913.
BPM Report 4575, p.
('Geological investigations in NE Seam, from 15 June to 15 September 1913'. Unpublished BPM report)
Van Marle, L.J. (1989)- Recent and fossil benthic foraminifera and late Cenozoic palaeobathymetry of Seram,
Eastern Indonesia. In: Proc. Snellius II Symposium, Jakarta 1987, Netherlands J. Sea Res. 24, 4, p. 445- 457.
(Two M Pliocene- Pleistocene (N19-N22) outcrop sections in SW Seram, directly on Paleozoic metamorphics,
suggest paleobathymetries between 400- 1100m (probably 600-900m) and >2 km of post E Pleistocene uplift)
Verbeek, R.D.M. (1899)- Over de geologie van Ambon- I. Verhand. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, sect.
2, 6, 7, p. 3-26.
(online at: http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00011831.pdf)
('On the geology of Ambon-1'. Ambon composed of two peninsulas, Hitoe and Leitimor. Complex geology,
including granites, perodotites, metamorphic rocks, Triassic sandstone- limestone interbeds, younger volcanics
and Pliocene or younger reefal limestone terraces up to 500m above sea level, etc.)

Verbeek, R.D.M. (1900)- Over de geologie van Ambon- II. Verhand. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., Amsterdam, sect.
2, 7, 5, p. 3-9.
(online at: http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00011896.pdf)
('On the geology of Ambon-2')
Verbeek, R.D.M. (1905)- Geologische beschrijving van Ambon. Jaarboek Mijnwezen Nederl. Oost-Indië 34,
Wet. Ged., p. 1-308.
(First systematic description of geology and rock types of Ambon. With four maps, cross sections)
Von Huene, F. (1931)- Ichthyosaurier von Seran und Timor. Neues Jahrb. Min. Geol., Palaont., Beilage Band
66, B, p. 211-214.
(Ichthyosaurus fossils collected by BPM geologist Weber: vertebrae of genus Eurypterygius from E Jurassic? of
Bula, E Seram, and material from Triassic? of Basleo, W Timor)
Von John, C. (1906)- Ueber die chemische Beschaffenheit der Asphaltschiefer der Bara Bai (Buru). Neues
Jahrbuch Min., Geol., Palaont., Beilage Band 22, p. 691-692.
(‘On the chemical properties of Bara Bai asphalt shales of Buru’. Ammonite-rich Late Triassic bituminous
shales from Bara Bai, NW Buru, have 23.1% organic matter)
Von Rosenberg, H. (1860)- Aardolie van Ceram. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederlands Indie 21, p. 336, 412.
('Petroleum from Seram'. Short communication on bottle of oil collected from active seep at N coast of Seram, E
of Wahai. First report on oil from Seram)
Wandel, G. (1936)- Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Jurassischen Molluskenfauna von Misol, Ost Celebes, Buton,
Seran und Jamdena. In: J. Wanner (ed.) Beitrage zur Palaeontologie des Ostindischen Archipels 13, Neues
Jahrb. Miner. Geol. Palaeont., Beil. Bd. 75B, p. 447-526.
(‘Contributions to the knowledge of the Jurassic molluscs from Misool, E Sulawesi, Buton, Seram and
Yamdena’)
Wanner, J. (1907)- Zur Geologie und Geographie von West-Buru. Neues Jahrbuch Min. Geol. Palaont., Beil.
Bd. 24, 1907, p. 133-160.
(Summary of 3-week reconnaissance geological survey in Fogi region of West Buru in 1904. Various types of
Mesozoic deep marine rocks. Also limestone breccia with Eocene alveolinids and Discocyclina in matrix)
Wanner, J. (1907)- Triaspetrefakten der Molukken und des Timorarchipels. Neues Jahrb. Min. Geol. Pal., Beil.
Bd. 24, p. 161-220.
(’Triassic fossils from the Moluccas and Timor Archipelago’. Overview of Triassic of Misool, Seram, Timor,
etc. First record of Triassic on E Seram: sandstones with locally common plant remains and marls/ limestones
with 'Alpine-Mediterranean' bivalve Monotis salinara. First author to recognize large thrusts on Seram and the
Alpine/ Tethyan affinities of the Late Triassic bivalves and Early Jurassic ammonites of Seram)
Wanner, J. (1923)- Geologische Ergebnisse der Reisen K. Deninger's in den Molukken. I. Beitrage zur Geologie
der Insel Buru. Palaeontographica Suppl. IV, Beitr. Geologie Niederlandisch-Indien III, 3, p. 59-112.
(Summary of Buru field notes from Deninger 1912 Freiburg Moluccas expedition. NE half of Buru mainly
schists and phyllite, overlain by Triassic flysch. Overlain by Fogi Beds bituminous limestones and marls, rich in
mollusks and ammonites (Lower Norian), grey Misolia limestone and Norian massive limestones/ dolomites
with Lovcenipora. E-M Jurassic appears to be missing. Oldest Jurassic rocks red-brown marine tuffites (Sasifu
beds; upper Callovian or Lower Oxfordian), overlain by Oxfordian Mefa Beds green-brown tuffites rich in
ammonites, with age-equivalent volcanics at W coast. Youngest Jurassic beds probably Oxfordian Kartina
dense limestone with chert lenses. Cretaceous represented by pelagic limestones with red-brown chert. Rare
Eocene limestone with Discocyclina, Nummulites, alveolinids, etc., and also reworked Cretaceous carbonate
near Fogi near W coast. More widespread E-M Miocene clastics and limestone)

Wanner, J. (1928)- Ueber einige Juvaviten von Ceram (Molukken). Wetensch. Meded. Dienst Mijnbouw
Nederl. Indie 10, Bandoeng, p.
(Description of Juvavites, ‘Tethyan’ ceratitid ammonites collected by Weber from Late Triassic flysch of Wai
Sabora in SE Seram. Probably of Norian age)
Wanner, J. (1949)- Lebensspuren aus der Obertrias von Seran (Molukken) und der Alpen. Eclog. Geol. Helv.
42, p. 183-195.
(Deep-water Paleodictyon and Chondrites trace fossils from Upper Triassic (Norian) flysch of East Seram;
Fursich et al. 2007)
Wanner, J. & H.C.G. Knipscheer (1951)- Der Lias der Niefschlucht in Ost-Seran (Molukken). Eclog. Geol.
Helvetiae 44, 1, p. 1-18.
(In Nief Gorge very thin (60 cm) glauconitic limestone with Middle Liassic brachiopods, cephalopods and
gastropods, overlying (Triassic?) massive oolitic limestone. Most species related to European Tethys faunas)
Wanner, J., H.C.G. Knipscheer & E. Schenk (1952)- Zur Kenntnis der Trias der Insel Seran (Indonesien).
Eclog. Geol. Helv. 45, 1, p. 53-84.
(‘On the knowledge of the Triassic of Seram’. Good documentation of NE Seram Late Triassic (Carnian-
Norian) ‘flysch’, limestones and macrofossils. Carnian dominated by clays, marls, quartz sandstones with plant
debris; Norian more platy limestones, marly limestones and calcareous sandstones. Upper Norian with lenses
of massive Lovcenipora- Halorella limestone. Lovcenipora coral limestones erroneously interpreted by Van der
Sluis 1950 and Van Bemmelen 1949 as Late Jurassic in age. Similar Upper Triassic limestones in C Seram, S
Buru and Timor. Triassic macrofaunas dominated by Tethyan elements like Monotis salinaria, Halobia spp and
Juvavites. Triassic overlain by Jurassic- Cretaceous deep water marls and limestones. Rare loose fossil
material suggests limited presence of E-M Jurassic. Upper Jurassic represented by marly calcareous shales
with Aucella malayomaorica and Belemnopsis gerardi)
Weber, F. (1926)- Eindrapport omtrent het geologisch onderzoek en den vooruitzichten van Oost Ceram. BPM
report 9611, p.
(Unpublished BPM report on geological investigatons and prospectivity of East Seram)
Welter, O.A. (1923)- Bemerkungen uber die von Deninger gesammelten Ammoniten und Nautilidenreste von
Seran. Palaeontographica, Suppl. 4, III, 4, p. 245-
(‘Remarks on the ammonites and nautilids collected by Deninger from Seram’)
Westerveld, J. (1955)- The Lucipara islands (S of Ceram) and a third arc in the Banda Sea. Geol. Mijnbouw 17,
p. 84-88.
Wilckens, O. (1937)- Korallen und Kalkschwamme aus dem obertriadischen Pharetronenkalk von Seran
(Molukken). Beitrage zur Palaontologie des Ostindischen Archipels 14, Neues Jahrbuch Min., Geol., Palaeont.,
Beil. Band B77, p.171-211.
('Corals and calcareous sponges from the Upper Triassic Pharetrone-limestone of Seram'. Concludes that
Triassic corals and sponges of Seram and Timor have ‘alpine’ character. Flugel (2002, p.420) suggested the W
Ceram Late Triassic corals and sponges were mostly endemic taxa (corals 61%, sponges 90%) or taxa known
from Timor, but this conclusion was challenged by Martini et al. (2004) who found no endemic fauna, but only
species of Tethyan affinity. Flugel suggests similarities with Timor Fatu Limestone)
Zillman, N.J. & R.J. Paten (1975)- Geology and petroleum prospects of Seram island, eastern Indonesia. APEA
J. 15, p. 73-80.
(Two main Pliocene- E Pleistocene basins in N and NE Seram (Bula and Wahai) with up to 1400/ 2800m of
sediment. Oil seeps common in Bula but not in Bahai basin. Bula field 1897 discovery in Pleistocene clastics;
producing horizons ~80-280m below SL. Folded Pre-Tertiary rocks regarded as basement by BPM and AAR.
Middle or Late Miocene folding preceded Early Pliocene renewed subsidence. Early Pleistocene uplift created
rel. subtle regional unconformity.

Zillman, N.J. & R.J. Paten (1975)- Petroleum prospects, Bula Basin, Seram, Indonesia. Proc. 4th Ann. Conv.
Indon. Petrol. Assoc., 2, p. 129-148.
(Plio-Pleistocene Bula Basin with Early Pleistocene unconformity. Bula field 1897 BPM discovery below
surface oil seep in shallow Pleistocene sands, producing since 1913. Limited hydrocarbons and potential in
Mesozoic Nief limestone)

BIG - VI - North Moluccas

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Bibliography of Indonesian Geology

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY OF INDONESIA

J.T. VAN GORSEL

VI. NORTH MOLUCCAS

It is subdivided in the following three chapters:

VI.1. North Moluccas (Halmahera, Bacan, Waigeo, Yapen, Molucca Sea)

Early geologic map of Halmahera- Bacan- Waigeo (Verbeek 1908)

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 1 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

Suggested reading- Halmahera area

VI.2. Banggai, Sula, Taliabu, Obi

Early geologic map of Banggai- Sula islands (Verbeek 1908)

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 2 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 3 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

Suggested reading Seram- Buru

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 4 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

VI.1. Halmahera, Bacan, Waigeo, Molucca Sea

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 5 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

Brouwer, H. (1922)- Geologische onderzoekingen op de Sangi-eilanden en op de eilanden Ternate en Pisang.

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 6 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

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Van Nouhuys, J.W. (190?)- Title unknown

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 16 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 17 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

Amiruddin (2000)- Peraluminous and metaluminous Permian-Triassic granitoids of the Banggai-Sula

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Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 31 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 32 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

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Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 35 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 36 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

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Bibliography of Indonesian Geology v. 4.0 38 www.vangorselslist.com Nov. 2011

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