LIE DETECTION

TECHNIQUES
The Scientific Method
of Detecting Deception
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 Operational Terms
▪ POLYGRAPH – is an instrument for the recording of changes in blood pressure;
pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance as indication of emotional disturbances
especially of lying when questioned.
▪ The word was derived from the word POLY means “many” and GRAPHS means
“writing chart ”.

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▪ POLYGRAPHY – it is the scientific method of detecting deception, using a
polygraph machine.
▪ FEAR – is emotional response to specific danger that appears to beyond a
persons defensive power.
▪ STIMULUS – is a force or motion reaching the organism and excites the
receptors.

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▪ REACTION – it is an action in mental attitude evokes by external influence.
▪ DECEPTION – is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by
lying.
▪ DETECTION – It is an act of discovery of existence, presence of fact or
something hidden or obscure.
▪ LYING – the uttering or conveying of falsehood or creating a false or misleading
information with the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts and opinion of
other.

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▪ RESPONSE – is any activity or inhibition of the previous activity of an
organism resulting from stimulation.
▪ NORMAL TRACING – is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject
answered in the irrelevant question.
▪ SPECIFIC RESPONSE – is any deviation from the normal tracing of the
subject.
▪ POLYGRAPH EXAMINER – is one who conducts and administer the
test.

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▪ CHART OR POLYGRAMS – refers to the composite records of pneumograph,
Galvanograph and cardiosphygmograph tracings recorded from series of
questions.
▪ Subject – refers to the person being examined.

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 Early Methods of detecting deception

▪ Trial by Ordeal aathe

judicial
method
accused practice
to settle byrequired
which the
will beaccusations guilt
to intouch
the
or innocence
absence
his tongue of to anofextremely
witnesses the
or aaccused
confession,
hot metal is
▪ Trial by Combat determined by(unless
subjecting them to an
in
ninewhich
this (9) times
ordeal two
was parties ininvillages
burned
practiced dispute
sooner). of
▪ Trial by Iron Hot Ordeal unpleasant,
The
fought suspect usually
was made to dangerous
chew a
India andincertain
single combat.
parts of West Africa.
▪ Ordeal of Boiling Oil experience
handful of ordryin rice
the present
while being term
would meanand
questioned an then
employment of “ it3out
told to spit rd
▪ Ordeal of Rice Chewing degree ”.
after a certain amount of time.

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 Early Methods of detecting deception

All the
▪ Ordealfollowing are ancient
of Heat and Fire a method
Aa man
method of methods
ordeal
mostly where all of
accused
given towaswomen,
detecting
the accused
accused wasof sorcery
compelled to towalk
bea
deception
▪ Ordealexcept:
of Cold Water persons
cage
will
footed
with a
be
minors and inolda or
submerged
bare
instructed
through
donkey,
person aperforming
to
a fire;
using
the was a
select
disabled people. The
stream. if he
donkey’s
ordeal wasthrough
▪ Ordeal by Balance red hot needle drawn
a. boiling water ordeal
▪ Donkey’s Tail Ordeal
remains
tail they
twice
unburt
weighed
then hetheis innocent.
will strike
on a donkey and
balance.
the lips of the accused, if innocent, no
whichever cries first will be
blood will be seen flowing out. Practice
b. ordeal of the balance adjudged guilty.
▪ Ordeal of the Red Hot Needle beans in eastwere
Africa.
thrown into a sieve as the

c. trial▪ The
by“Hereditary
combatSieve” name of each suspect was called.

d. polygraph examination
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 Polygraph
• The polygraph is used to test or question individuals for the
purpose of detecting deception or verifying truth of statements
through a visual, permanent and simultaneous recording of a
person’s cardiovascular and respiratory pattern as a minimum
instrumentation requirement.

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• A polygraph (commonly referred to as a lie detector) is an instrument that
measures and records several physiological responses such as:
• blood pressure,
• pulse,
• respiration and
• skin conductivity

while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, on the basis
that false answers will produce distinctive measurements. The polygraph
measures physiological changes caused by the sympathetic nervous
system during questioning.

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 History

• The idea that lying produces physical side-effects has long been claimed.
In West Africa persons suspected of a crime were made to pass a bird's
egg to one another. If a person broke the egg, then he or she was
considered guilty, based on the idea that their nervousness was to blame.
In Ancient China the suspect held a handful of rice in his or her mouth
during a prosecutor's speech. Since salivation was believed to cease at
times of emotional anxiety, the person was considered guilty if by the end
of that speech the rice was dry.

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 1895
▪Cesare Lombroso, an Italian
scientist, employed the first
scientific instrument to detect
deception – HYDROSPHYMOGRAPH,
measured changes in pulse and
blood pressure when suspects were
questioned about their involvement
of a specific offense.

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 1914

▪VITTORIO BENUSSI successfully detected deception with a

PNEUMOGRAPH – an instrument that graphically measures
an examinee’s inhalation and exhalation. Benussi thus
demonstrated that changes in breathing patterns
accompany deception.

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 1917

▪Further research by WILLIAM MARSTON in 1917 dealt

with the SPHYGMOMANOMETER, which was used to
obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure readings
during the course of an examination.

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▪According to their son, Marston's wife, Elizabeth
Holloway Marston, was also involved in the development
of the systolic blood-pressure test: "According to
Marston’s son, it was his mother Elizabeth, Marston’s
wife, who suggested to him that 'When she got mad or
excited, her blood pressure seemed to climb' (Lamb,
2001). blood-pressure test.

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 CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH
▪CESARE LOMBROSO – accorded as the first
person that utilizes instrument in detecting
deception.
▪His basis in detecting deception is by
measuring the blood pressure and pulse
rate.
▪This is known as HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH

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▪ANGELO MOSSO – he stated that
FEAR influenced the heart and
could be use as a basis for
detecting deception. He uses
sphygmanometer and scientific
radio to study fear.

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▪DR. WILLIAM MARSTON – he
conducted numerous tests for
detecting deception and utilizes
the change in systolic pressure to
determine deception.
▪He also developed his own method
of reading systolic blood pressure.
▪Self proclaim father of polygraph

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▪JOHN A. LARSON – the real “Father of lie
detection”.
▪The present polygraph machine is
attributed to him. He developed the first
instrument to record simultaneously a
person’s blood pressure, pulse rate, and
respiration changes. This is the First
Polygraph machine suitable for use in
criminal investigation.
▪BREADBOARD LIE DETECTOR
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 GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
▪STICKER – he introduced the method of detecting deception from
the galvanic impression on the chart tracing.
▪VERGUTH – he used the word PSYCHOGALVANIC reflex. He believed
that electrical phenomena are due to the activity of sweat glands,
and such activity is known as “psychogalvanic”.

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 RUCKMICK

▪In 1936, the term Psychogalvanic Reflex used by

Veraguth was repudiated by Ruckmick and proposed
the term ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE

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 PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT

▪VITTORIO BENUSSI – he noted changes in inhalation ratio

during indications of deceptions.

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 LEONARD KEELER

▪ he device a metal recording bellows; rolled chart paper.

▪In 1949, he incorporated Galvanograph with measurement
of blood pressure and respiration into a portable case.
▪Created RELEVANT AND IRRELEVANT TECHNIQUE

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 JOHN E. REID

▪ in 1950, he developed the Control Question Test which

consists of a known lie and incorporated it into the
relevant/irrelevant technique.
▪SILENT ANSWER TEST
▪GUILT COMPLEX TEST

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 CLEVE BACKSTER

▪developed the psychological set theory and the anticlimax

dampening concept.
▪introduced the Quantification System of Chart Analysis
(Numerical Scoring)
▪Developed the so called Backster Zone Comparison
Technique and the symptomatic question.

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 RICHARD O. ARTHER

▪Introduced the Arther II polygraph instrument which

contains a stimulus marker capable of recording the
beginning and ending of question and the moment the
examinee answered.

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 The Three Major Components

▪PNEUMOGRAPH
▪GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
▪CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH COMPONENT

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▪ Today, polygraph examiners use two types of instrumentation:
➢analog
➢Computerized

In the United States, most examiners now use computerized

instrumentation.

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An analog polygraph instrument. Most analog polygraphs
are being replaced by digital devices.
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▪ The polygraph instrument has undergone a dramatic change in the
last decade. For many years, polygraphs were those instruments
that you see in the movies with little needles scribbling lines on a
single strip of scrolling paper. These are called analog polygraphs.
Today, most polygraph tests are administered with digital
equipment. The scrolling paper has been replaced with
sophisticated algorithms and computer monitors.

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 Methods of Deception Detection

1. Devices which record the psycho-physiological response.

2. Use of drugs that try to inhibit the inhibitor
3. Hypnotism
4. By observation
5. Scientific Interrogation
6. Confession

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 Cardiovascular System
▪The cardiovascular system is consist of the heart, blood vessel,
and the approximately 5 liters of blood that blood vessel
transport. Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients,
hormones , and cellular waste product throughout the body. The
cardiovascular system is powered by the body’s hardest –
working organ - the heart, which is only about the size of a
closed fist. Even at rest, the average heart easily pumps over 5
liters of blood throughout the body every minute.

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 The Heart
▪ Is the pumping organ located medial to the
lungs along the body’s midline in the
thoracic region. The bottom tips of the
heart , known as its apex, is turn to the left,
so that about 2/3 of the heart is located on
the body’s left side with other 1/3 on the
right. The top of the heart, known as the
heart base, connect to the great blood
vessel of the body: the aorta, vena cava,
pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins.
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 The Heart
▪ Is the pumping organ located medial to the
lungs along the body’s midline in the
thoracic region. The bottom tips of the
heart , known as its apex, is turn to the left,
so that about 2/3 of the heart is located on
the body’s left side with other 1/3 on the
right. The top of the heart, known as the
heart base, connect to the great blood
vessel of the body: the aorta, vena cava,
pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins.
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Respiratory System
Is the biological system that introduces respiratory gases to the
interior and perform gas exchange. In human and other mammals,
the anatomical features of the respiratory system include airways,
lungs, and the respiratory muscles.

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▪ Breathing Cycle of Human (by age)
a. the newborns = 50 to 70 cycles per minute
b. children (2 to 5 years old) = 20 to 30 cycles per minute
c. adults (without age consideration) = 15 to 20 cycle per minute
the Two Aspect of Breathing
1. Inspiration (inhale) – caused by contraction of diaphragm and expansion
of the chest cavity those result in the air rushing in to the lungs
2. Expiration (exhale) – caused by relaxation of diaphragm and contraction
of the chest cavity resulting in the air rushing out of the lungs.

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Electrodermal Respond
The change of the electrical properties of the skin in responds to
stress and anxiety; can be measured by recording the electrical resistance
of the skin or by recording weak currents generated by the body.

Skin conductance, also known as galvanic skin response (GSR),

electrodermal response (EDR), Psychogalvanic reflex (PGR), Skin
conductance response (SCR) or Skin conductance level (SCL).

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TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPHY

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 TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPHY
1. Psychological Leg Premise – states that specific nervous
system component whose stimulation can thus be
diagnosed are so stimulated by the involuntary and
emotional processes of the individual who is continuously
attempting concealment of deception especially if that
individual has something at stake and the prevailing
circumstances lead him to believe that exposure to
deception is quite possible although undesirable.
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 TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF POLYGRAPHY
2. Physiological Leg Premise – that among the physiological
responses that may be recorded are those that
automatically occur only following the stimulation of
specific nervous component system
3. Mechanical Leg Premise – polygraph is capable of making
graphic record containing reliable information regarding
physiological responses of the subject.
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Recording the Psycho physiological Response:

▪The autonomic nervous system acts as a self-regulating

autonomic response of the body.
▪The autonomic nervous system is composed of two
complimentary branches: the sympathetic and the
parasympathetic nervous system, acting opposite each other.
▪The fibers of both enervate all organs where self-regulation is
essential

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▪When a person is under the influence of physical (exertion) or
emotional (anger, excitement, fear, lie detection, etc.) stimuli,
the sympathetic will dominate and over-ride the
parasympathetic, thus there will be a changes in the heart
rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory tracing, psycho
galvanic reflexes, time of response to question, voice tracing,
etc.

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▪The parasympathetic nervous system works to
restore things to normal when the conditions of
stress have been removed. It is the dominant branch
when the condition is normal and the subject is
calm, contented and relaxed.

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 WORD ASSOCIATION TEST

▪A list of stimulus and non-stimulus words are read to the subject

who is instructed to answer as quickly as possible.
▪The answer to the questions may be a “yes” or a “no”.
▪Unlike the lie detector , the time interval between the words
uttered by the examiner and the answer of the subject is
recorded.

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▪When the subject is asked questions with reference to his
name, address, civil status, nationality, etc. Which has no
relation to the subject-matter of the investigation, the
tendency is to answer quickly.
▪But when the questions bear some words which have to do
with the criminal acts the subject allegedly committed, like
knife, gun, or hammer which was used in the killing, the
tendency is to delay the answer.

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▪The test is not concerned with the answer, be it a ‘yes”
or a “no”. The important factor is the time of response in
relation to stimulus or non-stimulus words.
▪Like the use of the lie detector, the subject cannot be
compelled to be subjected to the test without his
consent.

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 PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS EVALUATOR

▪When a person speaks, there are audible voice frequencies and

superimposed on these are the inaudible frequency modulations
which are products of minute oscillation of the muscles of the
voice mechanism. Such oscillations of the muscles micro tremor
occur at the rate of 8 to 14 cycles per second and controlled by
the central nervous system.

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▪When the person is under stress as when he is lying, the micro
tremor in the voice utterance in moderately or completely
suppressed.
▪The degree of suppression caries inversely to the degree of
psychologic stress in the speaker.
▪The psychological stress evaluator (PSE) detects, measures, and
graphically displays the voice modulations that we cannot hear.

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▪When a person is relaxed and responding honestly to the
questions, those inaudible frequencies are registered
clearly on the instrument. But when a person is under
stress, as when he is lying, these frequencies tend to
disappear.

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 Use of Drugs that “Inhibit the Inhibitor”

▪Administration of the TRUTH SERUM

▪Narcoanalysis/Narcosysthesis
▪Intoxication with Alcohol

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 TRUTH SERUM

• The term “truth serum” is a misnomer. The procedure does not

make someone tell the truth and the thing administered is not
serum but actually a drug.
• In the test, HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE is given hypodermically in
repeated doses until a state of delirium is induced.
• When the proper point is reached, the questioning begins and the
subject fells a compulsion to answer the questions truthfully.

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 Narcoanalysis/Narcosynthesis

• This method of deception detection is practically the same as that

of administration of truth serum. The only difference is the drug
used. Psychiatric sodium amytal or sodium penthotal is
administered by the subject.
• When the effects appear , questioning starts.
• It is claimed that the drug causes depression of the inhibitory
mechanism of the brain and the subjects talk freely.

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 INTOXICATION
• The apparent stimulation effect of alcohol is really the
result of the control mechanism of the brain. The apparent
stimulation effect of alcohol is really the result of the
control mechanism of the brain, so alcohol, like truth serum
and narcoanalysis drugs “inhibit the inhibitor”.

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 HYPNOSIS
•It is the alteration of consciousness and concentration
in which the subject manifests a heightened of
suggestibility while awareness is maintained.

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 REASONS: (why it is not admissible in court)

•It lacks the general scientific acceptance of

the reliability of hypnosis per se in
ascertaining the truth from falsity.

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• The possibility that the hypnotized subject will deliberately
fabricate.
• The prospect that the state of heightened suggestibility in
which the hypnotized subject is suspected will produce
distortion of the fact rather than the truth.
• The state of the mind, skill and professionalism of the
examiner are too subjective to permit admissibility of the
expert testimony.

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Physiological & Psychological Symptoms
of GUILT

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▪ SWEATING – sweating accompanied with a flushed face indicate anger,
embarrassment or extreme nervousness. Sweating with a pale face
may indicate shock of fear. Sweating hands indicate tension.
▪ COLOR CHANGE – if the face is flushed, it may indicate anger,
embarrassment or shame. A pale face is a more common sign of guilt.
▪ DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH – nervous tension causes reflex inhibition of
salivary secretion and consequently dryness of the mouth. This causes
continuous swallowing and licking of the lips.

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▪ Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple - on account of the dryness
of the throat aside from the mouth, the subject will swallow saliva
from the mouth and this causes the frequent upward and
downward movement of the Adam’s apple.
▪ Fidgeting – subject is constantly moving about in the chair, pulling
his ears, rubbing his face, picking and tweaking the nose, crossing
or uncrossing the legs, rubbing the hair, eyes, eyebrows, biting or
snapping of fingernails. These are indicators of nervous tension.

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▪ Peculiar Feeling Inside – there is a sensation of lightness of the head
and the subject is confused. This is the result of his troubled
conscience.
▪ Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion – usually a guilty
subject frequently utters such expression. “I swear to God I am telling
the truth” or “ I hope my mother drops dead if I am lying”, “I swear to
Go”…etc. Such expressions are make to make forceful and convincing
his assertion of innocence.

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▪ Spotless past record - “Religious man” – the subject may assert that
it is not possible for him to do “anything like that” inasmuch as he is a
religious man and that he has a spotless record.
▪ Inability to look at the investigator “straight in the eye” – the subject
does not like to look at the investigator for fear that his guilt may
seen in his eyes. He will rather look at the floor or ceiling.

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• “Not that I remember” expression – the subject will
resort to the use of “Not that I Remember” expression
when answering to be evasive or to avoid committing
something prejudicial to him.

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 LIE

• Is also called PREVARICATION

• A type of deception in the form of an untruthful statement with
the intention to deceive, often with further intention to maintain a
secret of reputation, to protect someone’s feelings from getting
hurt, or to avoid punishment.

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Classification of Lies

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 Bald-Faced Lie

• A bald-faced ( or barefaced) lie is a lie that is told when it

is obvious to all concerned that is it a lie.
• Example: a child who has chocolate all over his face and
denies that he has eaten the last piece of chocolate cake, is
a bald-face liar.

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 PUFFERY LIE

•An exaggerated claim typically found in

advertising and publicity announcements.

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 Lie-to-Children

•A lie-to-children is a lie, often a platitude that may

use euphemism, that is told to make an adult subject
acceptable to children.

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 White Lie

▪Also called Officious Lie

▪A harmless lie, and there are circumstances
where there is an expectation to be less than
totally honest through necessity or pragmatism

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 LIE OF COMPLIMENT

▪Or False reassurance

▪A lie intended to please others.

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 EMERGENCY LIE

An emergency lie is a strategic lie told when the

truth may not be told because, for example, harm
to a third party would result it.

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 BLACK LIE

•A kind of lie which intriguing to cause

dishonor or discredit one’s good image.

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 MALICIOUS LIE

A lie usually used to mislead or a dishonesty

intended to obstruct justice.

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 RED LIE

•A lie used to destroy the ideologies by

means of propaganda which is common in
communist countries.

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 BIG LIE

•A lie which attempts to trick the victim into believing

something major which will likely be construed by
some information that victim already possessed or by
their common sense.

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 EXAGGERATION

• An exaggeration occurs when the most fundamental aspect of a

statement is true, but the degree to which it is true is not correct.

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 JOCULAR LYING / JOCOSE LIE

A deceit for the

purpose of
humor. Ex.
Comedy bar
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 PROMOTION LIES

• Advertisements often contain statements that are not credible,

such as “we are always happy to give a refund.”

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 TYPES OF LIAR
1. Panic Liar. A person who lies to avoid the consequences of
confession. He is afraid of embarrassment to loved ones and is a
serious blow to his ego.
2. Occupational Liar. Is someone who has lied for years. This person
is a practiced liar and lies when it has a higher payoff than telling
the truth.

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 TYPES OF LIAR

3. Professional Liar – a person who is able to make up

a story and tell it in such way with false supporting
details to make listener believe it true.

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 TYPES OF LIAR
4. Ethnological Liar. A person trained not to be a squealer.
This person loves to be interrogated and has taken a creed
never to reveal the truth, the creed of underworld gangs.

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 TYPES OF LIAR

5. Pathological Liar. A person who cannot distinguish

what is right from wrong. These are those who are
mentally sick.
6. black Liar. It refers to a person who always pretends
and a hypocrite.

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The Polygraph Instrument

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 CARDIO-SPHYGMOGRAPH

▪Blood pressure and pulse beat are measured by the cardio-

sphygmograph component of the polygraph, which consists of a
blood pressure cuff that is wrapped around the subject's arm.
▪During the questioning the cuff remains inflated.

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▪Designed to detect changes in the cardiovascular
activity/ changes in blood pressure and pulse beat of the
subject. It consists of:
a.– attached to the upper right arm of the sBlood Pressure
Cuff ubject, above the brachial artery.
b. Sphygmamonometer – used to indicate the amount of
air pressure inflated to the system.nometer
Usually about 60
Sphygmamo

mm of mercury for male subject. Blood

Pressure

c. Recording Pen Unit – five inches length Cuff

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d. Air Pump/Pump Bulb – designed to supply air
to the system
e. Cardio Module – located inside the instrument
that receives the reactions detected by the cuff
and moves the pen to record the reactions on
the chart

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f. Sensitivity Control – used to adjust the desired
size of tracings
g. Centering Control – designed to center the
pen on the chart
h. Vent – Used to release excess pressure from
the system

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 PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
• The pneumograph component of the polygraph records the
subject's respiratory rate. One tube is placed around the
subject's chest and a second is placed around his or her
abdomen. These tubes are filled with air. When the subject
breaths, changes in the air pressure in the tubes are
recorded on the polygraph.

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▪Designed to detect and record changes in respiration of the
subject which consists of the ff:
➢Rubber Convoluted Tube – about 10 inches corrugated rubber
attached to the body of the subject.
➢Beaded Chain – used to lock the rubber convoluted tube.
PenConvoluted
➢RecordingRubber Unit –Tubeconsisting of two 5 inches recording pen
➢Centering Knob – used to center the pen
PNEUMOGRAPH
COMPONENT
Beaded Chain

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➢Sensitivity Knob – used to adjust the desired size of tracings
➢Vent – used to release excess pressure from the system
➢Pneumo Module = located inside the instrument that receives the
reactions detected by the corrugated tube and moves the pen to
record the reactions on the chart

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 GALVANOGRAPH

• The galvanograph section records the amount of perspiration

produced.
• It consists of electrical sensors called galvanometers that are
attached to the subject's fingertips. The skin of the fingertips
contains a high density of sweat glands, making them a good
location to measure perspiration.

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▪As the amount of sweat touching the galvanometers
increases, the resistance of the electrical current measured
decreases and these changes are recorded by the polygraph.
▪Most forensic psychophysiologists (FPs) consider the
cardiosphygomgraph and the pneumograph components more
informative than the galvanograph.

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▪Designed to detect changes in skin resistance of the subject.
Consists of:
a. Finger Electrode Assembly consists of:
a.1. Finger Electrode Plate and Retainer Bond – attached
to the index and ring finger of the subject.
a.2. Connecting Plug – attached the system to the
instrument
b. Recording Pen Unit – usually 7 inches PNEUMOGRAPH
COMPONENT

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c. Amplifier Unit – designed to support the galvanometer in
converting electrical to mechanical current.
d. Sensitivity Control – used to adjust the desired size of
tracings
e. Centering Control – designed to center the pen on the chart
f. GSR Module – located inside the instrument that receives the
reactions detected by the finger electrodes and moves the pen
to record the reactions on the chart.

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94
 KYMOGRAPH

▪ Kymograph component is a motor that pulls or drives the chart

paper under the recording pen simultaneously at the rate of 6 or
12 inches per minute.

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 The Examination Room

▪It should be spacious for two persons;

▪Well lighted;
▪Well ventilated;
▪Sound proof’ and
▪Not decorated

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 The Polygraph Examiner

▪TECHNICALLY, he must have a complete knowledge of the

instrument and its capabilities and limitations.
▪MORALLY – maintain a high personal integrity and increasing
personal proficiency through constant study and research.

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▪He constantly bears in mind his primary obligation to his
subjects is to afford them all possible safeguards against error
and must not accept any subjects whose physical or mental
health or state makes him unfit.
▪He is an impartial seeker of truth.
▪Never allow his personal feelings, sympathies, or prejudice
influence the results of the examination.

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 Selection of Test Subject

▪Permanent physical illness such as mental

derangement, certain heart condition, breathing
disorder, and addiction to narcotic drugs are definite
causes that makes a person unfit for a polygraph test.

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 PHASES of EXAMINATION

▪PRE-TEST INTERVIEW
▪ACTUAL interrogation and recording through the
instrument
▪POST-TEST INTERVIEW

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 INITIAL INTERVIEW
▪Determine the subject physical, mental and psychological
suitability to undergo the test:
1. Avoid taking drugs at least 12 hours before the test
2. Female should not be pregnant
3. Not be hungry
4. Not physically or emotionally abused; and
5. Not be suffering from high blood or hypertension.
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 INITIAL INTERVIEW
▪Informing the subject of his Constitutional Rights (if the examiner
is a law enforcement officer);
▪Taking of subject consent;
▪Taking of the subject personal data;
▪Preparing the subject for the test – administration of stimulation
test.

102
 ACTUAL TEST
▪Is the actual conduct of the test administered by a
polygraph examiner.

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 POST-TEST OR INTERROGATION
▪Is an interview of interrogation administered by a
polygraph examiner after the test designed to
obtain confession or admission by the subject.

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FORMULATION AND USE OF TEST
QUESTION

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 IRRELEVANT QUESTION
▪a question that has no connection with the matter under
investigation and deals with known facts that the subject cannot
be denied. It is designed to be emotionally neutral to examinees
and usually answerable by “yes’.
▪Also called Neutral Question.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRELEVANT
1. It has no connection to the matter under investigation.
2. No threat to subject (usually).
3. Neither innocent nor guilty suspects have reason to lie.
4. Usually about the suspect’s background.
5. Generally used at the beginning of polygraph technique to establish a
‘norm’ for examinee, or throughout the examination as needed to
reestablish normal pattern.

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 PURPOSES OF IRRELEVANT QUESTION
1. Establish the professional authority in the room that means, the examiner asks
questions and the suspect answers.
2. It allows the examiner to assess the subject’s normal behavior for this heightened
emotional situation.
3. Allows the examiner to identify something he has in common with the subject, to
establish rapport.
4. It minimizes resistance.

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 SYMPTOMATIC QUESTION
✓s designed to ensure that the examiner will not ask un-reviewed
questions or that the examinee is not afraid that the examiner will ask un-
reviewed questions.
Examples:
◼Do you believe me when I promised not to ask a question in this test I
have not gone over word for word?
◼Even though I promised I would not, are you afraid I will ask a question in
this test I have not gone over word for word?
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 SACRIFICE RELEVANT QUESTION
✓ it introduces the relevant question to the subject
✓designed to absorb the response generated by the introduction of
relevant question in the series
Example:
▪ Regarding the (matter under investigation), are you willing to answer the
questions truthfully?

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 RELEVANT QUESTION
✓a question deals with the matter under investigation.
Color coded red in computerized instruments. It is
designed to generate reactions from deceptive
subject.

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 TYPES OF RELEVANT QUESTION
a. Primary Relevant (Strong Relevant) – addresses the
primary issue or direct involvement of the subject on the
matter under question. It is use primarily with the single-
issue examination.
◼Ex. Did you take that missing money?
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 TYPES OF RELEVANT QUESTION
b. Secondary Relevant (Weak Relevant) – deals with the
physical acts that support the primary issue. This is usually
use in multi-issue examination.
◼Ex. Did you participate in the theft of that missing money?

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 TYPES OF RELEVANT QUESTION
c. Guilty Knowledge Question – designed to probe
whether the subject possesses information regarding
the identity of the offender or the facts of the case
under question.
◼Ex. Do you know who took that missing money?
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 TYPES OF RELEVANT QUESTION
d. Evidence Connecting Question – test question in which the
examinee is asked about a particular piece of physical evidence
that would incriminate the guilty person. It could be items left
at the crime scene by the perpetrator or stolen property.
◼Ex. Do you know where any of that missing money is right
now?
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 TYPES OF RELEVANT QUESTION
e. Control Questions
▪a question which is the same in nature with that of the relevant
question but broad in scope. Also known as Comparison Question;
▪Is used for comparative purposes with the relevant question;
▪Designed to generate reactions form truthful subjects.

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 TYPES OF RELEVANT QUESTION
Types of Control / Comparison Question:
a. Directed Lie Comparison Question (DLC)
▪ a comparison question in which the examinee is instructed by the
examiner to answer the questions untruthfully.
▪ Some examiners actually get admission to comparison questions and then
instruct the examinee to lie to that question when it is asked.

117
 TYPES OF RELEVANT QUESTION
Types of Control / Comparison Question:
Probable Lie Comparison Question (PLC)
✓a question to which it is likely that the examinee is untruthful
with his answer.
✓ PLC questions are broad in scope and usually based on actions
categorically similar to that of the issue under investigation

118
 TYPES OF RELEVANT QUESTION
Types of Probable Lie
a. Inclusive - a comparison question which includes the relevant
time period under investigation. It was originally designed by
Reid.
- this type of question usually starts with the phrase: “In your
entire life,…..”. Also termed as inclusionary.
119
 TYPES OF RELEVANT QUESTION
Types of Probable Lie
b. Exclusive
✓a comparison question separated in time, place and category
Example:
from the relevant question. It was introduced by Cleve Backster.
◼ During the first __ years of your life, did you ever ____?
He believes that thistoprevents
◼ Prior 2009, did youtheeverguilty
_____ ?suspect from perceiving
the comparison◼ question as an
While in college ambiguous relevant question.
______?
◼ Between the ages of __ & __, did you ever _____?
120
 GENERAL QUESTION TEST
✓ consist of series of relevant, irrelevant control
questions in a planned order. Developed by John E.
Reid

121
 RELEVANT/IRRELEVANT TEST
✓consists primarily of series of irrelevant questions and
relevant question pertaining to the crime under
investigation. Developed by Keeler.

122
 PEAK OF TENSION TEST
✓consist of only one relevant and a series of irrelevant questions.
✓resemble, in every general way, the card test, for it consist
essentially of the asking of a series of question in which only one
has any bearing upon the matter under investigation.
✓padding questions before and after the relevant questions.

123
TWO TYPES OF PEAK OF TENSION TEST
a. Known Solution Peak of Tension Test (KSPOT) - is used to
determine whether the examinee is aware of details of a crime that
have been kept from the general public and would presumably only
be known to the perpetrator of the crime or those with
incriminating knowledge.

124
TWO TYPES OF PEAK OF TENSION TEST
b. Searching Peak of Tension Test (SPOT) - is used to determine
details of a crime that are not known to officials, such as the
location of an unrecovered body, but would be known to a
participant in the crime.

125
 GUILT COMPLEX TEST
✓used primarily for overly responsive subjects.
✓a totally fictitious incident but a similar nature to the
matter being investigated and make him believe it is real.
✓The purpose is to compare the response with those
response made concerning the actual matter under
investigation
126
 SILENT ANSWER TEST
✓Subject is instructed not to give any verbal answer,
the subject will only answer in his mind.

127
 COMPARISON QUESTION TEST (CQT)
✓the reactions on the control and relevant questions
are compared via numerical scoring

128
 TWO TYPES OF POLYGRAPH EXAM
1. Mixed Issue Exam - multiple-issue polygraph testing like
screening of applicants or audit of employees or persons with
security clearances.
2. Diagnostic Exam - a test which involves specific case
investigation.

129
 Limitations

• It is an invaluable investigation aid, but never a substitute for

investigation.
When is the result of polygraph examination become
• It is a lie detector, it is not a scientific diagnostic instrument.
conclusive?
• It does not determine facts, it records responses to that which the
subject knows to be true.
• It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent.
if the examiner is qualified and competent
130
 Chart Marking
• Beginning X
• Stimulus “
• Yes +
• No -
• Subject fail to answer No sign
• Subject Talk T
• Talking Instruction TI
• Coughing C
131
 Chart Marking
• Mechanical Adjustment Arrow
• Tearing of throat CT
• Outside Noise OSN
• Sigh S
• Sniff SN
• Sneeze SZ
• BURP B
• YAWN Y
132
 Chart Marking
• Deep breathing DB
• Subject Laugh L
• Breathing Instruction BI
• Repeat Question R
• Paper Jump PJ
• Ending XX

133
 Rule in Interpretation

Innormal
•Which
Therepolygraph
statement
must be is
specific
tracing.
chart
not true
response interpretation,
about
that the polygraph
deviates from the the
machine?
subjects’
a. it does not detect lies
•best
It must indication of
appear in at least two deception
or more chart. is the:
b. a substitute for an investigation
c. it records internal response
d. it does not determine facts
Simultaneous specific responses
in the three tracings. 134
THANK YOU . .
GOOD LUCK!
Your preparation will
determine your
destiny!

135