rn i 1 L Introduction and IOT Technologies behind Smart - and Intelligent Devices 4.1 : IoT Concepts Q41 Define IoT. Explain characteristics of IoT. Ans. : ¢ The Intemet of Things (IoT) is the network of Physical objects ie. devices, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data. © The internet of things refers to the capability of everyday devices to connect to other devices and people through the existing internet infrastructure. Characteristics of loT : 1, Interconnectivity : Everything can be connected to the global information and communication infrastructure. 2. Heterogeneity : Devices within IoT have different hardware and use different networks but they can still interact with other devices through different networks. 3. Things-related services : Provides things-related services within the constraints of things, such as privacy and semantic consistency between physical and virtual thing. 4, Dynamic changes : The state of a device can change dynamically, thus the number of devices can vary. 5. Integrated into information network : IoT devices are integrated with information network for communication purpose. It will exchange data with other devices, eS a@-0Introduction and IOT Technologies Internet of Things 4-2 behind Smart and Intelligent Devices 6. Self-adapting : Self-Adaptive is a system that can automatically modify itself in the face of a changing context, to best answer a set of requirements. 7. Self-configuration primarily consists of the actions of neighbour and service discovery, network organization and resource provisioning. Q.2 Demonstrate the IoT component with a neat diagram. 2 US [SPPU : June-22, End Sem, Marks 9] Ans. : Fig. Q.2.1 shows IoT components. Thing or device Cloud User interface Gateway Analytics Fig. Q.2.1 loT components The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for a remote dashboard, devices for control, servers, a routing or bridge device, and sensors. These devices manage key tasks and functions such as system activation, action specifications, security, communication and detection to support-specific goals and actions. Major components of IoT devices are as follows : - Control units : A small computer on a single integrated circuit Containing processor core, memory and a programmable /O peripheral. It is responsible for the main operation. A Guide for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and IOT Technol Ne id Intelligent Dee 4-3 behind Smart ani Internet of Things quantity and convert it ‘ by the microcontroller unit. power management RF modules, ensors fall into 2 Digital or analog. AD analog data is converted to digital can be transmitted to the Internet. + Accelerometers ‘ measure physical and interpreted oustic sensors d. Micro flow sensors : Humidity sensors rs : Pressure sensors e Gas RFID senso! 3. main control unit an 1c erial protocol in most cases: ices the les and solar cells. batteries i s < Power sources : In small devi sources like batteries, thermocoup! are mostly powered by lightweight longer life duration. ication techn id protocol : Io’ However, i technologies: ology 4m Io’ a adio protocols, networking standard uniformIntroduction and IOT Technologies Internet of Things 4-4 behind Smart and Intelligent Devices Q.3 Explain working of IoT. Ans.: 1. Collect and transmit data : The device can sense the environment and collect information related to it and transmit it to a different device or to the Internet. 2, Actuate device based on triggers : It can be Programmed to actuate other devices based on conditions set by user. 3. Receive information : Device can also- receive information from the network. 4. Communication assistance : It provides communication between two devices of same network or different network. Fig. Q3.1 shows working of IoT. Jv Actuators a ? . SOS ig & Microcontrollers @ Environment @ * x {Things ‘ GED F g seein, , & Web a, applications Data Communication management and interfaces data Tepositories Fig. Q.3.1 Working of loT A Guide for Engineering Students EeIntroduction and IOT Technolo mise sje 4-5 behind Smart and Intelligent Deree, ¢ Sensors for various applications are used. in different IoT devices as per different applications such as temperature, power, humi dity, proximity, force etc. A © Gateway takes care of various wireless standard interfaces and hence one gateway can handle multiple technologies and multiple sensors. ¢ The typical wireless technologies used widely are 6LoWPAN, Zigbee, Zwave, RFID, NFC etc. Gateway interfaces with cloud using backbone wireless or wired technologies such as WiFi, Mobile, DSL or Fibre. Q4 Explain advantages, disadvantages of IoT. Ans. : Advantages of loT 1, Improved customer engagement and communication. 2. Support for technology optimization. 3. Support wide range of data collection. 4. Reduced waste. Disadvantages of loT 1. Loss of privacy and security : As all the household appliances, industrial machinery, public sector services like water supply and transport and many other devices all are connected to the Internet, a lot of information is available on it. This information is prone to attack by hackers. 2. Flexibility : Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with another. 3. Complexity : The IoT is a diverse and complex network. Any failure or bugs in the software or hardware will have serious consequences. Even power failure can cause a lot of inconvenience. 4. Compatibility : Currently, there is no international standard of compatibility for the tagging and monitoring equipment. 5. Save time and money. A Guide for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and IOT Technologies Internet of Things 4-6 behind Smart and Intelligent Devices a eee Q.5 Define IoT. Explain any one application of IoT. Ans. : Applications of loT : ; 1. Home : Buildings where people live. It controls home and security systems. 2. Offices : Energy management and security in office buildings; improved productivity, including for mobile employees. Factories : Places with repetitive work routines, including hospitals and farms; operating efficiencies, optimizing equipment use and inventory. 4. Vehicles : Vehicles including cars, trucks, ships, aircraft and trains; condition-based maintenance, usage-based design, pre-sales analytics. 5. Cities : Public spaces and infrastructure in urban settings; adaptive traffic. control, smart meters, environmental monitoring, resource management. 3. 6. Worksites : It is custom production environments like mining, oil and gas, construction; operating efficiencies, predictive maintenance, health and safety. Q.6 Describe an example of an IoT system in which information and knowledge are inferred from data. Ans. : © A weather monitoring system where sensors sends raw data values, for humidity and temperature. Context is added to the data in form of tuples. ¢ This gives us information and knowledge can be obtained by continuous monitoring of the sensor data and adding alerts if the values exceeds a certain threshold. ~e__ Another examples of IoT system in which information and knowledge are inferred from data is SMART HOME and SMART GRID. Q.7 Write a short note on SA and 31 characteristics of ToT. Ans. : ¢ SA and 31 characteristics of the Internet of Things is anywhere, anytime, anyway, anything, anyhow and instrumented, interconnected, intelligently. © To achieve such 5A and 31 capabilities, some common, horizontal, general-purpose technologies, standards and Platforms, especially A Guide for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and OT Technologies Internet of Things 4-7 .__ behind Smart and Intelligent Devices middleware platforms based on common data representations just like the three-tiered application server middleware, HTML language and HTTP protocol in the Internet/web arena, have to be established to support various vertical applications cost effectively and new applications can be added to the platform unlimitedly. © Most of the vertical applications of IoT utilize common technologies from the networking level and middleware platform to the application level, such as standard wired and wireless networks, DBMS, security framework, web-based three-tiered middleware, multitenant PaaS, SOA interfaces, and so on. Q8 Why do IoT systems have to be self adapting and self configuring ? Ans. : © Internet of Things (loT) can be considered a highly dynamic and radically distributed networked system, composed of a very large number of smart objects producing and consuming information. ¢ The main challenges associated with the IoT paradigm are : Dealing with rapidly changing environment, heterogeneity of devices forming the network and the lack of human capacity in managing those devices, These challenges cause increasing uncertainty at design-time about the operational context of devices in their run-time. Self adapting : * Self-adaptive is a system that can automatically modify itself in the face of a changing context, to best answer a set of requirements. * ToT devices may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions. Self-configuration : * The system is capable to readjust itself, Readjustment of the system is Tequired if its environment changes or to reach an objective set for the system, Self-configuration primarily consists of the actions of neighbor and Service discovery, network organization and resource provisioning. A Guide for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and IOT Technologies Internet of Things 4-8 behind Smart and Intelligent Devices Introduction to IOT Communications Q.9 Illustrate the various IoT communication APIs ? 1 [SPPU : June-22, End Sem, Marks 8] ‘Ans. : oT communication APIs are REST-based and WebSocket based communication APIs. 48 REST-based communication APIs : * 1, Client-Server : Requires that a service offer one or more operations and that services wait for clients to request these operations. 2. Stateless : Requires communication between service consumer (client) and service provider (server) to be stateless. 3. Cache : Requires responses to be clearly labeled as cacheable or non-cacheable. 4, Uniform interface : Requires all service providers and consumers within a REST-compliant architecture to share a single common interface for all operations. 5. Layered system : Requires the ability to add or remove intermediaries at runtime without disrupting the system. 6. Code-on-demand : Allows logic within clients (such as Web browsers) to be updated independently from server-side logic using executable code shipped from service providers to consumers. WebSocket based communication APIs : WebSocket support full-duplex, two-way communication between client and server. WebSocket APIs reduce the network traffic and latency as there is no overhead for connection setup and termination requests for each message. Fig. Q.9.1 shows WebSocket model. WebSocket uses a standard HTTP request-response sequence to establish a connection. When the connection is established, the WebSocket API provides a read and write interface for reading and A Gulde for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and IOT Technologies Internet of Things 4-9 behind Smart and Intelligent Devices Request for webSocket connection Response a cae a | ee OD © Fault detection and isolation @ Data analysis ¢ Fault tolerant controllers © Code reformulation e Remote code update ¢ Verification profile generation e Runtime testing @ Remote recalls management Fig. Q.23.4 Remote vehicle diagnostics solution A Guide for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and IOT Technologies Internet of Things 4-30 behind Smart Intelligent Devices e In vehicle, sensors connect to the vehicle terminal which is responsible for collecting, storing, processing and reporting information and responding to commands from supervision platforms. The vehicle terminal consists of the microprocessor, data storage, GPS module, wireless communication ‘transmission module, real time clock and data communication interface. Q.24 Write short note on smart vending machine. Ans. : © Smart vending is about building remote management systems and telemetry tools, which integrate monitoring, transmission and delivery of operational data from each vending machine via the Internet. Smart vending solution offers its customer's flexible payment options and monitors the machines remotely and in real time. Smart phone applications that communicate with smart vending machine allow user preferences to be remembered and learned with time. © For instance, Innovations like RFID based "smart" shelves continuously scan items on the shelf and notifies the appropriate systems. During low or out of stock situations they create automatic replenishment alerts and send automatic orders directly to central warehouse and to manufacturers. ¢ Smart vending machine provided following : 1. Achieve high levels of efficiency in the management of their assets. 2. Offers its customer's flexible payment options : RFID/NFC Card; - Mobile Payments; - Smartphone payments; Cash; Debit and Credit Card. 3. Monitor the machines remotely and in real time. 4. Simplifies business since the vending machines contain multiple sensors that alert the owners about their location, the state inventory and eventual maintenance issues. : ‘A Guide for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and IOT Technolo, les Internet of Things 4-31 behind Smart Intelligent Devices Q.25 Discuss inventory management system using IoT. ‘Ans. : © Retail involves the sale of goods from a single point (malls, markets, department stores etc) directly to the consumer in a quantities for his end use. . Retail is a challenging business but the pressures of today's economic ° conditions are resulting in even more selective consumer shopping and spending. The effect of internet of things on inventory management is the next huge thing in progress when it comes to Business Process Management (BPM). «In any typical business, the process of ordering, storing, tracking and managing good is a day to day requirement. As with all high investment top-tier businesses, this process becomes more complex with increasing amount of supply and demand. © This process involves huge transaction of monetary resources and hence it is impervious that a high preference is given to this in a BPM. Inventories that are mismanaged can create significant financial problems for a business, leading to a inventory shortage. « Existing technologies such as bar coding and Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) already let retailers monitor their inventories. ¢ oT will enable this to be taken to the next level with significantly more data coming in the monitoring systems and products moving through the supply chain. © This can considerably improve supply chain efficiencies and enable leaner inventories. Large retailers such as Walmart are already using IoT for supply chain and inventory management. © Tracking is done using RFID readers attached to the retail store shelves. A Guide for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and IOT Technologies Internet of Things behind Smart Intelligent Devices Q.26 Write short note on machine diagnosis and prognosis. Ans. : ¢ Machine fault diagnostic and prognostic techniques have been the considerable subjects of condition-based maintenance system in the recent time due to the potential advantages that could be gained from teducing downtime, decreasing maintenance costs and increasing machine availability. ¢ A failure in industrial equipment results in not only the loss of productivity but also timely services to customers and may even lead to safety and environmental problems. ¢ ToT play an important role in both diagnosis and Prognosis. Critical manufacturing processes and equipment must be continuously monitoring for any variations or malfunctions. A slight shift in performance can affect overall product quality or manufacturing equipment health. With group of sensing nodes monitoring various manufacturing equipments and processes and transmitting data in periodic manner, situations may arise where the engineer might want to query data from some specific nodes to estimate current status of particular process or equipment. There can be situation of unforeseen malfunctioning or variations beyond prescribed tolerance bands. A mechanism is hence required to define tolerance bands for each sensing module. When measurements at particular node exceed the tolerance, the node must breach the periodic cycle to send an alarm about the emergency. Case Based Reasoning (CBR) is normally used method to find solution to new problems based on Previous experience. CBR is an effective method for Problem solving for quantitative mathematical model i.e. machine diagnostic and prognosis. A Guide for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and 1OT Techno, Internet of Things 4-33 behind Smart Inteligent Dest Ss 4.10 : Next Generation Kiosks Q.27 What is kiosks ? Explain types of kiosks. Ans. :¢ A kiosk is a small, stand-alone booth typically placed ; high-traffic areas for business purposes. It typically provides information and applications on education, commerce, entertainment and a Variety < other topics. When considering the hardware to manage Kiosk, following points are considered : a) Remote access : The ability to access Kiosks remotely, it allows to manage the kiosks without spending any additional time o; money sending someone out to the field. b) Display : With screen resolution always improving, organization want to ensure that, display output can at minimum handle 4K resolution. c) External devices : Some kiosks such as ones used for pay stations and self-service ordering require the integration of a credit card reader. d) Software compatibility : Some kiosks run multiple software applications and also want to ensure that the hardware running in kiosks is compatible with the major operating systems. © Fig. Q.27.1 shows kiosks. “me . Fig. Q.27.1 Kiosks A Guide for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and IOT Technologies Internet of Things 4-34 behind Smart Intelligent Devices Types of kiosks. 4. Touch screen kiosks : This is a stand-alone device that features a touchscreen interface and uses highly advanced programming software. Such kiosks are often used in the retail or consumer industry, and are placed in high traffic areas where people can get information with the touch of a finger. 2. Internet kiosks : These kiosks offer internet access to the public. They are usually installed at the airport, hotel lobbies or apartment offices. 3. Photo kiosks : Some of the most common types of photo kiosks are instant print stations, digital order stations, movie: ticketing, DVD vending, building directory and public transport ticketing kiosks. ¢ A successful self-service kiosk implementation incorporates traditional interaction with customers as well as the digital interaction provided by the kiosk. Additionally, self-service kiosks can be tailored to many forms, ‘including standing kiosks and ruggedized tablets in bolted bases. The way they are implemented depends on the unique needs of a business. * Kiosks includes following parts : a) Central Processing Unit (CPU) : The machine that allows software applications to work. b) Components : This allows the kiosk to be customized. They assist with the functionality of the kiosk. They include card readers, barcode ‘scanners, receivers, etc. ©) User interface (UI) : The UI allows the user and software to connect. It can be a touch screen or keyboard or any other device that enables the user to interact with the machine. 4) Enclosure : This is the outer shell of the kiosk that holds the computer, components, display and all other internal elements of the kiosk. A Guide for Engineering StudentsIntroduction and 1OT Internet of Things 4-35 behind Smart Ineligen ste | et 4,11 : Cellular IOT Connectivity Services Q.28 Write short note on ; Cellular IOT connectivity services, Ans. : © Cellular IoT is the technology that connects physical objects the Internet utilising the same cellular network currently useq | smartphones. In other words, this technology can connect IoT devicg,| using existing mobile networks. Thus, it eliminates the need to invest = develop a separate dedicated network infrastructure just for IoT devices, ‘ © Cellular networks connect iPhone to Google Maps, Instagram ang Email; they carry user voice through the air. Cellular IoT provides ay alternative to low power, wide area networks like the non-cellula LoRaWAN and Sigfox technologies, which operate in unlicensed bands. Cellular networks capable of facilitating massive flows of data. New cellular-enabled sensors can transfer reasonable amounts of data across considerable distances without draining the battery. The idea behind Cellular IoT enablement is to use cellular networks, including 3G, 4G/LTE or 5G, for connecting devices like streetlights, agricultural, and healthcare equipment. Fig. Q.28.1 shows types of cellular IoT. 4G/LTE = Fig. Q.28.1 Types of cellular loT ‘A Guide for Engineering StudensIntroduction and IOT Technologies rernet of Things 4-36 behind Smart Intelligent Devices Inte Two key technologies of cellular loT : LTE-M and NB-IoT. . ® While 2G/3G protocols are perfectly adequate for many IoT applications, modem IoT generally relies on LTE-M or NB-IoT. « LTE-M stands for “Long-Term Evolution for Machines" and allows for IoT devices to piggyback on existing LTE networks. It was designed in a power-conscious manner for applications that require low-to-medium data throughput. ¢ With a bandwidth of 1.4 MHz, LTE-M provides great range but less. throughput than LTE. The LTE-M also offers cell tower handoff’. features, making it a great mobility solution. Asset tracking, wearables, } home security, and home/business monitoring are all great examples of » use cases for LTE-M in the IoT. ¢ NB-IoT stands for "Narrowband-IoT" and is great for areas without robust LTE coverage or when bandwidth requirements are relatively » minimal. It uses just a narrow band of the full bandwidth available. © NB-IoT devices consume very little power and provide less data throughout than LTE-M. Compared to LTE-M's bandwidth of 1.4 MHz, NB-IoT operates on 200 kHz, providing longer range and better indoor penetration. © Certain use cases like smart cities, parking garages, indoor deployments, and agricultural settings are great examples of suitable NB-IoT implementations. © Benefits a) “Coverage : Cellular networks are ubiquitous, mature and reliable. b) Global reach : There is no other network technology with the reach of celliilar, ~ ©) Security : SIM-based authentication and utilization of VPN tunnels makes cellular the most secure option. 4) Installation : Works out-of-the-box without requiring local installation or technical expertise. \ ©) Low/No power : Cellular modules can consume less power. Se A Guide for Engineering Students.